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We report a highly stretchable display panel capable of enduring extreme deformations including large curvature folding, fully folded deformation and stretching without any damage. We examined both uniaxial and multi‐axial stretching with the panel, and presented a method to calculate its stretchability. Our display panel exhibited areal stretchability of up to 45% strain and remained reliably functional through 10,000 repeated stretching cycles at 20% uniaxial tensile strain. By demonstrating the ability to withstand extreme deformations while maintaining structural integrity, this platform showed strong potential for use in a variety of stretchable displays.

This paper describes the development of 12‐in. 100 PPI active‐matrix micro‐LED stretchable displays, capable of being stretched up to 20%. Our work has involved the development of key technologies such as stretchable interconnects, stretchable films, and micro‐LEDs and the integration process for these components. The stretchable displays exhibited various types of deformations, suggesting the potential for new applications in information display. We have developed 12‐in. 100 PPI active‐matrix micro‐LED stretchable displays that can be stretched up to 20%. Our work has involved the development of key technologies such as stretchable interconnects, stretchable films, and micro‐LEDs and the integration process for these components. The stretchable displays exhibited various types of deformations, suggesting the potential for new applications in information display.

Safety qualification of a steam generator is a crucial issue related to faulted condition design loads, including earthquake loads, and it should be ensured that the structural integrity of a steam generator does not exceed its design load. Using data from the Gyeongju and Pohang earthquakes, the two most powerful recorded seismic events in Korea, seismic analyses of a typical steam generator are conducted in this study. The modal characteristics are used to develop an input deck for these analyses. With a time history analysis, the responses of the steam generator in the event of an earthquake are obtained. In particular, the displacement, velocity, and acceleration responses are obtained in the time domain, with these outcomes then used for a detailed structural analysis as part of the ensuing assessment. The response spectra are also generated to determine the response characteristics in the frequency domain, focusing on the response comparisons between the Gyeongju and Pohang earthquakes. Structural integrity can be ensured by performing additional analysis using results obtained from the time history analysis considering the input excitations of various earthquakes considered in the design.

In this paper, we report a 13‐inch active matrix (AM) micro‐LED stretchable display, which can be stretched by up to 20% with a 72 ppi resolution. It features a unique panel de sign, including stretchable interconnects fabricated via the conventional LTPS backplane process and micro‐LED for a light emitting device. This paper will discuss methods for realizing a stretchable panel and practical problems in stretchable display engineering.

Large flexible organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) display provides various electronic applications such as curved, bendable, rollable, and commercial display, because of its thinness, light weight, and design freedom. In this work, the process flow and key technologies to fabricate the world's first large size 77‐inch transparent flexible OLED display are introduced. “White OLED on TFT + color filter” method is used to fabricate the aforementioned display. On both thin‐film transistor and color filter substrates, transparent polyimide (PI) was used as plastic substrate with multi‐barrier. In case of a transparent flexible display, the multi‐barrier is required for the additional consideration to overcome the decrease of transmittance due to the difference in refractive index of the conventional multi‐barrier. We developed the special multi‐barrier to increase transparency with superior water vapor transition rate characteristic. The optimized amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide thin‐film transistors were employed on the multi‐barrier, and it shows the highly uniform electrical performance and reliability on plastic substrate. Also, the typical panel failure mechanism during laser lift‐off process caused by a particle in PI is studied, and a sacrificial layer was suggested between PI and a carrier glass to reduce the panel failure. Finally, we successfully realized the world's first 77‐inch transparent flexible OLED display with ultra‐high‐definition resolution, which can be rolled up to a radius of 80 mm with a transmittance of 40%. We successfully realized the world's first large size 77‐inch transparent flexible display with ultra‐high‐definition resolution, which can be rolled up to a radius of 80 mm with a transmittance of 40%. The process flow and key technologies to fabricate a large size transparent flexible organic light‐emitting diode panel is introduced.

Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 3 and IRF7 are important innate immune-related genes that induce type I interferon (IFN). In this study, PmIRF3 and PmIRF7 were identified from red sea bream (Pagrus major) infected by red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV), and expression and functional analyses were performed. PmIRF3 and PmIRF7 consisted of 465 and 436 amino acids, respectively, and contained a well-conserved IRF domain, IRF3 domain, and serine-rich domain (SRD). PmIRF3 and PmIRF7 are ubiquitously expressed in the liver and gills in normal fish, and with a high expression being recorded in kidney and spleen during RSIV infection. In P. majorfin cells (PMF cells), pAcGFP-PmIRF3 and pAcGFP-PmIRF7 were localized to the cytoplasm, and overexpression of PmIRF3 and PmIRF7 using the pcDNA3.1 vector induced type I IFN. In addition, in the experiment in vitro, PMF cells overexpressed with PmIRF3 or PmIRF7 exhibited antiviral activity against RSIV and significantly reduced viral genome copies and virus titer. Therefore, PmIRF3 and PmIRF7 may have antiviral activity through the induction of type I IFN against RSIV infection of red sea bream.

