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This article analyses the ways in which the memory of transnational traumatic events of war and conflict of the past have been represented at Wellington's waterfront and whether the site, with its multitude of memorial plaques, can be read as a lieu de mémoire. The study focuses on three commemorative plaques: the memorial plaque to those New Zealanders who took part in the Spanish Civil War (2011); the commemorative plaque to the Polish children of Pahīatua (2004); and the memorial plaque commemorating the arrival of the United States Marine Corps to New Zealand (1951/2000). It, first, examines the memory entrepreneurs behind the commemoration of the events the plaques depict and analyse whether these agents engaged in bottom-up or top-down mnemonic practices and activities (or a mixture of these). Second, it analyses the significance of these memorials in the collective memory of contemporary Aotearoa/New Zealand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Władysław Smólski began his writing career as an author of plays and humoresque works. Between 1939 and 1945, he was involved in helping Jews. Smólski described his war experiences in two autobiographical texts Losy dziecka: Opowieść wojenna wojenna [1961; A Child's Fate: A War Story] and Zaklęte lata [1964; Enchanted Years]. However, not all of his works have been published. The paper examines Smólski's unpublished volume of short stories, Magie [Magic], whose manuscript is stored at the National Library in Warsaw. In the first part of the paper, I introduce crucial facts of Władysław Smólski's biography, with reference to the atmosphere of the interwar period. The second part discusses the formal features of the stories comprising the volume Magic and possible reasons why the volume have not been published. The third part of the article examines selected short stories, focusing on the representation of war and functions of the paranormal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What do stories of loss sound like 70 years after the Holocaust and how are they remembered in the places where the losses themselves occurred? When Steven Hopman returned to Poland in 2010, as part of the March of the Living's (MOL) Montreal contingent of survivors tasked with educating students about the Holocaust, he grappled with how best to narrate a coherent and shareable story. This article shares his struggle to go public with the 'salvaged remnants' of his experiences while detailing the strategies he employed to describe what was beyond loss and could not be shared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista UNISCI is the property of Unidad de Investigaciones Sobre Seguridad y Cooperacion International (UNISCI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper considers the appearance and meaning of city walls on ducal and municipal seals in 13th-century Poland. Despite the great popularity of the motif, actual stone or brick fortifications, both of towns and castles, were rare in Poland at the time. It is especially striking that in the area of Kuyavia, where local dukes introduced the motif onto their seals at an early stage, such architectonic structures were almost entirely absent. Several towns also employed images of stone walls on their seals before they gained the real fortifications. The motif of fortification is examined here as a symbol of civilization in a wider sense, and particularly that of the communal town. The final section the paper explores ways in which Polish society might have come to understand this symbolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the connection between literature and street art vandalism, using the example of a mural featuring a quote from a love letter written by Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz, a prominent twentieth-century Polish writer. In addition to highlighting this specific incident, we draw attention to other instances of hate vandalism directed at LGBTQ+ artwork in Poland. Through this, we reveal a broader trend of recent political mobilization against gay rights art. Our analysis underscores the complex nature of art vandalism as a form of communication that is situated within a particular political and social context, shaped by the values and beliefs of those responsible for the vandalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiocarbon dating and Bayesian chronology modeling have provided precise dating for the rondel at Nowe Objezierze (northwestern Poland). This monument, located in the farthest reaches of the "Danubian World," sheds new light on rondels and the way they functioned. A total of 44 radiocarbon dates are now available for the site, and modeling of these (taking into account depositional processes and the results of palynological analysis) has identified plausible scenarios for its construction and use. The rondel was built around 4800 cal b.c. and operated for about three centuries. The cyclical digging and filling of ditches and the sequential establishment of new ones characterized the historical development of the site. The long duration of use of the site served as a base to analyze the potential construction technology and to propose the reconstruction of the appearance of the rondel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the nature and structure of Polish discourses on copyright, specifically revealing to what extent social conflict over copyright is visible within these discourses and presenting the most important parties in this conflict. Following Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe’s discursive reconstruction of the hegemony, the article indicates that Polish copyright discourses are structured by an alternating sequence of discursive hegemonic and counter-hegemonic practices. The article specifies the most important logic applied within discursive battles over copyright by deconstructing the central dualities visible in Polish copyright debates. Hegemonization and counter-hegemonization of the discourses are indicated based on the discourse analysis of the Polish public debate on copyright and a qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews and focus group interviews with representatives of selected parties in the social conflict over copyright. