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Chrysanthemum has several hundreds of commercialized cultivars with similar morphological characters including flower color and type. Correct labelling of the cultivars and protecting the intellectual property rights of the breeder requires an accurate and reliable method to discriminate the cultivars. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to identify and discriminate the standard type cultivars in chrysanthemum. 23 SSR markers from the chrysanthemum SSR database were used to identify eleven standard type chrysanthemum cultivars. Of the 23 SSRs, 7 markers showed polymorphic fragments. A total of 187 alleles were obtained using 7 SSR markers in 11 cultivars. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to four with an average of 2.7 per locus. The polymorphism information content (PIC) of 7 SSRs ranged from 0.25 to 0.60 with an average of 0.41. Genetic relationship by cluster analysis based on unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) method revealed a genetic distance of 0.25–1.00 among the 11 cultivars. The 11 standard type cultivars were discriminated by the ChSSR_16 marker alone. However, two cultivars (Sei_no_issei and Makoto) showed complete genetic similarity and could not be distinguished. Hence, the results showed that these SSR markers may prove useful in identifying additional chrysanthemum cultivar types and to assess genetic relationships among cultivars.

Korea has large diversity in Liliumgermplasm and approximately 15 different species of lilies grow naturally. In present study, a comprehensive evaluation of habitat associations and distribution patterns of Lilium tsingtauensein Korea was carried out. A total of 26 natural habitats of L. tsingtauensewere investigated and data regarding its ecological and morphological characteristics under different geological and environmental conditions were collected. During survey it was observed that this species was well distributed nationwide with highly variable altitudes such as Jindo Island (82 m) and Mt. Jiri (1182 m). Most (84%) of natural habitats of this species were found in the northern slopes of mountains and the remainder (15%) habitats were present in the southern regions. Flowers with upward facing had no fragrance and flowering time of this species was in between early July to mid-July. Colonies of Larix leptolepis, as well as 106 other plant species, were mainly found in these natural habitats. The soil was strongly acidic, within the pH range of 4.3-5.3. EC, organic content, total-nitrogen content, and CEC varied among natural habitats. Most of the soils of the natural habitats were sandy loam with low clay ratios. This study can provide baseline information regarding the effective exploitation and use of L. tsingtauenseresources for breeding research.

Objective.To investigate the patterns of hepatic involvement and the outcome of patients with hepatic metastases from carcinoma of the uterine cervix.Methods.Of 1665 patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix, 20 patients with hepatic metastases were detected clinically during the course of the disease. Clinical presentation and detailed patterns of hepatic involvement were retrospectively reviewed for these patients. Comparative analysis between patterns of hepatic metastases and survival data was also undertaken.Results.Hepatic metastasis from carcinoma of the uterine cervix were nearly always accompanied by uncontrolled locoregional diseases and/or extrahepatic metastases, whereas only 1 patient developed an isolated hepatic metastasis. Ninety percent of the hepatic metastases were metachronously detected. The median time from the appearance of primary carcinoma to detection of hepatic metastases was 39 months, but late metastases after 5 years were not uncommon. Metastatic lesion in 16 patients consisted of multiple tumors distributed in either one or both anatomical lobes, whereas only 4 patients had a solitary lesion confined to a single lobe. Patients with hepatic metastases were unlikely to survive 2 years with a median survival of 10 months.Conclusion.Favorable patterns of hepatic metastases in patient with carcinoma of the uterine cervix were not major determinants of favorable survival if components of extrahepatic disease were concomitantly present.