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This paper deals with the methods of construction of trigonometrical tables and interpolation techniques used by ancient Indian mathematicians to calculate intermediate functional values by taking different values of Sinus Totus. The primary purpose for the development of these techniques is to know the correct positions of stars, planets, and other celestial bodies. Some instances have been given for interpolating sine, and charts comparing the values obtained through these techniques to contemporary values have been presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 21 December 2020, the world witnessed a rare celestial rendezvous when Jupiter and Saturn came together in a 'great conjunction'. The event is popular as the 'Christmas Star'. A conjunction is not unique to Saturn and Jupiter. Every 20 years or so, they align (i.e., are in conjunction), and during these years, these planets make a beautiful pair in the sky. Their relative motions during the conjunction year are fun to watch and provide an excellent way to learn about planetary motion. Saturn and Jupiter are the largest of the five planets visible to the unaided eye in the night sky. Hence, their conjunction is called the 'great conjunction'. In the night sky, Jupiter is particularly bright, appearing as a brilliant point of white light, while Saturn is a fainter dull white object, as bright as a typical bright star. On 21 December 2020, during the great conjunction, Jupiter shone at a magnitude of − 1.97, while Saturn was far less bright at a magnitude of +0.63. The great conjunction of 2020 coincided with the winter solstice (shortest day of the year in terms of hours of sunlight received) of the Northern Hemisphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building on recent work identifying how the infrastructures of human social and economic life themselves depend on the "natural infrastructure" of biogeochemical systems, I explore the idea that infrastructuring - involving causal relations between subsystems operating at different timescales - might be a strategy widely adopted by matter undergoing self-organization under planetary conditions. I analyze the concept of infrastructure as it is used to describe features of the human "technosphere" and identify the importance of a difference in timescales between supporting and supported structures and processes. I explore some examples of how the wider planet might be said to engage in timescale-distancing and infrastructuring, focusing in particular on examples from the hydrosphere and biosphere. I then turn to the question of how to explain infrastructuring, developing a neocybernetic account of infrastructuring as involving the separation of a system into subsystems at different timescales in mutual but asymmetrical causal relations. I conclude by exploring the implications of this approach for the way we think about planets in general and the human technosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Culture & Haci Bektas Veli Research Quarterly is the property of Turkish Cultur & Haci Bektas Veli Research Quarterly and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy, and Heat Transport (InSight) mission on Mars continues to record seismic data over 3 yr after landing, and over a thousand marsquakes have been identified, to date. With only a single seismic station, the determination of the epicentral location is far more challenging than on the Earth. The Marsquake Service (MQS) produces seismicity catalogs from data collected by InSight, and provides distance and back azimuth estimates when these can be reliably determined; when both are available, these are combined to provide a location. Currently, MQS does not assign a back azimuth to the vast majority of marsquakes. In this work we develop and apply a polarization analysis method to determine the back azimuth of seismic events from the polarization of observed P- and S-wave arrivals. The method is first applied to synthetic marsquakes and then calibrated using a set of well-located earthquakes that have been recorded in Tennant Creek, Australia. We find that the back azimuth is estimated reliably using our polarization method. The same approach is then used for a set of high-quality marsquakes recorded up to October 2021. We are able to estimate back azimuths for 24 marsquakes, 16 of these without MQS back azimuths. We locate most events to the east of InSight, in the general region of Cerberus Fossae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dynamis is the property of Dynamis - Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Granada and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cosmos has always sparked human curiosity to unveil and speculate its fascinating secrets. This curiosity has ultimately opened a window to other worlds. After years of observation, computation, and data analysis, scientists have revealed the diversity in exoplanets that have been helpful in the characterization and further investigation of biosignatures and technosignatures. This article presents some of the scientific advances made in extraterrestrial planetary science that guarantees to search through the thick clouds of the mysterious planets in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of REVER: Revista de Estudos da Religião is the property of REVER: Revista de Estudos da Religiao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of International Social Research is the property of Journal of International Social Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Situated at the historical juncture of increased global violence, retronationalism, neoliberalism, techno-positivism, environmental and humanitarian disaster, the planet and life itself are in crisis and human "reason is on trial" (Mbembe). This post-global planetary emergency also signifies a crisis of the cultural and political imagination (Gosh) and a lack of critical paradigms through which to address this crisis creatively. This essay discusses a number of analytical terms--noise, the immaterial, rupture/event, the "environmental uncanny" (Gosh), "re-existence" (Mignolo)--to read the planetary in (im)material and decolonial terms as configurations of the incalculable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to pythagoreanism and later Plato, if the world is perfect and ruled by mathematical laws, the movement of the planets is harmonious, drawing perfect circles and producing music. In this way, the "Harmony of the Spheres" theory considers that planets themselves have an eternal and beautiful "soul". Thus, we want to show in our article that the modern conception of "planet" has lost its spiritual meaning under the guise of rationality. If science claims to be more objective than before, in fact it reduces evey being to a simple material object. By opposition, Edmund Husserl calls the "Lifeworld" (Lebenswelt) the natural perception