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Intensive management is known to markedly alter soil carbon (C) storage and turnover in Moso bamboo forests compared with extensive management. However, the effects of intensive management on soil respiration (RS) components remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the changes in different RScomponents (root, mycorrhizal, and free-living microorganism respiration) in Moso bamboo forests under extensive and intensive management practices. A 1-year in-situmicrocosm experiment was conducted to quantify the RScomponents in Moso bamboo forests under the two management practices using mesh screens of varying sizes. The results showed that the total RSand its components exhibited similar seasonal variability between the two management practices. Compared with extensive management, intensive management significantly increased cumulative respiration from mycorrhizal fungi by 36.73%, while decreased cumulative respiration from free-living soil microorganisms by 8.97%. Moreover, the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) increased by 43.38%, but bacterial and fungal abundances decreased by 21.65% and 33.30%, respectively, under intensive management. Both management practices significantly changed the bacterial community composition, which could be mainly explained by soil pH and available potassium. Mycorrhizal fungi and intensive management affected the interrelationships between bacterial members. Structural equation modeling indicated that intensive management changed the cumulative RSby elevating AMF abundance and lowering bacterial abundance. We concluded that intensive management reduced the microbial respiration-derived C loss, but increased mycorrhizal respiration-derived C loss.

A one-pot, sequential three-component reaction between salicylaldehyde, indole, and 2-bromoprop-2-ene-1-sulfonyl fluoride (BPESF) has been demonstrated for the synthesis of sulfonyl fluoride substituted 4H-chromene derivatives in moderate to excellent yields (45%–94%). This one-pot sequential method features easily available starting materials, wide substrate scope, mild conditions, and great efficiency.

The obesity paradigm has been a health concern globally for many years, its meaning is controversial. In this study, we assess the characteristics and causes of obesity paradigm and detail the mediation of obesity and inflammation on survival. The original cohort included participants from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2018, a prospective cohort of a nationally representative sample of adult participants; the oncology validation cohort included patients from the Investigation on Nutrition Status and Clinical Outcome of Common Cancers (INSCOC) from 2013 to 2021, a prospective cohort of Chinese patients with cancer. Survival analysis was performed using weighted (NHANES) or unweighted (INSCOC) Cox survival analyses. The normal BMI group was used as a reference for all comparisons. Systemic inflammation was defined as neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) > 3. Model‐based causal mediation analysis was used to identify the mediators. A total of 52 270 (weighted population: 528506229) participants of the NHANES [mean follow‐up times: 10.2 years; mean age (SD): 47 (19.16) years] were included in the original cohort; and a total of 17 418 patients with cancer of INSCOC [mean follow‐up times: 2.9 years; mean age (SD): 57.37 (11.66) years] were included in the validation cohort. In the subgroups of all the participants, the obesity paradigm was more apparent in older participants and participants with disease [HR (95% CI): age ≥ 65 years, 0.84 (0.76, 0.93); with cancer, 0.84 (0.71, 0.99); with CVD, 0.74 (0.65, 0.85)]. As aged, the protective effect of a high BMI on survival gradually increased and a high BMI showed the effect of a protective factor on older participants [for obese II, HR (95% CI): young adults, 1.91 (1.40, 2.62); middle age, 1.56 (1.28, 1.91); old adults, 0.85 (0.76, 0.96]). The aged‐related obesity paradigm in patients with cancer from the NHANES was verified in the INSCOC cohorts [for obese, HR (95%CI): 0.65 (0.52, 0.81)]. The NLR is an important mediator of the effect of BMI on survival (proportion of mediation = 15.4%). The obesity paradigm has a strong correlation with age. Relative to normal weight, obese in young people was association with higher all‐cause mortality, and obese in elderly people was not association with higher mortality. The protection of obesity is association with systemic inflammation.