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the development of the Polish railway network in the interwar period. The then Polish state, the Second Polish Republic, had to face two challenges in particular: Firstly, the railway network, built before World War I, had been constructed by the partitioning powers Russia, Prussia, and Austria-Hungary according to their own needs. Secondly, the network had sustained extensive damage as a result of combat actions during the war. Accordingly, the paper analyzes, on the one hand, how the decisive actors of the Second Polish Republic attempted to repair this damage to the railway network. On the other hand, their endeavors to adapt the railway network to the infrastructural demands of the new state are explored, with a focus on the construction of new railway lines. Starting with an overview of the development of the Polish railway network in the interwar period in both temporal and spatial regard, the paper proceeds with an in-depth analysis of selected case studies. To sum up, the study shows that while many new railway lines were built in the interwar period, an adaption of the railway network to the needs of the new state was achieved merely in part. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. The aim of the study was to review the existing research, conducted on animal and human models, regarding the possibility of using low doses of naltrexone (LDN) in treatment of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). Method. The available Polish- and English-language literature on NSSI was reviewed. Relevant studies were identified through an electronic search of PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar databases using the following keywords: non-suicidal self-injury, NSSI, naltrexone, LDN, self-injury, self-harm, and time descriptors 1982-2022. The review was based on information reported in original papers, review articles and case reports. The quality of the article was assessed using the six-point Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles (SANRA). Results. Studies conducted on animal models show that use of LDN can prevent habitual self-injury. As far as the possibility of clinical use of LDN in treatment of NSSI is concerned, results of a relatively small number of studies conducted so far confirm the efficacy of using naltrexone 25-50 mg/day to decrease or eliminate self-injurious behaviors in NSSI patients. Conclusions. The use of LDN in treatment of NSSI seems to be a promising clinical option, whose efficacy, however, needs to be corroborated in a larger number of randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of psychotropic medication use among adult population in Poland in past 12 months, and to analyse the relationship between psychotropic medication use and sociodemographic factors as well as mental health disorders experienced by respondents. Method. Composite International Diagnostic Instrument (WHO CIDI 3.0) was used in Polish survey of general population aged 18-64. Respondents were randomly selected from the population register. Ten thousand interviews were completed with a response rate of 50.4%. Results. In the general population, psychotropic medicines were used by almost 5% of the respondents in the past 12 months. These medicines were used more often by women, respondents from the oldest age group, with low level of education, retirees, unemployed, singles and residents of small and large cities. Among those experiencing mental health problems in the past 12 months, psychotropic medications were taken by up to 17% of the respondents. Pharmacological treatment was most often endorsed by over 40% of persons with symptoms of major depression and any mood disorders, while approximately 25% of respondents with major depression confirmed antidepressant use. Gender differences were small and mostly insignificant. Conclusions. The results indicate the need to improve access to mental health treatment and to better educate general practitioners (GPs) for appropriate diagnosing and treatment of mental health disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the author analyzes research results concerning visitors to the Museum of Warsaw. The creation of a new main exhibition at the museum was driven by a turn towards objects, which was a novelty in Poland. The study was conducted using the focus group interview method, with three groups: Polish students from Warsaw universities, Warsaw guides, and students from foreign countries who study at Warsaw universities. The paper presents what different visitors expect from the city museum and how those expectations correspond with the assumptions of the museum's curators. It also analyzes the role of emotions in experiencing a museum exhibition and the issue of the "authenticity" expected by visitors when they are in the museum. In addition, the author presents how visitors' expectations are divided between "knowledge" and "experience" categories and the consequences of this division for thinking about how the past is experienced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Communist Poland: A Jewish Woman's Experience" is an annotated memoir by Sara Nomberg-Przytyk, a Polish Jewish woman who went from being a prisoner in Auschwitz to a powerful journalist in Poland. The memoir covers her life from her liberation in 1945 to her decision to leave Poland and immigrate to Israel in 1969. The memoir was created through a multilayered translation project involving scholars and family members. It explores Nomberg-Przytyk's involvement in the Communist Party, growing antisemitism, and her evolving doubts about the party. The book offers insights into life in Poland after World War II and serves as an exercise in memory studies and self-reflection. [Extracted from the article]

