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The discharge of solid waste from various industrial units and its associated release of nutrient-rich wastewater affects aquatic ecosystem. Therefore the current study was undertaken to provide a first report about the adsorption potential of thermally modified fish scale adsorbents such as Dehydrated Fish scales (DFS), Fish Scale Biochar (FSB) and Activated Fish Scales (AFS) in reducing the concentration of nitrites, nitrates and ammonium ions in drain water. Prepared adsorbents were characterized with different analytical techniques such as FTIR, TGA, SEM, EDX and XRD. Adsorption capacities of adsorbents were examined as batch work by altering adsorbent dose, contact time and pH levels. Among the adsorbents, DFS exhibited significant (P< 0.05) and maximum removal percentage of nitrite (24.46%) and nitrate (26.18%) ions at 60 min contact time with 0.06 g dose level. About 33% reduction of ammonia was recorded in pH 10 using 0.12 g FSB at 60 min contact time. The experimental data fitted well with Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second order models with maximum coefficient of determination (R2) values (> 0.95). Influence of intra-particle diffusion resistance on adsorption of pollutants showed lower R2values (0.600–0.806) than other kinetic parameters. The thickness of boundary layer was determined (0.5—2.6 mg/g) for the prepared adsorbents. The economic feasibility of adsorbents used in this study (0.012 – 1.72 USD) was also calculated and compared with commercial activated carbon (1.82 USD). This study confirms that waste fish scales can be effectively employed as cost effective and eco-friendly adsorbents in the treatment of nitrogenous pollutants in wastewater.

Diverse socioeconomic impacts from power outages in distribution networks are often caused by failures, and estimating their location frequently requires dispatching crews. However, in-field crews can reduce outage areas by network reconfiguration using manually controlled switches. In previous studies, a preset patrolling strategy disregarding the fact that several layers of information are interdependent led to suboptimal recovery of reliability indices, despite the fact that there was eventual service restoration. Thus, this article introduces a bi-level optimization method in which its upper level identifies the number and sequence of restoration stages through switching operations, and its lower level maps out the fastest crew routes from road networks. In addition, Monte Carlo simulations followed by Bayesian models were performed to identify limitations and put forward prepositioning suggestions for crews based on community detection. Their results show that the proposed method is well capable of coupling patrolling procedures with service recovery processes by merging diverse layers of information. Bayesian models were well capable of calculating tradeoffs for several manual recovery tactics, in addition to reflecting the impact of road network topics on power distribution reliability. Ultimately, the suggested method proved suitable to reduce reliability indices by merging several information layers, given that patrolling strategies were optimized and service was restored efficiently.

Introduction: Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) caused by parathyroid tumours is mostly sporadic, with a genetic cause identified in 5–10% of cases. Familial parathyroid tumours can be included in complex syndromes, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 1, 2A and 4 or hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumour syndrome (HPT-JT). Objective: Characterisation of the familial parathyroid tumours followed-up at our centre and comparison of the different clinicopathological manifestations between the syndromes. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 48 patients with familial parathyroid tumours harbouring RET(n= 11), CDC73(n= 20) and MEN1(n= 17) germline mutations was performed. Results: Cases of PHPT in MEN2A syndrome presented with lower serum PTH (sPTH) and serum calcium (sCa) levels at diagnosis (sPTH = 108.0 (IQR 53.3) pg/mL, sCa = 10.6 ± 1.1 mg/dL) than MEN1 (sPTH = 196.9 (IQR 210.5) pg/mL, sCa = 11.7 ± 1.2 mg/dL) (p= 0.01, p= 0.03, respectively) or HPT-JT cases (sPTH = 383.5 (IQR 775.8) pg/mL, sCa = 12.9 ± 1.8 mg/dL) (p= 0.01; p&lt; 0.001, respectively). There was a statistical difference in sCa levels between MEN1 and HPT-JT (p= 0.02), but not between sPTH (p= 0.07). The predominant first manifestation of the syndrome in MEN1 was gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumour (GEP-NET) in 47.1% of the cases, in MEN2A was medullary thyroid cancer (90.9%) and in HPT-JT was PHPT in 85% patients. In MEN1 syndrome, the number of affected parathyroid glands was significantly higher than in MEN2A (p&lt; 0.001) and HPT-JT (p= 0.01). Conclusion: The first manifestation of the syndrome in MEN1 cases was GEP-NET and not PHPT. Although presenting at similar ages, patients with MEN2A exhibit less severe biochemical and clinical PHPT at diagnosis than the other familial syndromes.