Nutrient addition affects the available content of soil nutrients and the structure and diversity of soil microorganisms. However, there are few studies on how added nutrients affect the microorganisms in Torreya grandissoil. In this study, we established a 3-month experiment to explore the bacterial and fungal communities in bulk and rhizosphere soil of T. grandissubjected to different levels of N/P/K fertilization for 3 months. Fertilization resulted in structural and functional changes of bacterial and fungal communities. In bulk soil, fertilization treatment reduced the abundance of Chloroflexi and Gemmatimonadetes but increased that of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Basidiomycota. The abundance of Chloroflexi was reduced by all the fertilization treatments in rhizosphere soil. The sulfoglycolysis and superpathway of L-tryptophan biosynthesis were reduced by all fertilizer treatment in rhizosphere soil. In bulk soil, the pathway of fungi, phospholipases, phosphatidylglycerol biosynthesis II (non-plastidic), and phosphatidylglycerol biosynthesis I (plastidic) was increased by all fertilizer treatment, while octane oxidation and adenine and adenosine salvage III were reduced. In rhizospheric soil, most of the fungi pathways decreased under fertilizer treatment. Chemical properties of soil were significantly affected by changes in fertilization levels. These results provided new insights into the relationship between the increase of soil fertilizer and changes in microbial community in forest ecosystems.

ABSTRACTThrough the lens of interactional field theory, we examine what has been learned about community dynamics, particularly community-oriented action and its relationship with community satisfaction, quality of life, and wellbeing. We first discuss eight previously unpublished analyses of community-oriented action and wellbeing in various forms. Then, we look to new data from the Utah Wellbeing Project which provides a considerably larger set of localities that range from small rural towns to rapid growth and large cities. While greater participation in community-oriented action correlates with higher levels of wellbeing in some cases, there are nuances that suggest more attention is needed to changes over time and across different contexts. We conclude with new recommendations related to interactional field theory and the future of community-oriented action research more broadly.

Decreases in soil microbial metabolic quotient (qCO2) have been frequently observed under biochar amendment; however, the potential driving factors are not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate whether changes in qCO2under biochar amendment could be closely linked with the alterations in soil carbon and nitrogen quality, microbial community composition and enzyme activity in both bulk and rhizosphere soils.

A [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of N-aminopyridines, N-aminoquinolines, and N-aminoisoquinolines with 1-bromoethene-1-sulfonyl fluoride (BESF) was performed to obtain optimum yields of various useful pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridinyl, pyrazolo[1,5-a]quinolinyl, and pyrazolo[5,1-a]isoquinolinyl sulfonyl fluorides (43–90% yield). The transformation process showed broad substrate specificity, mild reaction conditions, and operational simplicity. Therefore, the reaction has great applicable value in the field of medicinal chemistry and other disciplines.

Mustard gas [sulfur mustard (SM)] and phosgene are the most frequently used chemical warfare agents (CWAs), which pose a serious threat to human health and national security, and their rapid and accurate detection is essential to respond to terrorist attacks and industrial accidents. Herein, we developed a fluorescent probe with o-hydroxythioketone as two sensing sites, AQso, which can detect and distinguish mustard gas and phosgene. The dual-sensing-site probe AQso reacts with mustard gas to form a cyclic product with high sensitivity [limit of detection (LOD) = 70 nM] and is highly selective to SM over phosgene, SM analogues, active alkylhalides, acylhalides, and nerve agent mimics, in ethanol solutions. When encountering phosgene, AQso rapidly converts to cyclic carbonate, which is sensitive (LOD = 14 nM) and highly selective. Their sensing mechanisms of AQso to mustard gas and phosgene were well demonstrated by separation and characterization of the sensing products. Furthermore, a facile test strip with the probe was prepared to distinguish 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) and phosgene in the gas phase by different fluorescence colors and response rates. Not using the complicated instrument, the qualitative and quantitative detection of CEES or phosgene can be achieved only by measuring the red–green–blue (RGB) channel intensity of the test strip after being exposed to CEES or phosgene gas by the smartphone with an RGB color application.

