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Background and objective Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common histological type of lung cancer, and one of the malignant tumor with the highest mortality. As the main part of the optical molecular imaging probe, peptide can realize the early screening and diagnosis of tumor and improve the survival rate of patients. The aim of this study was to screen the small-molecule peptide that highly binds to NSCLC NCI-H1299 cells using in vivo phage display technology and to identify their binding specificity by in vitro experiment. Methods To prepare a tumor-bearing nude mouse model of NCI-H1299 cells, after 3 rounds of in vivo screening with Ph.D.-C7CTM Peptide Library, phage clones were randomly picked, using immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to identify the affinity of phage clones to NCI-H1299 cells. The positive monoclonal phages DNA was extracted and sequenced to obtain the amino acid sequence of the peptides. The peptides with the highest repetition rate was chemically synthesized and labeled with fluorescein (FITC) to prepare optical molecular probe. We preliminary identified the specificity of the probe binding to lung cancer cells by in vitro experiment. Results After three rounds of in vivo screening, the phages enrichment rate was 341.3 times compared with the first round. Immunohistochemical staining showed that with the increase of screening times, the phages binding to tumor tissues continued to increase, and the binding amount was significantly higher than normal tissues; ELISA results showed that 20 clones among the 30 randomly selected phage clones were positive. After sequencing, the peptide with the highest repetition rate was synthesized and named NSP1; Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay (MTT) and would healing assay showed that NSP1 will not affect cell proliferation and migration. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence showed specific binding of NSP1 to NCI-H1299 cells. Conclusion We successfully obtained the peptide NSP1 that specifically binds to lung cancer NCI-H1299 cells by in vivo phage display, which provide a theoretical basis for NSCLC early diagnosis and targeted therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Exercise rehabilitation can improve LVEDD in patients with HF. • ESV, EDV, LAVI, LVESD, LVEF, E/e′, LV mass did not improve after exercise. • The type of HF has impact on the results and heterogeneity of LVEF and LV mass. • Addition of resistance training has benefit on LVEF results and heterogeneity. • HIIT offers more benefit for the LV function in patients with HF than MT. To evaluate the effect of exercise rehabilitation on the left ventricular (LV) function in patients with heart failure (HF). PubMed, Cochrane Library and Embase were searched until May 2023. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) providing data on changes in LV function, comparing exercise to no-exercise controls with HF of any type, were included. A total of 16 studies including 1443 participants were included. LV end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) was significantly improved in the exercise group [mean differences (MD), −2.67; 95 % confidence interval (CI) (−4.88, −0.46); P =0.02], but left atrial volume index (LAVI), left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD), E/e′ E/A, end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and LV mass were unaltered compared to the non-exercise group. High intensity interval training (HIIT) or with moderate exercise (MT) led to improvement in LVEDD [MD, 3.62; 95 %CI (2.55, 4.69); P <0.00001], but not LAVI, E/e′ and E/A. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses showed that the location, the type of HF and study duration may be the source of heterogeneity in LVEF. Age appears to be a source of heterogeneity in EDV and ESV. The Egger test indicated no significant publication bias. Exercise can partially improve LV function in patients with HF, with improvements appearing to be dependent on study quality, the type of HF, and race. However, there are some indicators that do not seem to improve or are even worse than the control group. Among all exercise modalities, HIIT shows the greatest benefit for HF patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]