humans have of their world. According to him, the Earth itself is not a planet, because it is the "Arch" where Humans live in accordance with a natural world. We will question that point of view through the filter of disenchantment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giordano Bruno, or Iordanus Brunus Nolanus (1548–1600), was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, mathematician, poet, and cosmological theorist, born in the Kingdom of Naples. He extended the then novel Copernican model and proposed that the stars were just distant suns surrounded by their own exoplanets and raised the possibility that these planets could even foster life of their own. Besides, Bruno also underlined that the universe is infinite and could have no celestial body at its center. Revolutionary ideas shaking the base of the Catholic Church contentions; the response took some time, but was mercilessly cruel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although classification has been an important aspect of astronomy since stellar spectroscopy in the late nineteenth century, to date no comprehensive classification system has existed for all classes of objects in the universe. Here we present such a system, and lay out its foundational definitions and principles. The system consists of the "Three Kingdoms" of planets, stars and galaxies, eighteen families, and eighty-two classes of objects. Gravitation is the defining organizing principle for the families and classes, and the physical nature of the objects is the defining characteristic of the classes. The system should prove useful for both scientific and pedagogical purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Humans are not psychologically equipped for colonizing other planets. • Our species' track record on earth suggests we are not ready to colonize other planets. • Humanity will only be prepared to colonize Mars when it can live on earth sustainably. The idea of colonizing Mars as an opportunity to sustain the human species is a popular one currently. However, it is based on false premises and ignores the abundant evidence demonstrating that our species is not capable of living on any planet sustainably. Human psychology, and the problems associated with our species' biases and cognitive limitations, will follow us to any planet and replicate the same issues we face on earth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Caderno Brasileiro de Ensino de Física is the property of Caderno Brasileiro de Ensino de Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Paradigma is the property of Universidad Pedagogica Experimental Libertador and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Additive Construction with Mobile Emplacement project is investigating the building of infrastructure elements on planetary surfaces by 3-dimensional printing with construction materials made of in-situ resources. Likewise, the United States Army Corps of Engineers’ Additive Construction of Expeditionary Structures project seeks to 3-dimensionally print structures made of concrete available everywhere on Earth. These construction materials must resist failure due to micrometeorite impact and ballistic impact, respectively. Samples were tested for resistance to hypervelocity impact with a 2.0mm aluminum sphere at a velocity of 7.00±0.2km/s. Ordinary Portland Cement-bearing samples were not perforated and did not spall, including the sample that was additively constructed. This indicates printed construction material can withstand impact. The Sorel cement sample was not perforated, but fractured and spalled. Thus, Sorel cement in its current formulation would not be considered a feasible construction material for planetary structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper a homomorphic filtering scheme is proposed to improve the estimation of the planet/star radius ratio in astronomical transit signals. The idea is to reduce the effect of the short-term earth atmosphere variations. A two-step method is presented to compute the parameters of the transit curve from both the unfiltered and filtered data. A Monte Carlo analysis is performed by using correlated and uncorrelated noise to determine the parameters of the proposed FFT filter. The method is tested with observations of WASP-19b and WASP-17bobtained with the FORS2 instrument at the Very Large Telescope (VLT). The multi parametric fitting and the associated errors are obtained with the JKTEBOP software. The results with the white light of the exo-planet data mentioned above suggest that the homomorphic filtering can lead to substantial relative reductions in the error bars as high as 45.5% and 76.9%, respectively. The achieved reductions in the averaged error bars per channel were 48.4% with WASP-19b and 63.6% with WASP-17b. Open source MATLAB code to run the method proposed here can be downloaded from http://www.cmrsp.cl . This code was used to obtain the results presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientists predict that climate change will cause substantial changes to life on our planet, and that human behavior should change substantially in order to mitigate its impact. Hence, we propose that lay theories of change are among the psychological factors that can influence pro-environmental engagement. We predicted that people who think of the world as relatively stable will be more likely to be skeptical about anthropogenic climate change. They should also be less likely to believe that society can change in ways that could alleviate or avert its consequences. In turn, their skepticism about climate change and their beliefs about mitigation are expected to influence their willingness to engage in pro-environmental behavior. A survey conducted with American adults (N = 297) supported these hypotheses; lay theories predicted people's beliefs about climate change and about the possibility of mitigation, which in turn influenced their intentions to engage in pro-environmental behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Should humans should seek to exploit and/or colonize other planets, and if so, how should it be done? The author's position is no. • The idea of colonizing another planet likely appeals to a small fraction of humankind and suggests an inevitably elitist enterprise. • Though space laws are devoid of references to colonization and exploitation, the ideology of space exploration calls for those goals. • This ideology is a pastiche of other belief systems: manifest destiny, American exceptionalism, libertarianism, and cosmism. • For more than 500 years, these ideologies have wreaked havoc on Earth, and they should not be exported to other planets. Should humans seek to colonize outer space? I say no. I have worked in the space community for 35 years with a variety of programs and projects ranging from science to human space flight. My view as a social scientist is that humans are not sufficiently