Sulfur mustard (SM) is an important chemical warfare agent (CWA) and has been used frequently in various conflicts. It is important to develop a facile, rapid, sensitive and selective detection method for SM. In this work, we constructed a novel fluorescent probe PCS capable of generating active sensing species for rapid and selective detection of SM and its simulant CEES (2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide). PCS exhibits excellent chemical and photostability and can generate reactive species in situfor rapid (within 90 s, at 60 °C) and selective detection of SM and CEES in solution with high sensitivity (∼nM level). Moreover, PCS could enable the detection of mustards in situ. A test strip with PCS and KOH was prepared and realized the sensitive and selective detection of CEES in the gas phase. In addition, the PCS probe can realize facile and rapid detection of CEES-contaminated surfaces by spraying its sensing system (ethanol solution containing PCS and KOH). The sensing mechanism was well demonstrated through the separation and characterization of the sensing product.

In this paper, high-sulfur petroleum coke was used as the sulfur source and Gd2O2S powder was prepared by sulfurization of the Gd2O3powder synthesized by homogeneous precipitation method. Gd2O2S:Eu3+phosphor was also prepared by the same process. And the phase and morphology of the as-prepared product were studied by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) techniques. The results indicated that the sulfurization product at 1000 ℃ is single phase Gd2O2S with quasi spherical shape when the Gd3+ion concentration is only at 0.01 mol·L−1. Here the pyrolysis gases during high-temperature pyrolysis are evaluated by combining with high-temperature thermogravimetric analysis (TG), infrared analysis (IR), and mass spectrometry (MS). The results show that the petroleum coke pyrolysis gases are CO, H2O, CO2, H2S, SO2, and H2, roughly consistent with those of sample mass loss. In addition, the formation mechanism of Gd2O2S is also proposed. PL excitation and emission spectra show that when the concentration of Eu3+ion is 9%, the PL excitation intensity is the strongest, and concentration quenching occurs. Under excitation at 321 nm light, the red emission of the Gd2O2S:9%Eu3+phosphor has the strongest peak at 626 nm, which is attributed to the 5D0→ 7F2transition of the Eu3+ion.

A series of compact and multifunctional 2-alkyl-substituted vinyl sulfonyl fluorides were efficiently prepared from the corresponding alkyl iodides and 2-chloroprop-2-ene-1-sulfonyl fluoride (CESF). This Giese-type radical approach provided new and general access to alkenyl sulfonyl fluorides, including structures that would otherwise be challenging to synthesize with previously established methods. A correspondingly large collection of derivatization reactions was also demonstrated on the alkenyl sulfonyl fluorides.

Place-based socio-economic and biophysical context has been viewed as an essential driver in shaping perceptions of forest risks and land management. Growing evidence of the importance of diverse community context in forested landscapes sets the stage to further consider how people's understandings of their local environment influence natural resource management preferences. However, research to date largely lacks considerations of how community context informs social responses to long-term environmental change over time. Using the mountain pine beetle (MPB) outbreak in Colorado, we analyze and compare longitudinal interview and survey data collected from nine north-central Colorado communities to understand the relationships between community context and changing perceptions of forest disturbance and engagement with land management. Both qualitative and quantitative findings show that community context framed and continues to inform variations in local perceptions of the MPB outbreak and forest management. Interviews with key informants provided rich narratives on different context-based trajectories in local residents' perceptional responses, while survey data allowed for general patterns of evolving community variations (e.g., stable or clearer community clustering, reduced community differences) to be uncovered. We explore methodological implications for community indication and future directions for understanding differing community responses to slow-moving environmental change. Incorporating knowledge of changing local contexts and variations can also help practitioners advance toward more dynamic and effective management strategies.

Cyclin-dependent kinase 12 (CDK12) is a transcription-associated kinase that participates in various cellular processes. However, its regulatory role in the progression of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), which is the most prevalent subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), is still elusive and controversial.The expression of CDK12 was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC), RT-qPCR was performed to detect miR-28-5p expression of OCI-LY3 and SU-DHL-4 cells. MTT and soft agarose colony formation assays were used to detect cell proliferation. The cell apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry. The protein expressions changes of MYC, EZH2 and the biomarkers of BCR signaling were also detected. A subcutaneous transplantation tumor model of OCI-LY3 cells in nude mice was established to evaluate anticarcinogenic activities of CDK12 knockdown. Elevated expression of CDK12 was observed while miR-28-5p was downregulated in DLBCL tissues. CDK12 knockdown or miR-28-5p overexpression could inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis of DLBCL cells. miR-28-5p inhibition could reverse the effect of CDK12 knockdown on proliferation and apoptosis of DLBCL cells. In addition, CDK12 knockdown could inhibit DLBCL tumor growth in the mice model. CDK12 activated MYC to repress miR-28-5p/EZH2 and amplified tonic BCR signaling to promote the development of DLBCL, which might provide potential therapeutic targets for future therapeutic intervention in DLBCL.