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical efficacy at 6 months (6 M) and 12 months (12 M) of 3 adhesive strategies (two-step etch-and-rinse; two-step self-etch; one step self-etch) used in composite resin restorations in primary molars. Methods: This randomized clinical study involved 101 class II restorations in primary molars of 34 children (4–8 years old), distributed by 3 groups according to the 3 tested adhesive systems: GI- ClearfilTMS3Bond Plus (CSB); GII- ClearfilTMSE Protect Bond (CSEPB); GIII- Prime&Bond®XP (PBXP). Restorations were evaluated according to FDI criteria, immediately after execution, at 6 M and 12 M. All ethical and legal requirements were met. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM®SPSS®v26 and MS Excel® (5% significance level). Results: The aesthetic, biological and most of the functional parameters evaluated remained without significant changes over time. Statistically significant differences were only found regarding the "marginal adaptation" parameter at 12 M, with worsening of scores for the three groups (p&lt; 0.001). Comparing the groups, no significant differences were detected between any of the evaluated parameters (aesthetics properties: p= 0.721; functional properties: p= 0.122). Conclusions: After a one-year period, the self-etch adhesives tested presented a clinical efficacy similar to the etch-and-rinse adhesive in restoring class II cavities in primary molars. Trial registration number: ISRCTN11458186.

Today, the automotive industry faces its biggest challenge, which is keeping a constant evolution, accounting for the market needs in what comes to the enormous quantity of parts and systems that go hand in hand with the production of the vehicle, and at the same time, keep up with the quality requirements and deadlines. Throughout time, automation and robotics became the best way to achieve the goals required by the market. In the automotive industry, automation presents itself at a continuous evolution, constantly presenting new solutions, and the production and assembly lines increasingly resort to completely automated processes. This work is based on the needs of an automotive parts’ supplier. In which regards to the injection of plastic, the production is fluent and quick, and to take advantage of such production speed, it is desirable to execute the assembly steps immediately after the removal of the parts from the injection moulds. The proposed work consists of the design of a robotized cell with the goal of inserting metal clips in two different automotive parts after the injection process. The idea is to conceptualize and conceive a completely automated equipment, capable of executing this task using a six-axis robot. To secure the part for clip assembly, the equipment must be ready to ensure the positioning and locking of the part in all axes and, to lighten the robot’s job, it must also be capable of using a feeding system to load the robot’s tool. The results of this project were positive, the equipment was successfully concluded and delivered to the customer, meeting the construction requirements, and, most importantly, the cycle time.

This study aims to describe the relationship between length and weight of the bivalves Donax cuneatus(Linnaeus, 1758) and Meretrix casta(Gmelin, 1791) along the Gulf of Mannar. A total of 1,791 individuals of two species were collected from October 2019 to December 2020. The length–weight relationship of both species has been estimated using the equation W = aLb. A common length–weight relationships, W = 0.0002 L2.8882for D. cuneatus, and W = 0.1971 L2.3556for M. castawere recorded. The results showed negative allometric growth in both the bivalve species. The coefficient of determination (r2) was 0.9426 for Donax cuneatusand 0.9628 for Meretrix casta. Condition factor was estimated to be less than one throughout the study period for D. cuneatusand for M. castait ranged from 0.81 to 1.38. This study provides a mathematical equation of the relationship between length and weight, and the condition of both the species along the Gulf of Mannar, southeast coast of India.

