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This paper presents a combination of the FSK (frequency shift keying) and the PPM (pulse position modulation) techniques for visible-light communication systems. We propose novel modulator architecture, which is referred as combined FSK-PPM (CFPPM), to observe the average power requirement of FSK technique. The proposed combined scheme is compared with the traditional FSK method in terms of average transmission power and BER (bit error rate) performance. The average transmission power of FSK modulation technique is independent on M that is expressed as modulation order. The results show that the requirement of average transmission power of proposed FSK can be gradually decreased dependent on M.

To make an extensive evaluation about the effects of histopathological findings acquired from the resection materials of patients who underwent transurethral resection of prostate (TUR-P) due to benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) on postoperative urethral stricture formation.

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Background: Informed consent is an important aspect of ethical medical practice. In legal terms, making an intervention without informed consent may mean negligence or malpractice and may lead to legal action, maltreatment, and even attack against the doctor. This study aims to evaluate the readability of informed consent forms (ICFs) used for elective (urology and general surgery) and emergency procedures (emergency medicine and intensive care) by comparing through readability formulas.Methods: Elective and emergency ICFs were accessed through the web sites of national health care associations. A total of 387 consent forms were evaluated and the same forms were included only once. A total of 35 consent forms were evaluated for emergency procedures, while a total of 55 consent forms were evaluated for elective procedures. Ateşman and Bezirci-Yılmaz formulas defined for determining the readability level of Turkish texts and Gunning fog and Flesch Kincaid formulas measuring the general readability level were used for calculating the readability level of consent forms.Results: Even though elective ICFs are more readable compared to those of emergency procedures according to Bezirci-Yılmaz formulas, this was statistically insignificant (P= .54). The readability of elective consent forms was found to be at a significantly more difficult level to read compared to Ateşman, Gunning fog, and Flesch Kincaid formulas (P= .002, P< .001, P< .001, respectively).Conclusion: Even though the procedure is emergency or elective, a difficult readability level may cause problems for the doctor in legal phases. Readable and understandable consent forms should be available to be able to explain morbidity and mortality and improve prognosis. Education level of our country should also be considered while preparing these consent forms.

Background:: Informed consent is an important aspect of ethical medical practice. In legal terms, making an intervention without informed consent may mean negligence or malpractice and may lead to legal action, maltreatment, and even attack against the doctor. This study aims to evaluate the readability of informed consent forms (ICFs) used for elective (urology and general surgery) and emergency procedures (emergency medicine and intensive care) by comparing through readability formulas. Method:: Elective and emergency ICFs were accessed through the web sites of national health care associations. A total of 387 consent forms were evaluated and the same forms were included only once. A total of 35 consent forms were evaluated for emergency procedures, while a total of 55 consent forms were evaluated for elective procedures. Ateşman and Bezirci-Yılmaz formulas defined for determining the readability level of Turkish texts and Gunning fog and Flesch Kincaid formulas measuring the general readability level were used for calculating the readability level of consent forms. Results:: Even though elective ICFs are more readable compared to those of emergency procedures according to Bezirci-Yılmaz formulas, this was statistically insignificant ($P=.54$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$P=.54$$\end{document}). The readability of elective consent forms was found to be at a significantly more difficult level to read compared to Ateşman, Gunning fog, and Flesch Kincaid formulas ($P=.002$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$P= .002$$\end{document}, $P\&lt;.001$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$P &lt; .001$$\end{document}, $P\&lt;.001$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$P &lt; .001$$\end{document}, respectively). Conclusion:: Even though the procedure is emergency or elective, a difficult readability level may cause problems for the doctor in legal phases. Readable and understandable consent forms should be available to be able to explain morbidity and mortality and improve prognosis. Education level of our country should also be considered while preparing these consent forms.

Background: Behcet’s disease is a multisystemic vasculitis, associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction. Currently, the prognosis is unpredictable, because there is still no valid laboratory marker indicating the disease activity in Behcet’s disease. Endothelial progenitor cells and circulating endothelial cells are newly introduced hematological markers which are presumed to take part in the pathogenesis of vasculitis.