A convenient protocol for the exclusively regio- and stereoselective installation of a bromine atom on the 2-arylvinylsulfonyl fluorides using lithium bromide (LiBr) as the bromine source was described, providing (Z)-1-bromo-2-arylethene-1-sulfonyl fluorides (Z-BASF) with versatile reactive handles (bromide, vinyl, and sulfonyl fluoride) in =88% yield. Meanwhile, Z-BASF molecules displayed various reactivities in a series of chemical transformations.

We report a monolithic heterodyne receiver that uses the AlGaN/GaN nonlinear transmission line as a local oscillator and a mixer simultaneously. This heterodyne receiver has a high RF bandwidth from 80 to 360 GHz and a high intermediate frequency bandwidth of 18 GHz. These results indicate that this nonlinear transmission line receiver has promising potential in broadband spectrum analysis.

There are some synthesis methods from widely available aldehydes to the corresponding ketones, however, they involved in multistep reactions with Grignard’s reagents or transition metal catalysts. In this paper, we have developed photocatalyst-free and visible light-driven decarboxylative alkylation of pyridinaldehydes. The photochemical reactions are initiated via photoinduced single electron transfer from triethylamine to N-hydroxyphthalimide esters in electron donor–acceptor complexes. This photochemical method can achieve to translate 15 pyridinaldehydes and 11 2-quinolinaldehydes to the corresponding ketones. Furthermore, this strategy can also achieve two other transformations, disulfanes to aryl sulfides and a styrene sulfone to the alkyl-substituted alkene.

In modern optical design, the calculation of optical merit function based on the ray tracing would be impossible without the aid of a computer. Finding the optimal value of merit function by optimization techniques would also be impossible without the aid of a computer. With the rapid development of computer technology and the emergence of novel optimization techniques, it is a beneficial attempt to apply new optimization techniques to optical design with the aid of high-performance computers, so as to realize intelligent and quick design of the image acquisition lens of high precision. In this paper, the optimization technique of ant colony is employed to design an iris image capture lens consisting of two aspheric lenses with the aid of a desktop computer of a 64-bit processor and dual-core CPU,and the detailed design steps are presented. Imaging performance of the designed image acquisition lenses is quantitatively evaluated by using Zemax software, and the analysis shows that high-resolution image with MTF > 0.4 at the Nyquist frequency of 223 lp/mm below 0.8 field of view (FOV) and optical distortion of less than 0.2% below 0.5 FOV can be acquired, demonstrating a great potential of the ant colony optimization algorithm in quickly designing high-quality optical lenses. We also apply the ACA to the benchmark problems for lens design problem and demonstrated that this method can provide high-quality solution.

A metal-free, photocatalyst-free, photochemical system was developed for the direct alkylation of thiophenols via electron donor–acceptor (EDA) complexes (KEDA= 145 M–1) between two reactants, N-hydroxyphthalimide esters as acceptors and thiophenol anions as donors, in the presence of a tertiary amine. The EDA complexes in the reaction system have a broad range of visible-light absorption (400–650 nm) and can trigger the reaction effectively under sunlight.

Forest disturbances caused by insects, pathogens, and fire continue to increasingly occur within forests across the United States and around the world. Given the dynamic nature of these forest disturbances and the role played by local residents in risk management, it is valuable to explore how the human experience, attitudes, and behaviors associated with these ecological processes may evolve over time. In this paper, we assess temporal changes in local residents’ perceptions and actions in response to the mountain pine beetle outbreak that affected large swaths of forests in north central Colorado. Through analyses of secondary and household survey data from 2007 and 2018, we note significant changes in these aspects and identify factors consistently associated with individual and community activeness. The study contributes to knowledge of dynamic socioecological considerations of forest disturbances and improves understanding of how social sciences can help to identify opportunities and barriers to effective forest ecosystem management.

