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Metabolic diseases have become a global health problem. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to finding effective ways to prevent or improve metabolic diseases from functional foods. The fruit of Phyllanthus emblica (FPE) has been consumed worldwide as a reliable food source, often in the form of sauces, beverages, nutraceuticals, or extracts. Gallic acid (GA) is reported to be the main functional compound of FPE. Currently, FPE and GA have been shown to have multiple health benefits. In this review, we offer a comprehensive summary of the use of FPE and its functional compound GA in improving three metabolic diseases, namely type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The evidence suggests that FPE and GA hold significant potential in managing these three metabolic diseases. They can maintain glucose homeostasis by regulating the PI3K/p-Akt pathway and improve insulin resistance by regulating the PPARγ/AMPK/NF-κB pathway. They inhibit adipogenesis by down-regulating the expression of PPARγ, C/EBP α and FABP4 proteins, and increase energy expenditure by up-regulating the expression of UCP1 and CPT-1A proteins. The information can be utilized to assess the effectiveness and feasibility of FPE and GA as strategies for managing metabolic diseases. It should be noted that human clinical trials of FPE and GA for the three metabolic diseases, especially obesity and NAFLD, are still scarce. More large-scale, long-term, well-designed clinical trials are needed to further confirm the functional benefits and safety of FPE and GA in preventing and improving T2DM, obesity, and NAFLD. [Display omitted] • Phyllanthus emblica fruit & gallic acid were reviewed for three metabolic diseases. • P. emblica fruit & gallic acid have good functional effects on metabolic diseases. • Graphically depicted the main targets of P. emblica fruit and gallic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] This work aimed to explore the modified pathways impacted by changes in fecal metabolites among female obese adults during the human gut model period, both in the presence and absence of individual Triphala constituent fruit extract. The human gut model employed individual fruit extracts from Phyllanthus emblica , Terminalia bellerica , and T. chebula , comparing them to a control group. Fermentation used fecal samples from female obese adults over 24 h. Metabolite extraction, untargeted metabolomics, and pathway analysis identified metabolic changes. Treatments with P. emblica extract, T. bellerica extract, and T. chebula extract revealed the statistical detection of 128, 734, and 757 up-regulated metabolites, respectively, while 31, 90, and 92 down-regulated metabolites were identified. Pathway analysis revealed that P. emblica extract primarily influenced vitamin B6 metabolism, whereas the treatments with T. bellerica extract and T. chebula extract predominantly engaged glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism for metabolic regulation within the human gut model. By examining obese fecal metabolite changes and their association with metabolic pathway modulation through individual fruit extracts of Triphala constituents in a human gut model, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of Triphala components' potential for managing obesity and its applications in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato common scab is a soil-borne bacterial disease caused by Streptomyces scabies , which is ubiquitous and difficult to control. In this study, the issue of developing antimicrobial agents derived from plant extracts against S. scabies was addressed. Three bioactive phenolic compounds, named gallic acid, 1-O-galloyl-β- d -glucose, and corilagin, were isolated and identified from Phyllanthus emblica pomace through bioassay-guided fractionation. The antibacterial effects of these compounds on S. scabies were evaluated with MIC values of 0.63, 0.31, and 1.25 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, Structure-activity relationship analyses of 17 gallic acid and its structural analogs revealed that the R 6 position of the benzene ring was a key factor to their antibacterial activity against S. scabies , among which pyrogallol had the best antibacterial effect. Scanning electron microscopy showed that when S. scabies was exposed to this gallic acid and its structural analogs, the cell membranes of which was damaged. The results will help promote the development and structural modification of plant-derived bacteriostatic agents. [Display omitted] • Three phenolic compounds were isolated and characterized from Phyllanthus emblica. • The phenolic compounds showed promising antibacterial activity against S. scabies. • SAR study showed carboxyl substituents of gallic acid affected bactericidal activity. • Gallic acid analog pyrogallol