For Visible Light Communication (VLC) systems, photo receiver is very important for obtaining low noisy modulated signal at receiver side since the pure modulated signal is easy demodulated. Therefore, we give a comparison of performance of three type photo receivers in this paper. In first application, we use a photoresistor to detect the modulated signal. It is referred as CDS (cadmium-sulfide) resistor. Another detector is solar cell unit. The other receiver is selected photodiode detector. It is shown from experimental results that the most appropriate modulated signal is obtained at output of photodiode. The output of solar cell consists of very complex signal compared with output of photoresistor. Additionally, we use PPM (Pulse Position Modulation) technique for transmission of data signal.

Visceral obesity is an important factor that increases the risk of complications after colorectal cancer surgery. As calculating visceral fat is difficult and time-consuming, more practical fat measurements that are not time-consuming have been introduced. This study aimed to investigate the effects of perirenal fat thickness on postoperative complications and prognosis in patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer. Perirenal fat thickness was measured from the dorsal aspect of the left kidney on preoperative computerized tomography of patients who underwent surgery for colorectal cancer. The effects of perirenal fat thickness on postoperative complications were investigated. Diagnostic test performance was examined using the Roc Curve test to determine the cutoff value for the perirenal fat thickness values according to the complication findings of the patients. The cutoff value of perirenal fat thickness was found to be above 25.1, according to the presence of complications in the patients. Those with a perirenal fat thickness greater than 25.1 mm were considered to have high perirenal fat thickness values, and those with a low perirenal fat thickness value were considered low. Multivariate analysis revealed that increased perirenal fat thickness is an independent risk factor for postoperative complications. We believe that perirenal fat thickness measurement, as an indicator of visceral fat volume, can be used to identify patients at high risk of developing complications after colorectal cancer surgery. This may change the disease management and affect the patient information process.

Blood count parameters of patients referring with penile vasculogenic erectile dysfunction (ED) were examined in this study. It was investigated whether eosinophil count (EC), platelet count (PC) and mean platelet volume (MPV), values among the suspected predictive parameters which may affect vascular functions, have a contribution on ED pathology or not.

Comparison of early period sexual function parameters in patients who had surgical repair and conservative follow-up after penile fracture and the evaluation of surgical intervention time on these parameters were planned in this study.

The dimming control is one of the most significant issues to provide both illumination and data transmission for visible light communication (VLC) systems. The receivers—such as variable pulse position modulation (VPPM) receiver—must know the dimming level of the received signal for the demodulation process. To provide a complete solution to this problem, we propose two VPPM receivers that can detect data bits without knowledge of dimming level (KDL). The first one, which is referred to as artificial neural network (ANN)‐VPPM, includes the ANN technique to achieve a proper step signal instead of traditional mask signals that are generated by using the perfect KDL. The ANN‐VPPM gives a successful bit error rate (BER) performance compared to the unsuitable traditional system (U‐TS), which is called the traditional system that decodes the VPPM signal using inappropriate mask signals. If the ANN‐VPPM is compared to traditional system (TS), which is the traditional system using a perfect mask signal, the TS has better BER performance than the ANN‐VPPM. Hence, the other one that is called the proposed estimation method (PEM) is improved to achieve the same BER performance compared to the TS. An estimation performance is given to indicate the 100% estimation rate and to prove that the BER performance of systems is the same at least signal‐to‐noise ratio of 22 dB. Additionally, the PEM is saving the optical power of the VPPM signal up to 23% at a BER of 10−3when compared to U‐TS. The dimming control is one of the most significant issues to provide both illumination and data transmission for visible light communication (VLC) systems. The receivers—such as variable pulse position modulation (VPPM) receiver—must know the dimming level of the received signal for the demodulation process. To provide a complete solution to this problem, we propose two VPPM receivers that can detect data bits without knowledge of dimming level (KDL). First scheme, which is referred as ANN‐VPPM, includes artificial neural network (ANN) technique to achieve a proper step signal instead of traditional mask signals that are generated by using the perfect KDL. It is considered that the step signal can decode the dimming levels between 30% and 70%. From the simulation results, it is shown that the ANN‐VPPM gives a successful bit error rate (BER) performance compared to unsuitable traditional system (U‐TS), which is called as traditional system that decodes the VPPM signal using inappropriate mask signals. If the ANN‐VPPM is compared with traditional system (TS) which is traditional system with using perfect mask signal, the TS has better the BER performance than the ANN‐VPPM. Hence, the second system that is called as proposed estimation method (PEM) is improved to achieve the same BER performance with the TS. The confusion matrix is used to indicate the 100% estimation rate and to prove that the BER performance of systems is the same at least signal‐to‐noise ratio of 22 dB. Additionally, the PEM is saving the optical power of the VPPM signal up to 23% at a BER of 10−3when compared to U‐TS.