This article examines the issue of gender (im)balance in street and roundabout names in Poland's three largest cities: Warsaw, Kraków, and Łódź. The focus of this research falls within the area of urbanonymy, a field that has recently gained in international popularity. However, so far, Poland has received scant attention in urbanonymy, especially in the context of gender imbalance and feminist geography. As the current statistical analysis shows, Polish urbanonyms derived from male names considerably outnumber those derived from female names in Warsaw, Kraków, and Łódź. This paper provides a detailed data onomastic analysis of each of these cities, broken down by borough.1 This data presentation is preceded by a description of the public debate on urbanonyms and the role of women's names in public spaces in Poland. This debate is becoming increasingly frequent in Polish media and public discourse; this topicality has resulted in campaigns to have the gender imbalance in Polish eponymous urbanonyms redressed. In Kraków, one in three streets is named after a man, and urbanonyms named after males outnumber those named after females by 12.2:1. In Warsaw and Łódź, 1 in 5 eponymous urbanonyms is named after a man, and those named after a male outnumber those named after a female by 9.4:1 and 7.4:1 respectively. As this research shows, many of the reasons for this disproportion are to be found in the histories and contemporary socio-political profiles of Poland's individual regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological awareness plays a crucial role in consumer decision-making, especially concerning logistic solutions such as pickup points instead of traditional courier delivery. This study examines the influence of ecological awareness on consumer preferences in the context of alternative delivery methods, with a focus on sustainable development. Through a literature review and and analyzing the results provided in reports, the article identifies factors shaping ecological awareness and its relationship with logistic choices. The findings of this study are significant for logistics companies and retailers, aiding them in understanding how to promote sustainable delivery methods and adapt their offerings to meet consumers' growing environmental expectations. Ecological awareness has emerged as a pivotal factor influencing consumer decision-making processes, particularly in the realm of logistics and delivery solutions. This study delves into the intricate interplay between ecological consciousness and consumer preferences, specifically exploring how these dynamics shape choices related to sustainable development within the logistics sector. By conducting a comprehensive literature review and analyzing data obtained from numerous reports, this study sheds light on the multi-faceted relationship between environmental awareness and logistics choices, mainly in Poland. Explores the various factors that contribute to the formation and evolution of environmental awareness among consumers, from environmental education to social norms and ethical considerations. Moreover, this study elucidates the significant impact of ecological awareness on consumer preferences for alternative delivery methods, such as utilizing pickup points instead of conventional courier services. It reveals how consumers increasingly prioritize sustainability and environmental responsibility when making logistical decisions, reflecting a broader shift towards eco-conscious consumption patterns. The insights gleaned from this research hold profound implications for logistics companies and retailers alike. Armed with a deeper understanding of consumer behavior and preferences, these entities can devise more effective strategies to promote and implement sustainable delivery solutions. By aligning their offerings with consumers' growing environmental expectations, they can not only enhance their competitive edge but also contribute to the broader imperative of fostering a more sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the biography of the Polish traveller and diplomat Marcin Broniowski (d. 1592), author of Tartariae descriptio (1578), a classic description of early modern Crimea. While working on the article, I discovered a number of previously unknown Polish sources relating to the diplomat's biography. This allowed me to reconstruct Marcin Broniowski's biography and the chronology of his visits to Crimea. I also analyse the main early modern editions and translations of Tartariae descriptio, as well as its influence on the history of European geographical thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately 22% of the existing dwellings in the EU were built before 1946. In Wrocław, Poland ca. 21% of all dwellings in multifamily houses are protected for their heritage value. For such a significant share of the residential building stock pursuit of sustainability through amenity improvement is inevitable and will gain pace with the EU endorsed Renovation Wave. The discourse about the scope of renovations should be extended to consider an improvement of historical housing's spatial quality without compromising its heritage value. Balconies are perceived as an indispensable part of new-built apartments; however, they are scarce in tenements built at the turn of 20th century. Adding balconies as a part of retrofitting is common in Germany or Denmark, but rare in Poland. By analysing heritage preservation practices in Chemnitz, Copenhagen and Wrocław, this paper aims to understand how retention of heritage value shapes local approach to adding balconies. Semi-structured interviews (18) were conducted with heritage conservation officers and other stakeholders. The results revealed a shared recognition of balcony's role as an element contributing to heritage housing preservation through enhanced usability. Factors that impede balcony additions in historical tenements in Wrocław were identified for different tenure types, followed by recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the role of websites as historical sources, using a comparative case study of Germany and Poland's respective lost territories after WWII and the border changes ordered by Stalin. The article proposes a methodology derived from the 'Toolbox' of the Oxford Internet Institute, which includes link and referral analysis plus sourcing of data about websites in past formats via the 'Wayback Machine' (archive.org). Its aim is to suggest ways in which historians can better assess the material function of these online sources within the wider taxonomy of historical discussion, in ways often taken for granted for traditional publications: for instance, noting ascribed provenance, prominence, age and stability as textual sources, in addition to their contents. The approach is tested through two websites each from Poland and Germany, construed as a pilot and spur to further investigation for application to other cases beyond where contentious episodes of 20th Century history are reframed to serve illiberal agendas, notably in Central Europe by parties such as Law and Justice in Poland, Fidesz in Hungary, or AfD in Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. To create a Polish adaption of the Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire -- Revised 2 (PRAQ-R2), which is widely used abroad. Method. PRAQ-R2 was translated into Polish by independent bilingual