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The present study was conducted to study the composition of gut microbiome in the advanced fingerling and fingerling stage of striped pangasius catfish and catla during healthy and diseased conditions. Healthy pangasius and catla fishes were obtained from commercial farms and injected with the LD50dose of A. hydrophila. The intestinal samples from the control and injected group were collected and pooled for 16 s metagenomic analysis. Community analysis was performed by targeting the 16 s rRNA gene to explore and compare the gut microbiota composition of these fishes. The operational taxonomic units (OTUs) consisted of four major phyla: Bacteroidia, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria. Alpha and beta diversity indices were carried out to understand the diversity of microbes within and between a sample. While comparing the advanced fingerling and fingerling stage gut microbiome of Pangasius catfish, the dominance of Proteobacteria was found in fingerlings, whereas Firmicutes and Bacteroides were found in advanced fingerlings. In catla, Proteobacteria and Bacteroides were predominant. Taxonomic abundance of the microbiota in control and diseased Pangasius and catla fishes at phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species levels were also depicted. The present study is the first of its kind, and it will help to identify the diversity of novel potential bacterial species involved in disease protection of fishes. It can lead to the development of sustainable prophylactic measures against (re-)emerging bacterial diseases in aquaculture.

•Evolution of invertebrate immunity.•Genetic traits and immune components of non-bilaterians and bilaterians immune system.•Innate immune mechanisms in marine invertebrates.

Many industrial uses of benzaldehyde have prompted much research into its production process. Nanomaterilas and Graphen oxide show promise in the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde since the reaction may take place in moderate environments without producing harmful by-products. Because of their large surface area, nanomaterials are great, environmentally friendly catalysts that are also simple to recycle. To enhance their catalytic activity, nanoparticles may interact with reactants via their large surface areas. The primary focus of this investigation review is on the challenges that are encountered during the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol, as well as the methods that can be utilized to improve the efficiency and specificity of the process through the utilization of environmentally friendly catalysts include graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and carbon based nanomaterials. The purpose of this study is to present a comprehensive summary of the significant breakthroughs that have been made in recent research concerning the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde using above catalysts.

In this study, the ethanol dispersion procedure was implemented to prepare the g-C3N4/N–TiO2nanocatalyst structure. Sol-gel synthesis is utilized for synthesizing N–TiO2and g-C3N4via urea thermal decomposition. Physicochemical properties of produced photocatalysts were revealed using PL imaging, UV–vis DRS, XRD, FTIR, SEM, BET, and TEM. Evaluation of photocatalytic activity of synthetic photocatalysts by exposure to sunlight and degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye. g-C3N4/N–TiO2NCs showed excellent photocatalytic activity, reaching 96 % MB degradation efficiency in 80 min. g-C3N4and N–TiO2doped form a nanocomposite structure that increases photocatalytic activity, affecting charge separation performance and service life. The system also exhibits the ability to collect visible and ultraviolet light. Even after four consecutive cycles, the efficiency of the MB is still above 85 %. Capture experiments showed that the decomposition of MB was mainly caused by h+and O22−radicals. The results of kinetic investigations indicate that the degradation rate of g-C3N4/N–TiO2nanocomposites surpasses that of N–TiO2nanoparticles.

A simple chemical co-precipitation approach was used to produce in situ nanocomposites based on Mn-BIM, and the results were promising. It is possible to increase the photocatalytic degradation efficiency. The morphology of the nanocomposites is investigated using X-ray diffraction data and the structural features of the nanocomposites are investigated using electron microscopy. Mn-BIM is a nanoparticle with an average size of 50 nm. In order to determine their photo-catalytic activity, researchers investigated nanocomposites produced from industrial waste dyes rhodamine-B. Following 90 minutes in direct sunshine, the photo-degradation of these dyes occurs, with a photo-degradation rate of more than 90 percent. To evaluate whether nanocomposite materials have the ability to photodegrade dyes, tests have been carried out. The rate-limiting stepwise de-ethylation process for the degradation of rhodamine-B dye has been proposed as the mechanism of degradation.

It's still a challenge to detect cholesterol more rapidly and easily. As a result, using a colorimetric sensor to detect cholesterol may result in the development of a ready-to-use. This research shows how a TiO2 nanoparticles may be utilized as a peroxidase mimic to detect H2O2 and free cholesterol. The TiO2 Nanoparticles was carefully studied in terms of structural, morphological, and functional characteristics. In the existence of cholesterol oxidase, and the proposed approach comprises detecting H2O2 produced during cholesterol oxidation. The TiO2 nanoparticles sensor has shown good cholesterol detection sensitivity with a LOD as low as 0.061 M and a linear response in the 0.1 mM to 50 mM range.

The 2-Dimennsionnal nanocomposites are applied for the ennhannced fluorescence sensor for analysing heavy metal ions is explored using a simple novel technique based on green manufactured (CQDs@MoS2) nanocomposite. The emission intensity of CQDs have a better dispersibility, and MoS2 nanosheets have an excellent exfoliation, allowing the CQDs to adhere to the surface and form a label-free sensors. The emission peak of CQDs was quenched by transferring non-radiative energy as of CQDs to MoS2 sheets in an excited state. However, when metal ions are included in the CQDs@MoS2 nanocomposite, it develops a solid surface combined with the carbon dots nanosheets, that might aid in CD recovery. More intriguingly, the sensing performance of MoS2 nanosheets were examined at various pH levels to better recognize the change in surface charge, which resulted in significantly improved responsiveness for identification of Pb (II) ions with LODs of 0.9 nM. Furthermore, it is suggested that present method are intended to be quick, easy, cost effective, environmental friendly for sensing heavy metal ions.