The increasing demand for the elemental determination of petrochemical samples by inductively coupled plasma techniques requires the development of suitable sample preparation methods that permit high sample throughput and are in accordance with green chemistry recommendations. For this aim, the development of microwave-induced combustion (MIC) method has been attempted to completely digest petroleum coke samples and address quantitative determination of elements, such as Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Sr, V and Zn, by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). A sequential procedure to evaluate the sample mass and the solution to retain the analytes quantitatively was first conducted. Satisfactory results were obtained (residual carbon content in final solutions was lower than 0.5%) by digesting 400 mg of samples using 20 bar of oxygen and analytes were quantitatively retained in a dilute acid solution such as 4.2 mol L−1HNO3. An agreement better than 87% was achieved using certified reference materials and the performance of the proposed method was also compared to that of the standard procedure recommended by the American Society of Testing and Materials ASTM D 5600. Despite both methods producing similar results, the proposed method by MIC was much simpler, offered a higher sample throughput and the digests were compatible with ICP OES measurements avoiding interferences in the determination step compared the ASTM D 5600 method. These results clearly demonstrated that the proposed MIC method in combination with ICP OES could be a promising alternative to obtain quantitative information about the elemental composition of petroleum coke.

Purpose: Brain tumors are the most common solid tumor in children. The prevalence of survivors from these cancers has been increasing, presenting endocrine sequelae in more than 40% of the cases. Our aim was to characterize the endocrinopathies diagnosed in this population, exploring the outcomes of growth hormone treatment. Methods: We have performed a retrospective analysis of the survivors that were followed-up through a close protocol at our endocrine late-effects clinic. Results: 242 survivors, followed during 6.4 (0–23.4) years, were considered. The median age at tumor diagnosis was 6.7 (0–18) years and pilocytic astrocytoma was the most frequent neoplasm (33.5%). The prevalence of endocrinopathies was of 71.5%, with growth hormone deficiency being the most frequent (52.9%). An indirect correlation between the age at the beginning of somatropin and growth velocity in the first year of treatment was observed. Those treated with craniospinal radiotherapy presented a smaller final upper/lower segments ratio comparing with those that only received cranial radiotherapy. However, their final height was not compromised when compared to their family height target. We found pubertal delay in 12%; accelerated/precocious puberty in 13.2%; central and primary hypogonadism in 21.9% and 3.3%, respectively; primary and central hypothyroidism in 23.6% and 14.5%, respectively; thyroid nodules in 7.4%; ACTH deficiency in 10.3% and diabetes insipidus in 12%. Conclusion: This study reveals a higher prevalence of endocrinopathies in brain tumors survivors and explores the influence of craniospinal irradiation in the adult body proportions. It reinforces the importance of routine follow-up among survivors.

Purpose: To assess the prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) and associated factors among a 5-year-old cohort. Methods: An observational longitudinal study was conducted with a sample of 142 preschoolers. A calibrated dentist performed intraoral examinations following International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS-II) criteria at baseline and after 6 months. A questionnaire on sociodemographic variables and oral health-related behaviours was answered by caregivers. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics and computation of confidence intervals (95% confidence level). Results: Baseline prevalence of ECC and severe ECC (S-ECC) were 40.1% and 11.3%, respectively. After 6 months ECC and S-ECC prevalence rates were 46.5%, and 13.2%, respectively. At both evaluations most caries lesions were untreated. Parental education and occupation were significantly associated with ECC. Behaviour variables found to be significantly associated with the disease comprised: establishing toothbrushing habits before the first year, toothbrushing twice daily and with parental assistance, frequency of dental visits, age at first dental visits, daily ingestion of sweets and number of daily meals. Conclusion: The prevalence of ECC was very high, with most of the lesions left untreated. ECC experience was associated with participants’ socioeconomic background and several of the surveyed oral health-related behaviour variables.

Melamine-formaldehyde is the most common resin used in the production of high-pressure laminates and low-pressure laminates (melamine impregnated paper), due to its properties of durability, good fire, and heat resistance and good moisture resistance. High-pressure laminate is a common choice for horizontal and vertical applications in the construction and furniture industries, thanks to its durability and versatility. The manufacture of such laminates commonly starts with the impregnation of decorative and kraft papers with thermosetting resins and after a drying process, the impregnated paper sheets are bonded together by high pressure and temperature pressing. The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of the melamine-formaldehyde resins condensation degree after synthesis on high-pressure laminates performance. For that purpose, melamine-formaldehyde resins with different condensation degree were synthetized and characterized. Fourier-transform infrared–attenuated total reflection spectroscopy and dynamic mechanical analysis were used to study the chemical and mechanical cure of melamine-formaldehyde resins. Melamine-formaldehyde condensation degree has shown to have influence on resin pot-life, on characteristic reaction temperatures, on the degree of cross-linking achieved, and finally on the surface quality of high-pressure laminates.