speakers. Fortyeight pregnant women completed our survey containing the Polish version of PRAQ-R2, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale -- Modified (HADS-M), and a short sociodemographic questionnaire. After a week, they were asked to complete the PRAQ-R2 questionnaire again. Parametric statistics were used to assess psychometric properties. Results. Our study has shown a good test-retest correlation of 0.70. Participants completed the survey twice (in t1 and after one week -- in t2). Cronbach's alpha was calculated as 0.847 at t1 and 0.895 at t2. There was a moderate correlation between PRAQ-R2 at both time points and the HADS-M scale and its subscales. Conclusions. Our Polish adaption of PRAQ-R2 has shown good validity and reliability. It has good internal consistency. Moderate correlation with HADS-M proves that pregnancyrelated anxiety (PrA) is a distinctive disorder from generalized anxiety disorder and depressive disorder. Given the great frequency and the burden of PrA, we believe that PRAQ-R2 should be routinely used among physicians working with pregnant patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The profession of psycho-oncologist in Poland is not sufficiently regulated by law. The issue is further complicated by the fact that this profession has not been classified by the legislature in the group of medical professions, but only in the group of allied health professions. Currently, according to the Regulation of the Minister of Health on guaranteed services in the field of hospital treatment, a psycho-oncologist is a person with higher medical education, i.e. a graduate of a medical university, for example a doctor or a nurse, who has fulfilled the additional condition of completing postgraduate studies in psycho-oncology. It is thus clear that the legal definition of the profession of a psycho-oncologist remaining in force is inconsistent with the regulation of this profession in force since 2018, resulting from the announcement of the same minister in the Polish Qualifications Framework (PQF -- Polska Rama Kwali- fikacji, abbrev. PRK). This is because the PQF limits the group of persons who may obtain a qualification in the area of psycho-oncological diagnosis and treatment to psychologists and psychiatrists only, thus limiting the group of persons authorised to practise the profession of a psycho-oncologist. An additional legal problem results from significant differences in the nature of the professions of a medical doctor and psychologist, due to the fact that the Act on the Profession of a Psychologist does not apply in practice, despite remaining in force formally. Thus, a psychologist who practises the profession of a psycho-oncologist, might additionally be a subject to the lack of legal regulation of their "foundation profession", for example due to the fact that it is impossible for a psychologist to obtain a licence to practise their profession, as there is no body to grant them such a licence. Finally, it should not be overlooked that, in addition to the two contradictory regulations of the profession of a psycho-oncologist mentioned above (Regulation of the Minister of Health and the PQF), there also exists a third path to obtain the so-called psycho-oncologist certificate, awarded by the Polish Psycho-oncology Society (Polskie Towarzystwo Psychoonkologiczne -- PTPO). At present, persons certified via this path, who include, apart from psychologists and doctors, also representatives of other professions, such as nurses or clergy employed in hospices, will in the majority of cases not be able to formally practise the profession, because the legislature has not provided for the recognition of certificates issued by the PTPO as equivalent to obtaining a psycho-oncological qualification in the context of the above-mentioned regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Physiological dysregulation/allostatic load and the geriatric syndrome frailty increase with age. As a neurophysiological response system, allostasis supports survival by limiting stressor-related damage. Frailty reflects decreased strength, endurance, and physical abilities secondary to losses of muscle and bone with age. One suggestion, based on large cohort studies of person's ages 70 + years, is that frailty contributes to allostatic load at older ages. However, small community-based research has not confirmed this specific association. Methods: To further explore possible associations between allostatic load and frailty, we enrolled 211 residents of Greater Poland aged 55–91 years living in a small village (Nekla, N = 104) and an urban center and capital of Greater Poland (Poznan, N = 107). For each, we recorded age, self-reported sex, and residence and estimated a 10-biomarker allostatic load score (ALS) and an 8-biomarker frailty index. We anticipated the following: higher ALS and frailty among men and rural residents; for frailty but not ALS to be higher at older ages; significant associations of ALS with sex and place of residence, but not with age or frailty. The significance of observed associations was evaluated by t-tests and multivariate regression. Results: ALS did not vary significantly between men and women nor between Nekla and Poznan residents overall. However, women showed significantly higher frailty than men. Nekla men showed significantly higher ALS but not frailty, while Nekla women showed nonsignificantly higher ALS and lower frailty than Poznan. In multivariate analyses, neither age, nor sex, nor residence was associated with ALS. Conversely, age, sex, and residence, but not ALS, are associated significantly with frailty. In Nekla, both age and sex, but in Poznan only age, are associated with ALS. Among women, both age and residence, but among men, neither associated with ALS. In no case did ALS associate significantly with frailty. Conclusion: In this sample, lifestyle factors associated with residence, age, and sex influence stress-related physiology, less so in women, while ALS and frailty do not covary, suggesting their underlying promoters are distinct. Similar complex associations of physiological dysregulation with frailty, age, sex, and residence likely exist within many local settings. Knowledge of this variation likely will aid in supporting health and healthcare services among seniors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pol'and'Rock Festival, formerly Woodstock Station, is Poland's largest music festival. The aim of this article is to show how opinion