The article offers the author's insights on patjuk or red bean porridge served during the winter season. The author mentions that the porridge is often enjoyed as a sweet dessert but can be eaten along with kimji. It discusses the supersticious belief with the red color bean as it claims to drive off evil spirits.

The article presents information on the liking for eating fish amongst people in Korea. Topics discussed include the supply of seasonal fish from coastal regions, the varieties of easily available seasonal fish like cod and brown croaker, and the characteristics of the featured fish in this article.

The author discusses a regional food muk from Korea made by thickening the starch content in buckwheat and mung beans. He discusses ingredients used in original muk including acorn flour, buckwheat flour, gardenia flour and differentiates between Korean muk and Western gelatin dishes. He also talks about buckwheat which is more expensive than wheat and can be grown on mountain slopes by slash-and-burn farmers.

The article discusses various aspects of Gimbap, one of the most loved Korean dishes. The author shares his childhood memories of his mother preparing gimbap, and talks about the ingredients, the filling with vegetables and finally rolling the gimbap into strips. He discusses the origin of gimbap which some say is from the Japanese dish makizushi or futomaki while others feel that seaweed laver was long used by the Koreans.

The article discusses the popularity of fried chicken in Korea. Topics discussed include the connection between fried chicken and the Korean financial crisis that began in 1997, the large number of franchise restaurants in the country devoted to fried chicken, and the history of Korean fathers purchasing fried chicken for their families.

Reactor internals are sensitive to dynamic loads such as earthquakes and flow induced vibration. Thus, it is essential to identify the dynamic characteristics to evaluate the seismic integrity of the structures. However, a full-sized system is too large to perform modal experiments, making it difficult to extract data on its modal characteristics. In this research, we constructed a finite element model of the APR1400 reactor internals to identify their modal characteristics. The commercial reactor was selected to reflect the actual boundary conditions. Our FE model was constructed based on scale-similarity analysis and fluid-structure interaction investigations using a fabricated scaled-down model.

This work studied initial impact behavior of speed increasing helical gears with backlash and the change of mesh stiffness by torque fluctuation. For this purpose, single degree of freedom equations of motion of helical gears with the periodical change of mesh stiffness and backlash, and its dimensionless form were derived. The Newmark beta method and the Newton-Raphson method were used to obtain nonlinear behavior of helical gears. Many excitation frequencies initially caused the tooth separation and single-sided impacts of the gear pair and eventually led to the normal tooth contact. However, some special excitation frequencies caused the single-sided impacts in the entire time. Damping increase reduced the initial transient period. Backlash increase extended the duration of single-sided impacts and also increased mesh force.

Objectives/Hypothesis:Transoral laser microsurgery for the treatment of glottic carcinoma with anterior commissure (A‐com) involvement is associated with a high rate of recurrence. We prospectively evaluated the outcomes of laser microsurgery and the efficacy of second‐look operation in these patients.

Backgound/Objectives:Postoperative cervical chylous lymphoceles are extremely rare circumscribed collections of lymph which are usually treated by drainage or surgical exploration, but rarely by sclerotherapy. We investigated the efficacy of OK‐432 (Picibanil, Chungai Pharmaceutical Co., Tokyo, Japan) sclerotherapy in the treatment of cervical lymphocele after neck dissection.

Background/Objectives:Mitomycin C (MMC) is used in the prevention of upper airway stenosis. However, the efficacy of MMC is still debatable, and the potential complications of MMC use have been scarcely reported. We evaluated the efficacy and early complications of MMC in a wound model of the subglottis.

The purpose of this study was to design force/position hybrid controllers for a tendon-driven flexible joint arm. Tendon-driven flexible joint arms are expected to be more suitable for force control tasks than the usual motor-driven robot arms because of their weightlessness and their stability for contact. Combining the joint-space orthogonalization method (Liu et al., (1998)) and the tendon-driven robotic mechanism controller (Kobayashi et al., (2003)), we construct two types of controllers, a non-adaptive controller and a neural networks(NN) controller, and show their stability. Simulation shows them to be efficient.

Occlusion of the semicircular canals has been used in otoneurologic and skull base surgeries with preservation of hearing. In order to understand the role of occlusion in hearing preservation, we observed early histopathologic changes of the lateral semicircular canal following transection and occlusion in guinea pigs. After surgery, the membranous endolymphatic canal was collapsed, and its torn ends were sealed by intramural bone dust in the bony semicircular canal. On the first postoperative day, the endolymphatic canal was expanded to its normal shape, and the sealing at the torn ends was maintained by the bone dust. These findings suggest that occlusion after semicircular canal injuries, by making blind ducts in the membranous endolymphatic canal, is important for the preservation of postoperative hearing.