En diciembre del 2019, la Comisión Municipal de Salud y Sanidad de Wuhan (provincia de Hubei, China) informó de una serie de casos de neumonía de etiología desconocida. El 7 de enero del 2020, las autoridades chinas identificaron como agente causante del brote un nuevo tipo de virus de la familia Coronaviridae, denominado SARS-CoV-2. Desde entonces, se han notificado miles de casos con una diseminación global. Las infecciones en humanos provocan un amplio espectro clínico que va desde infección leve del tracto respiratorio superior, hasta síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo grave y sepsis. No existe un tratamiento específico para SARS-CoV-2, motivo por lo que los aspectos fundamentales son establecer medidas adecuadas de prevención y el tratamiento de soporte y manejo de las complicaciones.

Currently, most in vitro drug release studies for ophthalmic applications are carried out in static sink conditions. Although this procedure is simple and useful to make comparative studies, it does not describe adequately the drug release kinetics in the eye, considering the small tear volume and flow rates found in vivo. In this work, a microfluidic cell was designed and used to mimic the continuous, volumetric flow rate of tear fluid and its low volume. The suitable operation of the cell, in terms of uniformity and symmetry of flux, was proved using a numerical model based in the Navier-Stokes and continuity equations. The release profile of a model system (a hydroxyethyl methacrylate-based hydrogel (HEMA/PVP) for soft contact lenses (SCLs) loaded with diclofenac) obtained with the microfluidic cell was compared with that obtained in static conditions, showing that the kinetics of release in dynamic conditions is slower. The application of the numerical model demonstrated that the designed cell can be used to simulate the drug release in the whole range of the human eye tear film volume and allowed to estimate the drug concentration in the volume of liquid in direct contact with the hydrogel. The knowledge of this concentration, which is significantly different from that measured in the experimental tests during the first hours of release, is critical to predict the toxicity of the drug release system and its in vivo efficacy. In conclusion, the use of the microfluidic cell in conjunction with the numerical model shall be a valuable tool to design and optimize new therapeutic drug-loaded SCLs.

The EIF1AXgene was recently described as a new thyroid cancer-related gene. Its mutations were mainly reported in poorly differentiated (PDTC) and anaplastic thyroid cancers (ATC), but also in well-differentiated thyroid cancer (WDTC) and in benign thyroid lesions, although less frequently. Our aim was to address whether EIF1AXmutations are present in the different stages of thyroid tumourigenesis (from hyperplasia to well-differentiated and to poorly differentiated/undifferentiated lesions), and to clarify its role in this process. We analysed the EIF1AXgene in a series of 16 PDTC and ATC cases with coexistent well-differentiated regions and/or benign lesions. In EIF1AXmutant cases we also assessed the presence of RASgenes mutations. We identified the mutation p.Ala113_splice in the EIF1AXgene in two PDTCs (neither present in the well-differentiated counterparts nor in the benign areas). One of these tumours also evidenced the mutation p.Glu61Arg in NRASin both poorly and well-differentiated regions, further suggesting that the EIF1AXp.Ala113_splice mutation could be associated with tumoural progression. In another patient we did not find any EIF1AXalteration in the PDTC component, but we detected the EIF1AXp.Gly6_splice mutation in the PTC area (both regions were RASwild-type). This mutation did not seem to be related with dedifferentiation. According to our results, distinct mutations on EIF1AXmay be related to different phenotypes/behaviours. Despite being a small series, which reflects the difficulty in retrieving PDTC and ATC surgical samples with well-differentiated and/or benign areas, our study may provide new insights into thyroid cancer tumourigenesis and dedifferentiation.