advanced, technologically and socially, to be establishing colonies on Mars, or any other place in space. Except for the threads of Russian cosmism, the ideology of space colonization and exploitation is largely Western, and Christian, as noted above. It appears to be some interpretation of Christian dominion, or dominionist, theology that drives colonization advocates to declare that humans are destined to fill the universe, that humans "must" colonize Mars, that outer space resources are there for the taking.The ideology of space exploration is in need of rejuvenation. The author advocates a visionof a human future in space in which humanity finds its way to a collective peaceful existence on Spaceship Earth, a way to work together to preserve life here and to look for life out there. Perhaps at some point in the distant future, humans might be ready –technologically and socially – to live together peacefully on other planets. But we are not there yet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The Artemis program marks the first step in humanity's return to the Moon. • The program is reliant upon local environmental resources to support human missions. • Resource sustainability is already built into the Artemis program. • International policy needs to include language to protect planetary environments. • Humanity must be stewards of the planets, not merely consumers of their resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is there life anywhere else in the vast cosmos? Are there planets similar to the Earth? For centuries, these questions baffled curious minds. Either a positive or negative answer, if found one day, would carry a deep philosophical significance for our very existence in the universe. Although the search for extra-terrestrial intelligence was initiated decades ago, a systematic scientific and global quest towards achieving a convincing answer began in 1995 with the discovery of the first confirmed planet orbiting around the solar-type star 51 Pegasi. Since then, astronomers have discovered many exoplanets using two main techniques, radial velocity and transit measurements. In the first part of this article, we shall describe the different astronomical methods through which the extrasolar planets of various kinds are discovered. In the second part of the article we shall discuss the various kinds of exoplanets, in particular about the habitable planets discovered till date and the present status of our search for a habitable planet similar to the Earth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides an overview of the introduction of a horizon-based optical navigation (OPNAV) approach with a wide variety of missions under consideration by U.S. National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA). It discusses the improvement of OPNAV which increases performance with no effect on execution time on a digital computer. It explores the key observation of an OPNAV camera image that the cone formed by the ellipse need to coincide with the cone that bounds tightly the planet.

We present the case for developing a successor format for the immensely successful FITS format. We first review existing alternative formats and discuss why we do not believe they provide an adequate solution. The proposed format is called the Advanced Scientific Data Format (ASDF) and is based on an existing text format, YAML, that we believe removes most of the current problems with the FITS format. An overview of the capabilities of the new format is given along with specific examples. This format has the advantage that it does not limit the size of attribute names (akin to FITS keyword names) nor place restrictions on the size or type of values attributes have. Hierarchical relationships are explicit in the syntax and require no special conventions. Finally, it is capable of storing binary data within the file in its binary form. At its basic level, the format proposed has much greater applicability than for just astronomical data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Auroral Planetary Imaging and Spectroscopy (APIS) service, accessible online, provides an open and interactive access to processed auroral observations of the outer planets and their satellites. Such observations are of interest for a wide community at the interface between planetology, magnetospheric and heliospheric physics. APIS consists of (i) a high level database, built from planetary auroral observations acquired by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) since 1997 with its mostly used Far-Ultraviolet spectro-imagers, (ii) a dedicated search interface aimed at browsing efficiently this database through relevant conditional search criteria and (iii) the ability to interactively work with the data online through plotting tools developed by the Virtual Observatory (VO) community, such as Aladin and Specview. This service is VO compliant and can therefore also been queried by external search tools of the VO community. The diversity of available data and the capability to sort them out by relevant physical criteria shall in particular facilitate statistical studies, on long-term scales and/or multi-instrumental multi-spectral combined analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roving exploration becomes a major method of further exploration to target planet after preliminary circling exploration. Mission planning is to search feasible action sequence and trajectory of the rover from initial state to target state, satisfying complex constraints such as terrain, energy, thermal control and communications. Hence it is the basis and key of controlling rover to explore the planet safely and effectively. Global path planning and local path planning could be seen as a special case of mission planning. In this paper existing planetary rovers, prototypes and related navigation technologies are briefly summarized, followed by an introduction of various mission planning algorithms. Finally several areas for future research are specified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Is the anguish of time reflected in celestial landscapes?" To answer this question, we will proceed to a stylistic analysis of celestial landscapes with a view to discussing the representation of the Zodiac of the planets. Celestial landscapes are represented in accentuation (daylight rhythm), elevation (nighttime rhythm), alternation (mixed rhythm). The anguish of time is reflected more in the hyperbolism of the diurnal scheme. But that is not all, because we have seen the possible correlation between life expectancy and celestial landscape. When lifetime is short and the entropic vision of the cosmos prevails, the landscapes of the sky are traumatic and anguishing. A fortiori, when the equinoctial precession becomes a "disenchantment of the world" and this during a period of short life expectancy, the anguish of time becomes stronger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]