A facile and effective synthesis of 2-chloromethylpyridines was developed by a one-pot reaction of 2-alkylpyridin-N-oxides and triphosgene at room temperature. As starting materials, N-oxides of 2-alkylpyridine derivatives, including 2-alkylpyridines, 2-methyl quinolines, and phenanthroline, can react rapidly with triphosgene in the presence of triethylamine, affording 2-chloromethylpyridines in good to excellent yields (52–95%). Using the 2-methylquinoline substrate for the mechanistic study, it has been well demonstrated that the chlorination reaction undergoes a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement, which can be observed as a reversible process by monitoring the intermediates. Moreover, the chlorination reaction can be used to construct a rapid and sensitive fluorescent probe for the detection of phosgene.

Successful emergence from the soil is a prerequisite for survival of germinating seeds in their natural environment. In rice, coleoptile elongation facilitates seedling emergence and establishment, and ethylene plays an important role in this process. However, the underlying regulatory mechanism remains largely unclear. Here, we report that ethylene promotes cell elongation and inhibits cell expansion in rice coleoptiles, resulting in longer and thinner coleoptiles that facilitate seedlings emergence from the soil. Transcriptome analysis showed that genes related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation are upregulated and genes involved in ROS scavenging are downregulated in the coleoptiles of ethylene-signaling mutants. Further investigations showed that soil coverage promotes accumulation of ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3-LIKE 1 (OsEIL1) and OsEIL2 in the upper region of the coleoptile, and both OsEIL1 and OsEIL2 can bind directly to the promoters of the GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase (VTC1) gene OsVTC1-3and the peroxidase (PRX) genes OsPRX37, OsPRX81, OsPRX82, and OsPRX88to activate their expression. This leads to increased ascorbic acid content, greater peroxidase activity, and decreased ROS accumulation in the upper region of the coleoptile. Disruption of ROS accumulation promotes coleoptile growth and seedling emergence from soil. These findings deepen our understanding of the roles of ethylene and ROS in controlling coleoptile growth, and this information can be used by breeders to produce rice varieties suitable for direct seeding.

In this study, we constructed and validated a scoring prediction model to identify children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) at risk for early death. Children with CAP who were admitted to the PICU were included in the training set and divided into death and survival groups according to whether they died within 30 days of admission. For univariate and multifactorial analyses, demographic characteristics, vital signs at admission, and laboratory test results were collected separately from the 2 groups, and independent risk factors were derived to construct a scoring prediction model. The ability of the scoring model to predict CAP-related death was validated by including children with CAP hospitalized at 3 other centers during the same period in the external validation set. Overall, the training and validation sets included 296 and 170 children, respectively. Univariate and multifactorial analyses revealed that procalcitonin (PCT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and fibrinogen (Fib) were independent risk factors. The constructed scoring prediction model scored 2 points each for PCT ≥ 0.375 ng/mL, LDH ≥ 490 U/L, and APTT ≥ 31.8 s and 1 point for Fib ≤ 1.78 g/L, with a total model score of 0–7 points. When the score was ≥ 5 points, the sensitivity and specificity of mortality diagnosis in children with CAP were 72.7% and 87.5%, respectively. In the external validation set, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the scoring model for predicting the risk of CAP-related death were 64.0%, 92.4%, and 88.2%, respectively. Constructing a scoring prediction model is worth promoting and can aid pediatricians in simply and rapidly evaluating the risk of death in children with CAP, particularly those with complex conditions.

