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Summary: The expression of sigma-2 receptors was investigated in nine urothelial tumours of the urinary bladder of cattle. Each tumour was associated with the presence of DNA of bovine papillomavirus type-2 (BPV-2) and expression of the E5 viral oncoprotein. Five tumours were classified as low-grade carcinoma on the basis of morphological criteria and calculation of mean nuclear area (MNA) and mean nuclear perimeter (MNP). Four tumours were classified as high-grade carcinoma. Sigma-2 receptors were overexpressed in both types of carcinoma. In control normal bovine bladder tissue the density of receptors (expressed as the B max) was 0.37pmol/mg of protein. Low-grade carcinomas had a mean B max of 1.37±0.32pmol/mg of protein (range 1.03–1.86) and in high-grade carcinomas the mean B max was 10.9±2.8pmol/mg of protein (range 8.2–14). The difference in B max between low- and high-grade carcinomas was statistically significant (P =0.0001). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: The up-regulation of ferritin heavy chain (FHC) is reported in six papillary and in four invasive urothelial tumours of the urinary bladder of cattle grazing on mountain pastures rich in bracken fern. All tumours contained sequence of bovine papillomavirus type-2 (BPV-2) as determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses and validated by direct sequencing of the amplified products. The oncoprotein E5 was also detected in these tumours by immunoprecipitation and by immunofluorescence and laser scanning confocal microscopy. Expression of FHC was evaluated by western blot analysis, reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR, real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The oligonucleotide sequence of the bovine ferritin amplicons was identical to that of human ferritin. Nuclear overexpression of p65, an important component of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) transcription factors, was also observed. These findings suggest that FHC up-regulation may be mediated by activation of NF-κB and that in turn this may be related to the resistance of bovine papillomavirus type-2 (BPV-2) infected urothelial cells to apoptosis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

OBJECTIVE: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a severe preventable disease; HIV-infection represents a prothrombotic condition, because of specific factors due to the virus itself, the host response and the antiretroviral therapy. Our aim is to raise awareness of thromboembolic risk when dealing with HIV-positive patients presenting to the Emergency Department for treatment of injuries, even though small. CASE REPORT: We present a case of a 33-year-old woman suffering from HIV-infection who presented to the Emergency Department with two small stab wounds. Laboratory tests and radiologic examinations were normal. About 8 hours after admission the patient developed a syncopal attack: a CT scan performed after he-modynamic stabilization revealed a massive pulmonary embolism (PE); the patient was then transferred to the Intensive Care Unit and treated with systemic thrombolysis. CONCLUSIONS: This case confirms that HIV-positive patients carry a higher risk for VTE and PE compared to general population, similarly to patients suffering from cancer: emergency physicians must be aware even in case of minor wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]