showed the strongest bactericidal activity. • Gallic acid and analogs damaged membrane integrity and permeability of S. scabies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is a major cause of mortality in females worldwide. Chemotherapeutic effects via utilizing natural, edible or synthetic drugs gaining an attention now a days and best approach against Breast cancer. In this experimental study, we fabricated the ferric oxide nanoparticles of Phyllanthus emblica extract (PEFeNPs) and scrutinized against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced mammary cancer in rodents and explore the possible underlying mechanism. Ferric nanoparticle of Phyllanthus emblica were synthesized, characterized using different spectroscopy method and its efficacy were tested against tumour bearing rats. Different biochemical parameter such as antioxidant profile, proinflammatory cytokines, biotransformation enzymes, gene expression, mitochondrial parameter, glycoprotein were analyzed in the serum or breast tissue. Histology study was performed to determine the reduction in the mammary tissue architecture. Fabricated PEFeNPs showed well defined structure and presence of iron in EDX. Rats treated with PEFeNPs exhibited improved body weight and alteration in organ weight. PEFeNPs significantly (P < 0.001) altered the antioxidant, glycoprotein, mitochondrial, inflammatory cytokines, hematological and biotransformation enzymes. It also altered the mRNA expression of Pi3K, phospho mTOR, phospho AKT, Liver X receptor alpha (LXRα), Liver X receptor beta (LXRβ) and Maf1. Histopathological study also supported the potential anticancer activity of PEFeNPs with well-organized tissue architecture. In short, the results of present research suggested the chemopreventive effect of iron oxide nanoparticles against the DMBA induced mammary cancer via alteration of oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction. • We fabricated the nanoformulation of Phyllanthus emblica and characterized using the SEM, TEM, FTIR and other spectroscopy. • The nanoformulation of Phyllanthus emblica exhibited the protective effect against the breast cancer celllines. • The nanoformulation of Phyllanthus emblica altered DMBA induced breast cancer via various mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Nowadays, it is well-known that medicines and cosmetics have potential to handle different skin diseases improving the cutis semblances. The pigment accumulation not only leads to appear dark spots on the derma surface, but also causes some disorders including freckles, melanin precipitation, chloasma, and melanosis. Phyllanthus emblica is an edible nutraceutical and functional food in Asia area with medicinal and nutritive importances, and there is no literature mentioning that P. emblica fruit extract powder has a whitening effect and pigment accumulation inhibition. We chose suitable concentrations at 0.001 − 1 mg/mL of the fruit extract powder to treat with B16F10 cells, presenting no significant cytotoxicity. To investigate the melanin synthesis suppression, we confirmed it by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot in microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1) and dopachrome tautomerase-2 (TRP-2). Notably, as long as the extract concentration was up to 1 mg/mL, it has the effect of inhibiting melanin and mushroom tyrosinase. Overall, the extract displayed biofunctions of melanogenesis suppression, so there was a possibility for its application as a food additive and skin-whitening agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Acute paradoxical SD can lead to cognitive impairment and anxiety. • PEFPs, a promising food homologous phytotherapy for maintaining brain health. • PEFPs effectively alleviated acute paradoxical SD-induced behavioral abnormalities. • PEFPs improve cognitive impairment and anxiety by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway. • PEFPs are attractive nutraceutical ingredients for preventing cognitive impairment and anxiety associated with sleep loss. Phyllanthus emblica Linn. fruit that primarily contains many polyphenols, have been considered homologous food for centuries and have been used as a remedy for a variety of ailments, including maintaining brain function. It is, however, unclear what is the mechanism of protective action of Phyllanthus emblica Linn. fruit polyphenols (PEFPs) against cognitive impairment and anxiety induced by acute paradoxical sleep deprivation (SD). Behavioral abnormalities induced by acute paradoxical SD were effectively alleviated by PEFPs, which also prevented histopathological and morphological damage to hippocampal neurons. Acute paradoxical SD-induced cognitive impairments and anxiety are treated by PEFPs through modulating a variety of biological functional modules, such as oxidative stress, inflammation/immune, cell proliferation