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Five different clones (SA1B05, SA1B10, SA2F01, SA8A11 and SA9H10) were isolated from the gene library of the Lactococcus garvieaeSA8201 (KG−) strain by immunological screening using rabbit serum against L. garvieae(KG−) phenotype cells. A Western blot analysis indicated that the molecular sizes of immunologically detected proteins of SA1B05, SA1B10, SA2F01, SA8A11 and SA9H10, which were fused with LacZ protein, were 25, 30, 28, 26 and 13 kDa, respectively. The amino acid sequences of the immunologically detected proteins of SA1B05, SA1B10, SA2F01 and SA8A11 were homologous to a processing protease of Bacillus subtilis(36.6%), dihydropteroate synthase of Escherichia coli(34.6%), trigger factor of B. subtilis(45.8%) and N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase ofVibrio furnissii(37.1%), respectively. There was no significant homologous sequence of SA9H10 in DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank and SwissProt. We cloned and sequenced a longer DNA fragment (SA9H10L) of SA9H10 from the gene library. The predicted amino acid sequence of this clone was weak homology to M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes(22.7%). Five genes were specifically expressed in the KG− phenotype strains. However, SA8A11 and SA9H10 was expressed in the mutated strain SA8201-TTC, whose serological phenotype was changed from KG− to KG+ by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride.

2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde-5-nitro-pyridylhydrazone (2HB-5NPH) was synthesized and its application in the spectrophotometric determination of metal ions was studied in the presence of surfactants. A separation procedure, using a short column filled with Amberlite IRC 718, is proposed for the spectrophotometric determination of traces of cobalt. The influence of several ions, as interference, was discussed. The procedure was applied to determination of cobalt in mixture sample with satisfactory results (≥recovery 96%; relative error ≤2%; relative standard deviation ≤1.2% in the concentration range of 0.02–2.0 mg l−1; detection limit, 0.01 mg l−1in solution). Control of the pH during the column operation is essential because the adsorption capacities are very sensitive to change in pH. Their separation was carried out in 0.005 M Malic acid, 1.5 M HCl, 2.0 M HNO3media.

Adnoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck is relatively rare and is characterized by slow evolution, multiple recurrences, protracted clinical course, and late distant metastasis. This article presents its peculiar clinical course, response to therapy, and long-term treatment results by analyzing 67 cases treated from 1979 to 1991 at the Seoul (Korea) National University Hospital. The most common primary site was the parotid gland in the major salivary glands and the nose and paranasal sinuses in the minor salivary glands. The local control rate was 71.1% at 5 years and 44.3% at 8 years. Late-occurring distant metastases did not allow a plateau in survival curves, even after 8 years. Our study also revealed that surgery combined with postoperative radiotherapy could yield better local control.(Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1994;120:721-726)

The aim of the present study was to deliver a high internal radiation dose to small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) lesions in an attempt to treat this disease. A total of 18 patients with HCC lesions measuring less than 4.5 cm in diameter (25 lesions) were treated with superselective intra-arterial injection of I-131-labeled Lipiodol (370–1,100 MBq in 3–5 ml) using a 5-F or coaxial catheter. All the lesions were nodular, multinodular, or hypervascular on pretreatment angiography. In all, 15 lesions that received over 180 Gy of cumulative radiation decreased in size in proportion to the Lipiodol retention on CT, and no pericapsular recurrence was found on angiography after 14–54 months of follow-up. In five patients who subsequently underwent surgery, 65% to 100% tumor necrosis was detected. No abnormal change in liver function tests or untoward clinical symptom of the lung, thyroid, or bone marrow was detected in patients who survived for more than 3 years after the treatment. Superselective high-dose internal radiation therapy of small HCC offers hope of treatment and long-term local control without complications.

This study develops a model of inflation which combines the simple quantity theory with the cash-in-advance model. The econometric results show that (a) the transactions demand for money can explain, contrary to the Phillips curve proposition, the negative relation between inflation and real output growth; (b) the proposition that asset transactions may influence the transactions demand for money independently of fluctuations in real output and interest rate does not stand up even given an extremely active stock market; and (c) the implication of Tsiang's cash-in-advance model that international trade can be a separate source of the transactions demand is not supported. Policy markers should take into account the aggregate demand pressure in the form of nominal money supply growth in excess of growth in money demand, rather than the nominal money supply growth along. [E41]

Using the Korean date (1975-1991), this study shows that the hyper-appreciation of land prices can have a significant effect on private consumption. The Test for a structural shift in the consumption function indicates that remarkable changes in consumption behavior are due to windfall gains from land ownership. The overall finding is consistent with a modified life cycle-permanent income hypothesis in an imperfect financial environment. When capital markets are imperfect and the land price inflation is rampant, optimal consumption depends less on the traditional lifecycle variable, and more on current income and a windfall gain. [E21, E31]

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