The selection of reserves for biodiversity conservation involves the evaluation of multiple criteria, ranging from representativeness of ecological features to anthropogenic interests and spatial configuration. Among the principal spatial attributes to be considered, connectivity has received particular emphasis in response to the escalating threat of habitat loss and fragmentation. Connectivity is an intrinsic property of networks. Consequently, we have observed the gradual development of the concept of reserve networks, enlisting also tools from the mathematical branch of network theory. Here, we first outline three key aspects of reserve selection for connectivity conservation based on network analysis. 1) It may be based on the application of topological indices, which take into consideration only the geographical position of the habitat patches, or area-weighted indices, which add a premium to larger patches. 2) It may be done through single-node analysis, where the relative importance of patches is evaluated individually, or with the more efficient multi-node analysis, where we search for the optimal group of patches that best complement each other in the role of maintaining connectivity. 3) The goal of the selection may be to avoid fragmentation of the population into isolated portions, or to ensure that reachability is maintained to all habitat patches, including peripheral sites. In previous studies, we had introduced multi-node analysis to the prioritization of reserves, using fragmentation and reachability indices, but these were limited to topology only. Here, we present an improved approach where multi-node prioritization is performed with area-weighted fragmentation. We apply it to 20 bird species in Catalonia, Spain. In comparison with single-node and/or topological fragmentation, we observed here a decentralization of the selected reserve sets: they included not only the main core population, but also secondary clusters of well-connected habitat. This may potentially bring two added advantages to the reserve network: spreading of risk, and inclusion of a wider variety of local genetic profiles. We propose combining this approach with topological reachability, to account for peripheral populations and maximize accessibility to the entire network.

In patients with established heart failure (HF) low total cholesterol levels associate with worse prognosis. Evidence concerning the impact of Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) in HF is scarce. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic impact of LDL-c in patients with HF, both with and without diabetes mellitus(DM).

(Int J Obstet Anes. 2022;49:103238)Viscoelastometric hemostatic assays, such as rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM), offer rapid, point-of-care identification of coagulopathy during postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). Previous studies investigating the use of ROTEM have used a Delta ROTEM device. This study investigates the use of the ROTEM Sigma device, identifying the sensitivity, specificity, and positive or negative predictive values in patients with PPH.

The selection of reserves for biodiversity conservation involves the evaluation of multiple criteria, ranging from representativeness of ecological features to anthropogenic interests and spatial configuration. Among the principal spatial attributes to be considered, connectivity has received particular emphasis in response to the escalating threat of habitat loss and fragmentation. Connectivity is an intrinsic property of networks. Consequently, we have observed the gradual development of the concept of reserve networks, enlisting also tools from the mathematical branch of network theory. Here, we first outline three key aspects of reserve selection for connectivity conservation based on network analysis. 1) It may be based on the application of topological indices, which take into consideration only the geographical position of the habitat patches, or area-weighted indices, which add a premium to larger patches. 2) It may be done through single-node analysis, where the relative importance of patches is evaluated individually, or with the more efficient multi-node analysis, where we search for the optimal group of patches that best complement each other in the role of maintaining connectivity. 3) The goal of the selection may be to avoid fragmentation of the population into isolated portions, or to ensure that reachability is maintained to all habitat patches, including peripheral sites. In previous studies, we had introduced multi-node analysis to the prioritization of reserves, using fragmentation and reachability indices, but these were limited to topology only. Here, we present an improved approach where multi-node prioritization is performed with area-weighted fragmentation. We apply it to 20 bird species in Catalonia, Spain. In comparison with single-node and/or topological fragmentation, we observed here a decentralization of the selected reserve sets: they included not only the main core population, but also secondary clusters of well-connected habitat. This may potentially bring two added advantages to the reserve network: spreading of risk, and inclusion of a wider variety of local genetic profiles. We propose combining this approach with topological reachability, to account for peripheral populations and maximize accessibility to the entire network.