and differentiation, metabolism, and neurotransmitter signaling. Further results showed that PEFPs markedly counteracted oxidative stress damage and neuroinflammation by activating the Nrf2 pathway. In summary, PEFPs are attractive nutraceutical ingredients for preventing cognitive impairment and anxiety associated with sleep loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A combination of ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus emblica fruits and ethanolic extract of Alpinia galanga rhizomes at a ratio of 7:3 (PE–AE (7:3)) exhibited synergistic antioxidant activities against DPPH , ABTS + , and superoxide anion (O 2 − ) radicals with Combination Indices (CIs) of 0.692 ± 0.048, 0.802 ± 0.033, and 0.840 ± 0.023, respectively. At concentrations of 20 and 50 µg/mL, the PE–AE (7:3) showed a significant decrease in intracellular reactive oxygen species against H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress in an endothelial cell line (ECV304) in dose-dependent manner, as well as an increase in cell survival. In addition, The PE–AE (7:3) at 50 µg/mL was as potent as quercetin at 10 µg/mL in the inhibition of H 2 O 2 -induced lipid peroxidation. The combinations of ellagic acid and hydroxycinnamic derivatives which attributed to synergistic antiradicals enhanced cytoprotective activity. This first report on synergistic combination of PE and AE has the potential to develop as new nutritional antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, molecular interactions of the ligands, quercetin, gallic acid, and metformin with various diabetes mellitus-related protein targets, such as glycogen phosphorylase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, were assessed. It was revealed that quercetin possesses good binding affinity to both targets. Quercetin is a major constituent of methanolic extracts of Phyllanthus emblica fruit. The antihyperglycemic effect of quercetin in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats was examined. The isolated quercetin administered at a dose of 75 mg/kg body weight produced a maximum decrease of 14.78% in blood glucose levels in the diabetic rats after 7 days of treatment. Furthermore, quercetin doses of 50 and 75 mg/kg were shown to significantly improve the profiles of triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, very-low-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol at the end of the study in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The administration of quercetin (25, 50, and 75 mg/kg body weight) daily for 28 days in STZ-induced diabetic rats resulted in a significant decrease in blood glucose and urine sugar levels, with a considerable rise in plasma insulin and hemoglobin levels. Therefore, quercetin is a potential drug with antidiabetic and antihyperglycemic action mediated by changes in the levels of glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides as indicated by in silico and in vivo studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phyllanthus emblica Linn. is the most important medicinally useful tree crop in Asian Subcontinent and is severely infested by Betousa stylophora Swinhoe, known as shoot gall maker (SGM). This pest tunnels the shoots of seedlings and actively growing branches of trees and develops gall, leading to stunted growth, unusual branching and death of actively growing shoots. Our study revealed that trees possessing smooth bark were free from the attack of this pest than those with rough bark surface. Unfortunately, this character is not detectable either at seedling stage or during early growth of trees in the orchard. RAPD genetic fingerprinting of trees possessing smooth and rough bark revealed distinguishable and highly reproducible DNA banding pattern between the two genotypes. Of the 20 RAPD primers tested, five of them produced distinguishable RAPD bands between rough and smooth barked genotypes of P. emblica . Trees with smooth bark produced five unique RAPD bands with molecular weight ranging from 350 bp to 1500 bp and those with rough bark produced six RAPD bands (350 bp–650 bp) to utilize these DNA bands as potential DNA marker for screening tolerant genotypes of this crop against SGM. The utility of this finding in genetic improvement of this tree crop against SGM is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing leptin resistance and methylglyoxal (MG) levels have been observed in patients with obesity, which is characterized by an imbalance in energy metabolism and abnormal fat accumulation. MG is highly reactive and easily glycates proteins, impairing their physiological functions in cells. Whether MG glycates leptin and results in leptin resistance are untested. Therefore, we hypothesized that MG might directly affect leptin structure and activity or indirectly affect leptin gene and receptor expression, thereby triggering leptin resistance. The fruit of Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica L.) is rich in phenolic compounds (β-glucogallin, gallic acid, and ellagic acid) and can trap MG. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a water extract from Indian gooseberry fruit (WEIG) on MG-induced leptin resistance in HepG2 cells. Protein cross-linking and carbonyl content measurement results showed that leptin resistance was induced by MG glycation but improved by WEIG treatment. Moreover, WEIG and its phenolic compounds (gallic acid and ellagic acid) significantly increased the mRNA expression of leptin receptors (Ob-Rb and HuB219.1), and this was accompanied by the suppression of SOCS3 and lipogenesis-associated signaling cascade (SREBP-1/ACC/FAS) gene expression and the activation of the JAK2/STAT3/AMPK/PPAR-α/CPT-1 pathway in human HepG2 liver cells exposed to free fatty acid. In conclusion, WEIG (150 μg/mL) dramatically alleviated leptin resistance and lipid accumulation by MG trapping and inhibiting MG-leptin glycation, indicating that MG is a risk factor for leptin resistance that WEIG can suppress. This finding will increase the application potential of P. emblica L. in anti-obesity functional food industrial development. WEIG significantly restored leptin activity via MG trapping, enhanced fatty acid β-oxidation, and decreased lipogenesis in MGLep- and FFA-treated HepG2 cells. [Display omitted] • The function of leptin was directly affected by MG-triggered leptin resistance. • MG-glycated leptin (MGLep) was dramatically suppressed by WEIG incubation. • Lipid metabolism was inhibited in HepG2 cells subjected to MGLep treatment. • WEIG, GA, and EA enhanced lipid metabolism in FFA-treated HepG2 cells. • Lipid accumulation, ROS, and inflammatory cytokines were reduced by WEIG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ethanolic extract of dried fruits of Phyllanthus emblica Linn. (Euphorbiaceae) was tested for its gastroprotective effects in patients with gastrointestinal disorders. Thirty patients were selected for the study and divided into three groups consisting of ten subjects each. Patients were given the ethanolic extract of P. emblica (Pe.Et), lactose (placebo) and omeprazole for 14 days respectively.The test group received a Pe.Et dose of 500 mg/day in three divided doses, i.e., each capsule contained 166.6 mg PeEt with lactose added making 500 mg per capsule. The dose of ethanolic extract of P. emblica was calculated on the basis of the crude powder of P. emblica used by traditional healers. Capsules of the same colour but filled with 500 mg lactose were given thrice a day to the patients of the negative (placebo) control group. Omeprazole at the recommended dose of (40 mg/day) was given to the patients of the positive control group. A questionnaire and endoscopic based procedures were adopted for investigation. The gastroprotective effects of P. emblica were compared with both the placebo and the omeprazole-treated group.The results of the study showed that Pe.Et alleviated pain, vomiting, sleep disturbances and other associated problems. Gastroscopic evaluations also showed the healing of damaged mucosa. Taken together these findings indicate that the ethanolic extract of P. emblica fruits has gastroprotective effects in humans and justifies its traditional use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Phyllanthus emblica (PE) is a well-known tropical crop with a distinct flavor and several health advantages. From the standpoint of the transformation of volatile and nonvolatile components, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of heat extraction on the flavor attributes and biological activity of PE. According to studies, thermal extraction can greatly enhance the amount of the molecule 4,5-epoxy-(E)-2-decanal with a green odor while removing offensive scents like 2-isobutyl-3-methoxy pyrazine. Temporal dominant description evaluation found that with the extension of thermal extraction time, the five flavors of PE are enhanced. According to high-resolution mass spectrometry studies, the primary reaction processes during thermal extraction were the hydrolysis and condensation of tannin and flavonoid glycosidic bonds. The main core groups of compound transformation were galloyl and hexahydroxydibenzoyl (HHDP), which led to the final product gallic acid and ellagic acid were significantly increased. Finally, it was found that thermal extraction can significantly enhance the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of PE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phyllanthus emblica L. exerts multiple biological functions, and its fruit possesses hepatoprotective benefits. However, the underlying mechanisms of these activities remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the potential impact of P. emblica on improving nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Free