A practical copper-catalyzed process for the synthesis of the β-arylethenesulfonyl fluorides is described. A series of α-bromo arylethyl sulfonyl fluorides was prepared via Meerwein reaction from arenediazonium tetrafluoroborates and ethenesulfonyl fluoride (ESF) under mild conditions. The following β-arylethenesulfonyl fluorides were further obtained through a β-elimination reaction. This protocol features excellent regio- and stereoselectivity and broad substrate scope.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of hexanoic acid (HA) supplementations (0, as the control, CON; 0.05%, HA1; 0.1%, HA2; 0.2%, HA3) on β-carotene, and ascertain the way and key factors of HA influencing β-carotene content of alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) after ensiled in an oxygen-free and dark conditions for 10, 40, and 80 d (from May to August, 2021). This was achieved by examining the dynamic change of β-carotene, activities of β-carotene-related enzymes, and bacterial community succession of ensiled alfalfa, using operon crtNMidentification, crtEgene quantitation, and single-molecule real-time sequencing technology. The results revealed that when compared with the fresh material, terminal alfalfa silage treated with different level of HA supplementations (0, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%; fresh weight basis) increased β-carotene content up to 2.86%, 85.8%, 159%, and 133%, accordingly. Meanwhile, alfalfa silage treated with higher levels of HA (0.1% and 0.2%) showed superior effects compared to those treated with lower levels of supplementation (0 and 0.05%). HA supplementation specifically facilitated the increase abundance of Lactobacillus kullabergensisand the emergence of L. senioris. Multiple linear regression models inferred that L. kullabergensis, L. apis, L. saniviri, L. senioris,peroxidase, phytoene desaturase, and lycopene β-cyclase positively regulated β-carotene. Conversely, L. renniniand L. brevisadjusted β-carotene, negatively. Positive regulations of the above bacterial species and enzymes had a stronger role in increasing β-carotene than L. renniniand L. brevis.In conclusion, the β-carotene increase of ensiled alfalfa may be regulated by HA supplementation via multiple positive factors, including 4 special Lactobacillusspecies (L. kullabergensis, L. apis, L. saniviri,and L. senioris), and 3 vegetative β-carotene-related enzymes (peroxidase, phytoene desaturase, and lycopene β-cyclase).

Silage serves as the indispensable diet of ruminants, the increasing mechanism of α-tocopherol during silage making is unclear. Rice straw lacks chlorophyll after harvesting the grain, this can eliminate the impact of tocopherols formed by the breakdown of chlorophyll. Here, we explored the α-tocopherol source, its influencing factor, and its relationship with dominant lactic acid bacteria in rice straw silage treated without or with different additives (sodium benzoate, Lactobacillus plantarum, cell wall degrading enzymes, the combination of Lactobacillus plantarumand cell wall degrading enzymes) and vacuum times (5, 8, 11, and 14 s) after ensiling for 42 d. We found that the pathogenic Klebsiellawas traced as the source of increased α-tocopherol in rice straw silage. The residue air in the silo, pH value, and additive variety had impacts on Klebsiellaactivity, which was strongly active at levels of residue air in the silo and pH that were high. As an acidic niche creator, Lactobacillus plantarumwas more effective than sodium benzoate in restraining Klebsiella. Despite having a low acidity tolerance, Klebsiellawas still present in rice straw silage treated with L. plantarum. The relationship between Klebsiellaand L. plantarumwas that Klebsiellacould afford α-tocopherol to the multiplication of L. plantarumand residue capsular polysaccharide protected Klebsiellafrom escaping the extinction in rice straw silage.

Fluoride anions (F–) play a crucial role in human physiological processes. However, excessive intake of F–would affect oxygen metabolism and promote the generation of oxygen-free radicals. Hence, it is essential to develop a precise and efficient fluorescent probe for visualizing F–-induced oxidative stress. In this work, we developed the first bifunctional BODIPY-based fluorescent probe dfBDP with p-tert-butyldimethylsilanolate benzyl thioether as the sensing site for the detection of F–and HClO via two distinct reactions, the self-immolative removal and the thioether oxidation, which generate the sensing products with two nonoverlap fluorescence bands: 800–1200 and 500–750 nm, respectively. The probe dfBDP displays rapid response, high specificity, and sensitivity for the detection of F–(LOD, 316.2 nM) and HClO (LOD, 33.9 nM) in vitro. Cellular imaging reveals a correlation between F–-induced oxidative stress and the upregulation of HClO. Finally, probe dfBDP was employed to detect F–and HClO in mice under the stimulation of F–. The experimental results display that the level of HClO elevates in the liver of mice.