The current study has portrayed the synthetic mixtures of Themeda quadrivalvisusing gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GCMS), the combination of green silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) formed with macrolide antimicrobials. The counter microbial effects were investigated with various concentrates of plant compounds, AgNPs, and macrolide-formed AgNPs against respiratory microorganisms. GCMS examination has shown the presence of various substances that intensifies the chloroform concentrate of T. quadrivalvis. A total of 51 mixtures were distinguished, and furthermore, the most severe zone of restraint was found in chloroform removal and against Klebsiellasp. (18 ± 4.7 mm). It has been demonstrated that the green mixture of AgNPs containing macrolide anti-toxins, such as azithromycin, erythromycin, and clarithromycin, demonstrates extensive antibacterial activities against a wide range of microorganisms. In contrast, the green union of AgNPs also demonstrates their efficacy against a wide range of respiratory microbes. The particles containing numerous relatively small fragments that were observed in the scanning electron microscopy analysis were found to be 20 nm in size. Previous studies have focused on phytochemicals and green amalgamations of AgNPs, but not much detail has been provided on T. quadrivalvis. It has been reported that the two concentrates (a plant concentrate in combination with consolidated green nanoparticle macrolide anti-toxins). The present study aims to treat respiratory microorganisms with a green methodology approach using nanotechnology; this analysis primarily focuses on offering creative approaches to make drugs against respiratory microbes.

This study investigated the colour removal efficiency of Rhodamine B (RhB) by electrochemical oxidation. The influences of various operating variables such as current density (from 5 to 25 mA/cm2), initial concentration of dye solution (from 50 to 250 mg/L), initial pH of solution (3, 5, 7, 9), the stirrer speed (150–300 rpm) and the concentration of electrolytes (0.025–0.10 M NaCl) on removal efficiency were explored in a batch mode treatment to achieve a higher removal capacity. The results obtained with synthetic wastewater revealed that the most effective removal of dye could be achieved when the pH was kept neutral. The results showed that the colour removal increases with the increase in applied current density, NaCl concentration, while it was found to decrease with the increase in initial dye concentration. The complete (100%) colour removal has been achieved under the optimal experimental conditions such as NaCl concentration of 0.05 M, applied current density of 15 mA/cm2, initial pH 7.0, stirrer speed of 200 rpm  and electrolysis time of 40 min. The result of UV–vis spectrum analysis confirms the removal of colour from RhB aqueous solution at the short treatment time. In addition, the increase of current intensity, in the range of 0.6–2.0 A, enhanced the treatment rate. The method was found to be highly efficient and relatively fast compared to conventional treatment techniques.

AbstractThis study investigated the colour removal efficiency of Rhodamine B (RhB) by electrochemical oxidation. The influences of various operating variables such as current density (from 5 to 25 mA/cm2), initial concentration of dye solution (from 50 to 250 mg/L), initial pH of solution (3, 5, 7, 9), the stirrer speed (150–300 rpm) and the concentration of electrolytes (0.025–0.10 M NaCl) on removal efficiency were explored in a batch mode treatment to achieve a higher removal capacity. The results obtained with synthetic wastewater revealed that the most effective removal of dye could be achieved when the pH was kept neutral. The results showed that the colour removal increases with the increase in applied current density, NaCl concentration, while it was found to decrease with the increase in initial dye concentration. The complete (100%) colour removal has been achieved under the optimal experimental conditions such as NaCl concentration of 0.05 M, applied current density of 15 mA/cm2, initial pH 7.0, stirrer speed of 200 rpm  and electrolysis time of 40 min. The result of UV–vis spectrum analysis confirms the removal of colour from RhB aqueous solution at the short treatment time. In addition, the increase of current intensity, in the range of 0.6–2.0 A, enhanced the treatment rate. The method was found to be highly efficient and relatively fast compared to conventional treatment techniques.

To report two unusual cases of epiretinal deposit post cataract surgery.

Uveitis is considered a rare complication of leptospirosis. This report describes an epidemic of uveitis among patients with leptospirosis and provides data, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of Leptospira DNA, that the pathogenesis is associated with anterior chamber spirochetes. Forty-six uveitis patients, 49 uveitis controls, and 54 cataract controls were enrolled at Aravind Eye Hospital (Madurai, India). Leptospiral DNA was detected by PCR of aqueous humor; serum antibody titers were determined by ELISA and microagglutination (MAT). Thirty-seven uveitis patients (80%) demonstrated leptospiral DNA compared with 5 controls (8%; P < .001). Thirty-three uveitis patients (72%) had positive serology compared with 10 uveitis controls (20%) and 13 cataract controls (24%; P < .001). This report describes the largest cluster of patients with leptospiral uveitis and identifies six clinical characteristics that provide a diagnostic profile for leptospiral uveitis. This profile will be important for determining treatment regimens in countries where PCR and MAT are not available.