fatty acid mixture-induced HepG2 cells and leptin-induced HSC-T6 hepatic stellate cells were used to mimic nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatic fibrosis, respectively. Ellagic acid (EA) was identified as a major compound in the water extract of P. emblica fruits (WEPL). WEPL significantly decreased fat accumulation and ROS production by altering lipogenesis-related gene expression and stimulating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signalling in treated HepG2 cells. WEPL also inhibited hepatic fibrosis in HSC-T6 cells and induced mitochondrial apoptosis. Importantly, EA was shown to inhibit cellular steatosis and liver fibrosis in vitro . In conclusion, WEPL reduces lipogenesis in hepatocytes and fibrotic cells, suggesting that WEPL has the potential to improve NAFLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) has a low incidence universally, but very high incidence in the northeast of Thailand. Currently, the treatments of CCA are ineffective. Therefore, substances from natural products have been developed to replace by reducing the toxicity of chemotherapy drugs. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of Terminalia chebula , Terminalia bellirica , and Phyllanthus emblica extracts on CCA cell lines. The total phenolic, flavonoid, tannic acid contents were determined by HPLC. Moreover, study effects of three herbs on the inhibitory effects of inflammation, cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and the expression of tumor genes were assesed. From the results, P. emblica exhibited the best anti-inflammatory effects and contained high total phenolic, flavonoid content, and had the highest tannic acid, while the cytotoxicity results showed that it inhibited the proliferation of CCA cell lines at 48 and 72 h and could inhibit migration in CCA cell lines. In regard to cell cycle arrest, only T. bellirica extracts were found to inhibit cell cycle arrest in the S phase. Results suggest that the treatment with all of the extracts induces apoptosis. The mRNA expression levels of apoptosis-related genes (BAX, caspase-3, caspase-9, and p53) tended to be increased, while on the other hand, the expression levels of Bcl-2 significantly decreased. The results of this research confirmed that P. emblica herbal extracts had the best inhibitory effect on growth and induced apoptosis best through the mitochondria apoptotic signaling pathway. This research is useful for developing products for the treatment of CCA in vivo [Display omitted] • Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) has a low incidence worldwide, but very high incidence in the northeast of Thailand. • Substances from natural products have been developed to replace and reduce the toxicity of chemotherapy drugs. • T. chebula, T. bellirica and P. emblica extracts can inhibited inflammation. • T. chebula, T. bellirica and P. emblica extracts had an inhibitory effect on CCA cell growth and induced apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] In this paper, the quality of Phyllanthus emblica was evaluated by establishing a comprehensive taste index and odor component analysis method, and the formation mechanism of quality difference was revealed by mass spectrometry imaging and metabolomics. Studies have found that the representative substances of bitterness and astringency in cultivated PE, such as amlaic acid, kaempferol, quercetin and their derivatives, have higher content. Compared with wild PE, cultivated PE has a very lower 2-Isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine content, a kind of odor molecule that destroys the fruits flavor. Biological activity studies showed that the biological activity of wild PE was stronger than cultivated PE. Mass spectrometry imaging revealed significant differences in the distribution of multiple components between the two types of PE. Metabonomic studies show that their quality differences may be related to the difference of flavonoids and flavonol biosynthesis in PE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: Diabetes mellitus is associated with oxidative stress which impairs the platelet function. Phyllanthus emblica extract a rich source of vitamin C plays an important role in scavenging free radicals. The effect of vitamin C on platelet aggregation in healthy and coronary artery disease patients has been demonstrated. The present study attempts to study the pharmacodynamic interactions of P. emblica extract with clopidogrel and ecosprin. Materials and methods: This was a randomized open label crossover study of 10 type II diabetic patients. The dosage schedules were either single dose of 500mg P. emblica extract or 75mg clopidogrel or 75mg ecosprin or 500mg P. emblica +75mg clopidogrel or 500mg P. emblica +75mg ecosprin. After single dose study and washout period, patients received either 500mg