shaping magazine articles across political spectrum framed Woodstock Station/Pol'and'Rock Festival between 2014 and 2020. This period has proven crucial in shaping the current political scene in Poland, but was also significant for the event itself, due to the change of its name. Concepts and methods: the research presented here is rooted in discourse analysis, investigating not only the explicit statements made, but also the less obvious language used. The analysis is both quantitative, done using MAXQDA program, and qualitative through a closer look at examples of the most interesting paragraphs. Overall, 85 articles from five weekly magazines ("Polityka", "Wprost", "Gość Niedzielny", "W Sieci" and "Do Rzeczy") were examined. Results: the main results can be described as showing Station Woodstock/Pol'and'Rock Festival mainly through a sociological and political lens, rather than one focusing on artistic merits of the event. The articles mainly described the audience's activities and the declared views of the organizers. However, there is a noticeable difference between how these were treated across the political spectrum, with liberal and progressive weeklies presenting them in a more favorable light, while the more conservative titles were critical. Research value: overall, the research shows that Station Woodstock/Pol'and'Rock Festival is an event that incites considerable sociological and political debate, reflecting the polarization in contemporary Polish society. As such, it can be seen as contributing to the research of how politics get reflected in topics relating to arts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the consequences of the Polish government making reparation claims against Germany in connection with World War II. The assumption is that the 1953 waiver of claims was implemented under an international strategy. The Potsdam Agreement established a compensation mechanism that provided for Poland's claims to be met by reparations owed to the USSR. Even if reparations for Poland were not fully paid, any potential claims should be directed to the USSR. International responsibility is associated with a state's violation of an international commitment, and it encompasses all types of obligations, including unilateral acts. Undermining the Potsdam system would lead to the negation of all provisions of that agreement, including those governing territorial order and boundaries. However, the final regulation of payments for persons injured as a result of the war remains unresolved. German governments compensate them ex gratia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bullying has long-lasting consequences for mental and physical health as well as relationships, but little is known about how bullying experiences at school-age impact social behaviors–and particularly social attachment–in adulthood. This qualitative study investigates the relationship between experiencing school bullying and social attachment patterns in early adulthood. The analysis comprises a retrospective study of young adults in Poland (n = 20) who were interviewed to investigate possible connections between their peer bullying experiences and current social lives. The findings reveal three major social attachment patterns in adulthood: social cushioning, anxious withdrawal, and desperate friendship-seeking. In the first pattern, a person acquires emotional and social security through attachment to a small peer circle. In the second, a young adult prefers solitude or limited social contact to avoid further negative experiences. In the third, a person seeks to be socially recovered and approved despite multiple failures and rejections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Symbolic distances between social classes are based on categorization of social relations: how people asses and stratify themselves and the others. Using quantitative and qualitative data based on the national samples this analysis attempts to detect symbolic class distances in Poland. The research question is how strongly they influence social structure. The effect of symbolic class distances on social structure is measured in terms of similarity in hierarchies of occupational prestige and ‘just’ incomes. The analysis shows that the similarity between individual hierarchies of ‘just’ incomes more strongly affects the consolidation of social structure, which may suggest greater acceptance of distances created by distributional justice than those stemming from occupational prestige. This regularity is confirmed by in-depth interviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the research aim was to reconstruct the political characteristics of the discourses of four youth organizations operating in Poland in three intertwined dimensions: content, structure and time. In the content dimension, by using the analysis of the discursive strategies, the focus was on political goals and political features of collective identities. In the structure dimension, by using the analytical tool provided by discursive institutionalism, the internal dynamics of discourses were explored. In the dimensions of structure and time, an attempt was made to capture the discursive change as a reaction to the war in Ukraine. Over 700 texts posted by the organizations' websites or Facebook pages were analysed. Three types of discourses were identified, which show various ways of representing political objectives and collective identities. Furthermore, all of the discourses reacted to the war in Ukraine. The results show the scope and dynamics of such changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents results of a research project concerning trans men's conceptualizations of masculinity in a mono- and multiracial/ethnic society. Drawing from 60 in-depth interviews carried out in Poland and in the US, the conclusions show that, despite different degrees of racial/ethnic diversity of their societies, the research participants tend to use a similar cognitive mechanism, depicting a model of masculinity represented by the majority group in their country, as the reference point of "just-right" masculinity, and positioning other models as "insufficiently" or "overly" masculine. However, in case of lack of racial/ethnic diversity in a country, it is the neighboring nationalities that serve as the comparative masculinity models. Also, the awareness of the stereotyping behind the schema differs between the two research groups, and while the grouping of masculinities refers to power