ABSTRACTThe current analysis describes an improved protocol for somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) through liquid medium, and assesses the influence of successive subcultures during induction of calluses in three Brazilian oil palm varieties. Calluses were induced in a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 450 Picloram, 0.5 g L−1glutamine, 2.5 g L−1activated charcoal, 30 g L−1sucrose, and solidified with 2.5 g L−1Phytagel. In a first experiment, the effect of continued subculture of explants every 30 days to fresh culture medium was determined. During a second experiment, part of the embryogenic calluses obtained were transferred to a liquid medium under agitation, consisting of MS with 5 µM picloram or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). After 210 days, the calluses were transferred to semi-solid media for differentiating somatic embryos. It was observed that continued subculture of explants monthly was a determinant in stimulating and improving the formation of embryogenic calluses. Embryogenic calluses in liquid medium with 2,4-D significantly improved the percentage of differentiated somatic embryos (up to 80.2%), with the largest amount of torpedo embryos (8.3 per callus). Regenerated plants with roots were individualised and transferred to a greenhouse, with close to 95% survival.

The objective of this study was to determine the apparent and true intestinal digestibility of total and individual AA, and to estimate the efficiency of whole-body AA retention from individual and total absorbed AA. Four Nellore animals (241.3 kg initial BW) and four crossbred Angus × Nellore (263.4 kg initial BW) cannulated in rumen and ileum were randomly allocated in two 4 × 4 Latin squares. The experiment lasted four 17 d periods, with 10 d for adaptation to diets and another 7 d for data collection. The diets consisted of increasing CP levels: 100, 120, or 140 g/kg of DM offered ad libitum, and restricted intake diet with 120 g CP/kg DM (experiment 1). In experiment 2, forty-four bulls (22 Nellore and 22 crossbred F1 Angus × Nellore) with 8 months and initial shrunk BW 215.0 ± 15.0 kg (Nellore = 208.0 ± 12.78 kg; Angus × Nellore = 221.9 ± 14.16 kg) were used. Eight of those animals were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment. The remaining 36 bulls were allocated in a completely randomized design with six replicates, in a 2 (genetic groups) × 3 (CP contents) factorial scheme. The amount of essential AA (EAA) and nonessential AA (NEAA) reaching the small intestine increased linearly (P< 0.05) in response to CP content. The apparent digestibility of EAA was not affected (P> 0.05) by CP content, with exception for histidine (P= 0.07, linear effect), leucine (P= 0.01, linear effect), and methionine (P= 0.05, linear effect). Differences existed among AA when compared the apparent digestibility of NEAA. The apparent digestibility of alanine (P= 0.05), aspartic acid (P= 0.07), glutamic acid (P= 0.02), glycine (P= 0.05), proline (P= 0.02), and serine (P= 0.04) responded quadratically to CP content increase. However, the apparent digestibility of cystine and tyrosine was not affected (P> 0.05) by increasing dietary CP. The true intestinal digestibilities of total, essential, nonessential AA, lysine, and methionine were 75.0%, 77.0%, 74.0%, 77.0%, and 86%, respectively. The true intestinal digestibility of total microbial AA was 80%. The efficiency of utilization of total AA for whole-body protein deposition was 40%. The efficiency of utilization of lysine and methionine was 37% and 58%, respectively. It was concluded that the AA flow to the omasum increases in response to dietary CP content. In addition, there are differences among AA in the efficiency that they are used by beef cattle.

Antibiotic therapy (AT) is the cornerstone of the management of severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). However, the best treatment strategy is far from being established.

La braquiterapia es una opción terapéutica bien establecida para el cáncer de próstata. El uso de la resonancia magnética multiparamétrica (RMmp) para la estadificación y el diagnóstico del cáncer de próstata ha supuesto un cambio en el paradigma actual. En este estudio pretendemos evaluar el impacto, en términos de la recurrencia bioquímica y el tiempo hasta el nadir, de la realización de RMmp para evaluar la presencia de lesiones extracapsulares antes de la braquiterapia en pacientes con cáncer de próstata.

Les objectifs de la chirurgie ambulatoire sont de réduire les risques liés à l’hospitalisation, d’améliorer la récupération postopératoire et de diminuer les dépenses de santé. Peu d’études ont été réalisées dans le domaine de la chirurgie thoracique et il persiste une grande marge de progression en chirurgie pleuropulmonaire ambulatoire. Le but de cet article est de présenter un état des lieux et les perspectives d’évolution de la chirurgie thoracique ambulatoire.