P. emblica extract twice daily or 75mg clopidogrel or 75mg ecosprin once daily or combinations for 10 days. Platelet aggregation was measured at baseline and at 4h of treatment after single and multiple dose study along with recording of bleeding and clotting time. Results: After single and multiple dose administration of the three treatments and with combinations there was statistically significant decrease of platelet aggregation compared to baseline. Further, the mean percent inhibition of platelet aggregation was significant, when compared between single and multiple doses of P. emblica. The bleeding and clotting time was prolonged with single and multiple dose administration of all treatments compared to baseline. All treatments were well tolerated. Conclusion: P. emblica extract demonstrated significant antiplatelet activity with both single and multiple dose administration. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: To investigate the bioactive constituents of Shemamruthaa (SM), a herbal combination and its therapeutic effects on the mitochondrial functions with reference to lipid peroxidation (LPO), antioxidant status, citric acid cycle enzymes and electron transport chain enzymes in mammary tissues of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)-anthracene (DMBA) induced mammary carcinoma in rat model. Methods: Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the study and were divided into four groups. Group I served as control and Group II rats were induced mammary carcinoma by administration of DMBA (25 mg/kg b.w.) orally. The normal and cancer-induced rats (Group III) were treated with SM (400 mg/kg b.w./day) orally by gastric incubation for 14 days. Group IV rats served as SM-treated control animals. Results: Cancer-induced rats showed a considerably increased level of LPO with concomitant decreased levels of antioxidants, citric acid cycle enzymes, electron transport chain enzymes and cytochrome contents in the mammary tissue. Treatment with SM brought back the aforementioned biochemical parameters to near normal. Conclusions: From the results, it can be inferred that Shemamruthaa possesses significant anticancer effect through its role in attenuation of LPO, prevention of membrane damage and restoring membrane integrity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective: This randomized, double-blind, controlled trial (RCT) aimed to evaluate the effect of Phyllanthus Emblica (Amla) as an add-on therapy on COVID-19_ related biomarkers and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients.Methods: In this RCT, sixty-one patients were randomly assigned into two arms [the intervention (n=31) and control arms (n=30)]. The effect of Amla on diagnostic Reverse-transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) test results between the first and the last days of the study, the length of stay (LOS) in hospital, the percentage of lung involvement on CT scans, changes in the clinical symptoms, and the laboratory markers were assessed.Results: The two study groups had similar baseline demographics and characteristics in terms of medical history. The mean of LOS in the intervention arm (4.44 days) was significantly shorter than in the control arm (7.18 days, P < 0.001); RT-PCR results were not significantly different between the two arms (P = 0.07). All clinical variables decreased over time in the two groups (P < 0.001). However, the difference between the two groups in terms of fever (P = 0.004), severity of cough (P = 0.001), shortness of breath (P = 0.004), and myalgia (P = 0.005) were significant, but this intergroup comparison was not significant with regard to respiratory rate (P = 0.29), severity of chills (P = 0.06), sore throat (P = 0.22), and weakness (P = 0.12). Out of the eight evaluated para-clinical variables, three variables showed significant improvement in the intervention arm, including the mean increase in oxygen saturation (SpO2) level (P < 0.001), the reduction in the mean percentage of lung involvement on CT (P < 0.001), and the improvement in C-reactive protein test results (P < 0.001).Conclusion: Organic herbal Amla tea cannot significantly affect the RT-PCR results and or degree of lung involvement. Nevertheless, it showed an ameliorative effect on the severity of clinical signs and CRP levels. Also, Amla tea may shorten the recovery times of symptoms and LOS in COVID-19 patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Phyllanthus emblica residues (PER) are unsuitable as a single substrate for biogas production because they usually contain residual tannins which are methanogenic inhibitors. In addition, the ratio of total chemical oxygen demand (tCOD) to nitrogen of 14:1 w/w in the PER is much lower than the value that is usually recommended. It is shown that a mixed substrate of PER and food waste has a tCOD to N ratio that is closer to recommended