relations in the US, in Poland it seems to be more related to the idea of compensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By exploring users' engagement in communication and their social media literacy (SML), this study examines who shares fake news on Facebook intentionally and unintentionally. A two-phase online survey has been conducted among 1,000 active Facebook users in Poland. We found that users engaged in communication on multiple social media platforms tend to share fake news intentionally. There is a negative relationship between SML score and intentional sharing. However, those with higher functional consumption scores (the dimension of SML) tend to share fake news intentionally. Men are less likely to share fake news unintentionally. The crosstabulation of classes and variables related to social media use revealed that users with lower level of salary, education and occupational status are most likely to share fake news both intentionally and unintentionally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historians are increasingly turning their attention to the role that emotions have played in history. It is curious that World War II, with its omnipresent history of violence, has hardly ever been studied from this point of view. This essay aims to help remedy this research desideratum and uses Barbara Rosenwein's concept of emotional communities to work out the correlation between individuals' and collective emotions and community building. I exclusively used contemporary diaries as a source, which, as snapshots, provide a good insight into the emotional state of the writers. The analysis of the concepts and manifestations of feelings in the language and in the imagination of the respective writers makes it possible to identify the emotional community of the "forest people." These were partisans in rural Poland who, in their diaries, express hatred and patriotism in a similar way and use them to legitimize their acts of sabotage and resistance against the German occupiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ekonomista is the property of Polskie Towarzystwo Ekonomiczne & Institute of Economic Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores how politically active Polish women starting in the late nineteenth century until the start of World War II viewed themselves and their duties vis-a-vis the Polish nation. It traces the women's movement in Poland from the first calls for women's right to work, to their eventual enfranchisement under a newly independent Polish state in 1918. Challenges to women's equality took many forms: men from both sides of the political spectrum viewed women's entry into the salaried workforce and the public sphere as largely undesirable and deployed a variety of arguments to reinforce traditional gender hierarchy. Yet many educated Polish women, even from conservative, Catholic perspectives, viewed their engagement in the public sphere as necessary work for the good of the Polish nation. This article uses letters, political pamphlets, and published works to explore how modern Polish women attempted to strike a balance between breaking and preserving traditional notions of gender in order to secure new rights for themselves in a volatile political atmosphere. While Polish women's groups differed on their vision of the ideal Polish state, they generally agreed that women's roles as mothers provided the moral legitimacy required to act in the public sphere. They successfully carved a space for themselves in the new Polish state of 1918 but remained marginalized in a separate and unequal status in the interwar period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the lives of a handful of women, who, after years of involvement in various military conflicts (from World War I to World War II), were sentenced to long prison sentences. Particularly, it explores the lives of Anna Neuman, Irena Tomalakwa, Elżbieta Zawacka, and Emilia Malessa from the perspective of the concept "postawa" which most of them acquired in the early years of their life while soldiering (postawa as a concept related to discipline). They understood it as a stand that they would take throughout their entire life. Hence, postawa was more than a social role. It was an attitude, something that they had to achieve throughout their lives, finally also something that guaranteed continuity in their lives. Their imprisonment fit the definition of postawa well and provided them with a chance to define their actions not as heroic acts of Polish patriots, but rather as an attitude to which they were socialized. Through the biographic history of these women, the Polish history of gender can be seen as dynamic (as dynamic as their postawa allowed them to be). In that sense, postawa may be treated almost as a quintessential transgression, which, depending on the situation, can be seen as a phenomenon that helps them cross many boundaries or adapt to circumstances. Paradoxically, it helps them define their space outside of narrowly defined terms of patriotism, heroism, or martyrology, but ultimately giving them a voice as Polish patriots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Karolina Waclawiak's novel, How to Get into the Twin Palms (2012), the Polish American immigrant narrator changes her name from the "too-Polish" Zosia to Anya, in order to "pass" as Russian and gain access to the titular social club. This attempt to pass as Russian—imbued with personal hopes for a sense of belonging and power—alludes to a history of tensions across American ethno-racial lines, while at the same time illuminating significant differences among Europeans otherwise presumed to be simply White. Anya's attempts to pass center around her gendered and sexualized embodiment, a step that then allows her to define her relationships to the United States and Poland by questioning, developing, and leveraging her new name in exchange for a new ethno-racialized identity. The novel's thematic and formal preoccupation with naming and names thus reflects the ways in which immigrants negotiate the interconnectedness of identity's multiple manifestations and forge identities on their own terms. The privilege of the choice to pass within and among Slavic ethnicities distinguishes texts like Twin Palms as the ancestral inheritors of a US-immigrant literary tradition while also marking the Whiteness of their protagonists. Anya's particular imagination of US-immigrant-selfhood is predicated on ethno-racial differentiation and gendered embodiment determined both by an overidentification premised on erasure and by distinction within the twenty-first-century American racialized milieu. Waclawiak's narrative deploys different strategies at the level of naming in order to circle around the issue of race while simultaneously centering the differences within post-Soviet Slavic White ethnicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to highlight aspects of female emancipation in the Kingdom of Poland in the second half of the nineteenth century that gave this movement a specific, national character. The political and economic consequences of the January Uprising (1863–1864) hit the landed gentry particularly hard. As a result, many gentry women faced the necessity of earning a living and this forced a change in their way of life and aspirations. The traditional model for elite women did not match the economic challenges, and with this in mind, the Polish press, especially magazines for female readers, aimed to create a new model of gentry womanhood. Most periodicals agreed that women's emancipation was on a certain level necessary. But to what extent? This question has been a subject of dispute. Some columnists postulated to limit women's professional aspirations to manual occupations in order to preserve the domain of prestigious intellectual labor exclusively for men. This conservative movement succeeded only partially, with some upper-class women devoting themselves to handicrafts while others, against conservatives' wishes, graduated from universities abroad and obtained qualifications for performing previously male professions. The majority of these educated women combined paid labor with social work. They were strongly influenced by the promoted ideal of a "new Polish woman" who was to be hard working, constantly improving her mental faculties, and engaging in activities that benefitted Polish society and the nation. This model contributed significantly to the formation of a new generation of distinguished female activists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Foreign Policy Journal (CFPJ) is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Foreign Policy Journal (CFPJ) is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• Serum VLCFAs and VLC-MUFAs were eluted at 57% after lipoprotein apheresis (LA). • Serum VLCFAs and VLC-MUFAs remained low for 7 days after LA. • LA induces an acute increase in the serum levels of anti-inflammatory BCFAs. • Long-term regular biweekly LA decreased the serum levels of VLC-MUFAs and n3 PUFAs. Lipoprotein apheresis (LA) is an extracorporeal treatment that transiently reduces lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] by 60% and leads to an 80–92% reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events. LA has a significant impact on lipid profile in serum of patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. To investigate the effects of LA on the composition of serum fatty acids (FAs), focusing on those which could have an impact on cardiovascular disease (CVD). This is a prospective study in the First Department of Cardiology of the Medical University of Gdansk, Poland. Serum samples were collected from 28 patients before LA, just after the procedure, and 7 days after LA. Additionally, in a smaller group of patients, the samples were collected after a second tour of LA (2 weeks later), as well as after 1 year from the first procedure. The serum FA profile was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. After the LA procedure, a substantial change in serum FA composition along with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and Lp(a) decrease were observed 7 days after procedure, but these parameters returned to the values similar to those before procedure after 14 days. Very long-chain FAs (VLCFAs) and very long-chain monounsaturated FAs (VLC-MUFAs) were eluted at 57% and remained low even 7 days after LA (p=0.027 and p < 0.001, respectively). We also observed an increase in the percentage of total branched-chain FAs (BCFAs) (p=0.004) and anteiso BCFAs (p=0.012) after LA. After 1 year of regular LA, a substantial decrease in serum VLC-MUFAs and n3 polyunsaturated LA (PUFAs) were noted. Decreased VLCFAs and VLC-MUFAs involved in CVD development remained low even 7 days after LA. An acute increase in the levels of anti-inflammatory BCFAs was observed. In turn long-term regular administration of LA substantially decreased VLC-MUFA and n3 PUFA. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Computed tomography (CT) is one of the most widely used diagnostic procedures in modern medicine. Despite many technical improvements, CT still exposes patients to significantly higher doses of radiation than other methods of diagnostic imaging. The presented analysis of the number of CT scans performed in Poland in 2022 aims to designate priorities in the process of optimising radiation protection and makes it possible to identify those examinations and patient groups for which action is particularly justified. Material and methods: The data presented is based on an analysis of the National Health Fund (NHF) database of medical services reimbursed in 2022. According to the NHF data, approximately 5.1 million CT examinations were performed. The coding of reimbursed medical procedures used by the NHF in 2022 included 45 different CT procedures. Results: The highest ratio of the number of examinations performed to the number of patients was found in the age group 59-75 years (average 1.35). This ratio varied according to examination type and was closest to 1 for spine and extremities examinations (between 1.1 and 1.2 on average). Irrespective of patients' age and type of examination, the proportion of female and male patients fluctuates around 50%. Approximately 82% of head and neck examinations are single-phase CTs. Examinations with two or more phases account for about 17% and less than 1%, respectively. Conclusions: Over the past 10 years, both the number of CT scanners and the number of annually performed scans have doubled. Relative to the population size, this is a rate of about 22 scanners per one million people, an average level for European countries, ranging from a maximum of around 37 for Italy and Germany to around 20 for France, Spain, and Romania, according to Eurostat data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. This study sought to determine whether the symptoms of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) according to ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR have a unifactorial structure. Second, we sought to determine the sociodemographic and loss-related correlates of PGD symptom severity according to ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR. Material and methods. People who had lost a spouse (N = 144) in the past six months were examined using the Polish versions of the Prolonged Grief Disorder-13 scale (PG-13) and Inventory of Complicated Grief (ICG). Selected PG-13 and ICG items were included in the analyses to cover the PGD criteria according to ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR. Results. Confirmatory factor analyses supported the one-dimensional structure of both sets of symptoms of the disorder. Briefer time since loss and loss due to an accident were associated with PGD symptom severity according to both ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR. Conclusions. PGD is a one-dimensional and internally consistent psychopathological syndrome. Widows and widowers who have recently lost their spouse due to an accident may be at especially heightened risk of developing severe levels of PGD symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Poland, as in other high-income countries, the rate of caesarean sections (CS) is alarmingly high. Promoting vaginal birth after caesarean section (VBAC) is one of the ways that may help to decrease CS rate. Despite the recommendations by the Polish Association of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians that one previous CS should not be an indication for a subsequent one and VBAC should be promoted, the rate of VBAC in Poland remains low. Research shows that in countries with high VBAC rates women felt supported by healthcare personnel to have VBAC. This study aims to explore the elements of Polish maternity services that contribute to or hinder women's chances of having a VBAC. The study used qualitative methods of research based on semi-structured interviews. We interviewed 22 women. Each woman was interviewed twice, once during pregnancy and then between 6 and 12 weeks after she had given birth. Women who planned vaginal birth after one previous CS engaged in various strategies such as seeking supportive personnel, opting for fee-for-service dedicated midwifery care or traveled long distances to give birth in facilities supporting VBAC. Polish maternity services do not support women on the way to vaginal birth after surgery. Access to VBAC in Poland is highly unequal and dependent on women's social and financial resources such as access to private care, place of residence, or social relationships. Efforts should be made to make access to VBAC more universal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses two books on Polish political behavior and the culture war in Poland. The first book, "Na ulicy i przy urnie" by Krzysztof Jasiewicz, is a collection of articles analyzing surveys and commenting on Polish political behavior from 1980 to 2020. The second book, "Polska wojna kulturowa" by Mariusz Staniszewski, presents differing views on politics, education, religion, tradition, and social behavior in Poland after its accession to the European Union. Both books offer insights into the divisions and conflicts within Polish society, with Jasiewicz focusing on cultural factors and Staniszewski criticizing the liberal-leftist Poland for rejecting traditional values. [Extracted from the article]

Piotr Puchalski's book, "Poland in a Colonial World Order: Adjustments and Aspirations, 1918–1939," explores the attempts made by the Polish Second Republic's government to expand its power beyond Europe, particularly in Africa and South America. The book challenges the traditional definition of colonialism and examines various forms of Polish colonialism in practice. It highlights the blurred lines between emigrant colonialism and settler colonialism, as well as the unique phenomenon of "Promethean" colonialism, where Poland supported Black self-determination in Liberia, Haiti, and Ethiopia. The book also delves into the policies of foreign minister Józef Beck and the controversial plan to send Polish Jews to Madagascar. While the narrative is disjointed and the translations weak, the book offers an innovative approach to Polish history and sheds light on an understudied aspect of interwar history. [Extracted from the article]

Katarzyna Bartoszyńska's book, "Estranging the Novel: Poland, Ireland, and Theories of World Literature," explores the formal aspects of Polish and Irish novels and their contribution to the understanding of the novel as a genre. Bartoszyńska pairs four sets of novels from both countries to highlight their unique qualities and challenge traditional notions of the novel. The book argues for a more inclusive and varied understanding of the novel's rise, emphasizing the power of storytelling and the different ways people tell their stories. While the book focuses on Polish and Irish novels, it also invites the inclusion of other works of global fiction. [Extracted from the article]

Barry Keane's translation of Anna Stanisławska's Transakcyja albo Opisanie całego życia jednej sieroty przez żałosne treny od tejże samej pisane roku 1685 provides readers with an English rendition of the memoirs of the first Polish woman poet. Stanisławska's memoirs detail her eventful life, including three marriages, the deaths of loved ones, and attempts to dispossess her of her property. Keane's translation includes an introduction, commentary, and concise headings for each translated threnody. While the translation may not be faithful to the original text in some instances, it offers valuable insights into Old Polish culture and early Polish women writers. [Extracted from the article]

This article examines how the 'historical policy' of the Law and Justice party influenced Holocaust education in Poland at the mandatory primary school level (7–14-year-olds). It analyzes the party's programs vis-à-vis the Holocaust and the representations of Holocaust protagonists – perpetrators, victims, and others – in the history core curriculum, history textbooks, and teaching practice as presented by teachers in interviews. The analysis shows that the representations of Holocaust protagonists in Polish primary school history education are considerably influenced by the nationalist approach originating from the ruling party's 'historical policy' and stressing the salvation of Jews from the Holocaust by Poles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]