values and that co-digestion with this mixed substrate improves the yield of biogas. In this study, three lab-scale bioreactors were used to investigate (1) the single digestion of food waste, (2) the single digestion of the PER and (3) the co-digestion of food waste and PER at a mixing ratio of 11:1gtCODfoodwaste/gtCODPER. The organic loading rates (OLRs) of the co-digestion were 2.13, 2.83 and 4.26gtCOD/L·day at hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 40, 30 and 20days, respectively. The OLR of the co-digestion was chosen to be equal to the sum of the OLRs of the single digestions. The methane production of the co-digestion was found to be greater than the sum of the methane production of the two single digestions by 12% at HRTs of 40days and by 22% at HRT of 30days. In addition, the methane yield of the co-digestion was higher than that of each of the single digestions. The co-digestion strategy was also applied to a pilot-scale 2000 liter-bioreactor that was usually used for treating food waste. It was found that the methane production was increased by 34% when the substrate was switched from food waste to the mixed food waste and PER co-substrate, and no signs of inhibition were observed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: To investigate the effect of Phyllanthus emblica (P. emblica) Linn. ethanolic extract on the adhesion of Candida albicans (C. albicans) to human buccal epithelial cells (BECs) and denture acrylic surfaces. Methods: Human BECs and transparent acrylic strips were pretreated with ethanolic extract solution of P. emblica fruits at concentration ranged from 18.7 to 300 mg/mL. After washing BECs and the strips were inoculated with three strains of C. albicans (ATCC 10281 and two clinical isolates) (107 cells/mL). Normal saline solution (NSS) and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. BECs were harvested on 12 μm-polycarbonate filters (Millipore, USA). The membrane filters and the strips were stained with Gram stain. Adherent yeast cells on 100 randomly selected epithelial cells and 20 randomly selected fields on each strip were counted under microscope. The statistical significance was calculated by Kruskal-Wallis and Tukey tests at a significant level of P< 0.05. Results: Significant lower numbers of all strains of yeasts adhering to BECs and acrylic strips were observed after exposure to 75–300 mg/mL of plant extract compared with NSS. Conclusions: The present study demonstrates that P. emblica ethanolic extract interferes with the adhesion of C. albicans to BECs and denture acrylic surfaces in vitro. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Sustainable harvesting of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and associated livelihood security can be affected by forest disturbances additional to harvesting. Amla (Phyllanthus emblica and Phyllanthus indofischeri) is a locally and nationally significant NTFP in India, exploited for its fruit. We examined the infection of these two species by a hemiparasitic mistletoe and investigated two alternative management approaches. Forest surveys, mistletoe removal experiments and seed deposition surveys were employed to assess the prevalence of mistletoe infection, characteristics of infection in relation to resource value and the appropriateness of local versus institutional management approaches. The results suggest mistletoe infection is widespread in the study site, affecting over half of the Amla population, and in particular those reproductive trees important for population persistence. Infection characteristics and resource values differ between the two Phyllanthus species, having significant implications for Amla collectors. Institutional perspectives on the management of this species conflict with local practice. Cutting of branches by collectors has previously been considered destructive, but may in fact have management benefits in terms of increased productivity through re-sprouts and reduced risk of mistletoe infection. However, neither mistletoe removal by hand, nor branch cutting appear to offer a viable control strategy in isolation. A multifarious strategy including new approaches to management is needed to safeguard the role of this resource in local livelihoods. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles is one of the effortless, cost - effective, environmental - friendly methods and scale down the handling of toxic chemicals. The silver nanoparticles were triumphantly synthesized from the silver nitrate solution through a greener route using Indian gooseberry (phyllanthus emblica) fruit extract and the prepared particles are of well-balanced shape and size. The stabilization and the bio-reduction of silver nanoparticles were described by adopting UV–vis spectrometry interprets the surface plasmon resonance peak at 449 nm. The functional groups of phyllanthus emblica fruit extract and the silver nanoparticles were diagnosed by using Fourier transform Infrared spectrum (FTIR). The crystalline nature of face-centered cubic (FCC) was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the crystalline size ranges between 19 nm to 45 nm with an average size 30 nm. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) witnessed the hexagonal shape of silver nanoparticles and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDX) assured the well-established fabrication of nanocrystalline silver element. The synthesized nanoparticle exhibits significant antibacterial effects and very clear zone of inhibition against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus bacterias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fresh Phyllanthus emblica (P. emblica) known as Indian gooseberry is considered to be an effective treatment for relieving xerostomia during radiotherapy. The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate the efficacy and safety of P. emblica spray, for treating postoperative xerostomia. This was a prospective, single blind, two-arm parallel randomized controlled trial. Sixty-four patients with xerostomia after general anesthesia for gynecologic tracheal intubation, were randomly assigned to either the intervention or control group, with a 1:1 ratio using random number tables. Participants were recruited from the Gynecology Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine. Subjects in the intervention group were treated with P. emblica spray, while those in the control group were provided with a warm water spray. All subjects received spray treatment: once per 15 min within 6 h after operation. 64 participants were enrolled, 6 were lost to follow-up, the remaining 58 were available for analysis. Mean age was 40.05 ± 10.35 and all were female. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of age, body mass index, allergy history, surgical history, TCM diagnosis, grade, syndrome type, or duration of anesthesia and preoperative water fasting. After six hours of treatment, mean salivary flow rate scores at 3-h to 6-h significantly increased in the intervention group by 0.21 ± 0.14-0.29 ± 0.18 and by 0.14 ± 0.11-0.20 ± 0.12 in the controls (p = 0.028). Similar improvements were observed in the intervention group, compared to the control group, with respect to the grade of oral mucosa moisture at 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h (p = 0.034). The use of P. emblica spray appeared to be superior to warm water spray for treating postoperative xerostomia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Phyllanthus emblica L. (Indian gooseberry) is widely used in the Ayurveda for thousands of years to treat health complications including disorders of the immune system, diabetes, and obesity.Purpose: For the first time, our study aims to demonstrate the molecular mechanisms of the fruit extract of Phyllanthus emblica (PEFE) involved in the promotion of fat cell apoptosis and alleviation of adipogenesis.Methods: The active constituents from PEFE were identified using high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). We carried out the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of PEFE using 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes. The colonogenic assay was carried out to determine the inhibitory effect of 3T3-L1 adipocytes after PEFE treatment. In addition, inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity was performed and the lipolytic activity of PEFE and digallic acid was compared with the well-known standard drug orlistat. Besides, the molecular interaction and ligand optimization between digallic and adipogenesis/apoptosis markers were also carried out. Furthermore, to confirm fat cell apoptosis we have used several detection methods that includes Hoechst staining, PI staining, Oil staining and qPCR respectively.Results: Digallic acid was identified as a major component in the PEFE. The IC50 values of digallic acid and PEFE were found to be 3.82 µg/ml and 21.85 µg/ml respectively. PEFE and digallic acid showed significant anti-lipolytic activity compared to the standard drug orlistat. In the mature adipocytes, PEFE significantly decreased triglyceride accumulation by downregulating adiponectin, PPARγ, cEBPα, and FABP4 respectively. We further analyzed the expression of apoptosis related genes upon PEFE treatment. Apoptotic process initiated through upregulation of BAX and downregulation of BCL2 resulting in an increased caspase-3 activity. In addition, we have also confirmed the apoptosis and DNA fragmentation in 3T3-L1 cells using Hoechst, PI and TUNEL assays.Conclusion: PEFE negatively regulates adipogenesis by initiating fat cell apoptosis and therefore it can be considered as a potential herbal medicinal product for treating obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]