(Abstracted from Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg2020;26:649–653)Overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome affects 1 of 7 US women. The syndrome is characterized by the presence of urinary urgency, with or without urgency urinary incontinence, usually accompanied by frequency and nocturia.

ÖZETAmaç:Alkol kullanan bireylerin tümünde alkol bağımlılığı gelişmemektedir. Bu sebeple bağımlılık için risk etkenleri, bağımlılığın etyolojisi ve bireyin alkol alma dürtüsünün temelleri araştırılmalıdır. Bu etkenlerin belirlenmesi için vücutta çeşitli rolleri olan hormonlar araştırma konusu olmuştur. Besin alımını etkileyen hormonların alkol alınımını da etkileyebileceği düşünülebilir. Bu çalışmada besin alınımını etkileyen hormanların alkol alınımı üzerinde etkisinin olup olmadığının araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.Yöntem:Bu çalışmaya Trakya Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı'na başvuran, Ruhsal Bozuklukların Tanımlanması ve Sınıflandırması El Kitabı- Dördüncü Baskı (DSM-IV) ölçütlerine göre yapılan klinik değerlendirme sonucu alkol bağımlılığı tanısı alan ve hastaneye yatarak tedavi görmeyi kabul eden yirmi bir hasta dahil edildi. Hastaneye yatışlarının ilk günü (alkol alımını bıraktıkları gün, 0. gün), 1., 7. ve 28. gün sabah saat 08:00′de aç olarak kanları alındı ve grelin, leptin ve prolaktin düzeyleri ölçüldü. Kontrol grubu için en az on gündür alkol içmeyen, DSM-IV ölçütlerine göre alkol bağımlılığı tanı ölçütlerini karşılamayan, hasta grubu ile uyumlu olarak yirmisi erkek ve biri kadın olmak üzere toplam yirmi bir gönüllü kişi seçildi. Kontrol grubundan leptin, grelin ve prolaktin düzeyleri için bir kez kan alındı.Bulgular:Alkol bağımlılığı olan hasta grubu ile kontrol grubu arasında leptin, grelin ve prolaktin düzeylerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulunmadı. Alkol bağımlılığı olan hastaların leptin ve prolaktin düzeyleri günler içinde anlamlı değişiklik göstermedi. Alkol bağımlılığı olan hastaların grelin düzeylerinde 0. gün ile 28. gün ve 1. gün ile 28. gün arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir azalma meydana geldi.Sonuçlar:Grelinin alkol bağımlılarında alkolü bırakmayı takiben günler içinde azalması bu konuda daha fazla çalışma yapılmasına gerek olduğunu ve daha uzun süreli ayıklık dönemlerinin değerlendirilmesinin faydalı olabileceğini düşündürmektedir. Bu çalışma, alkol bağımlılarında leptin, grelin ve prolaktin düzeylerinin alkol alınımı ile ilişkili biyolojik bir belirleyici olduğu hipotezini desteklememektedir.

Introduction: To investigate the demographics and treatment details of the myeloma patients who were diagnosed and followed up in Turkey and received up to two lines of therapy.

No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) metal complexes of a new heterocylic Schiff base derived from 1-amino-5-benzoyl-4-phenyl-1H-pyrimidine-2-one with 3-hydroxy-salicylaldehyde have been synthesized and characterized on the basis of elemental analyses, electronic, IR and 1H NMR spectra, molar conductivity measurements, magnetic moment measurements and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). It has been found that the Schiff base behaves as a neutral bidentate (NO) or tridentate (ONO) ligand forming chelates with 1:2 (metal:ligand) stoichiometry and octahedral geometry. The conductivity data for the Ni(II) complex is consistent with that expected for a weak electrolyte.

No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Introduction:Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare disease which is characterized with complement mediated intravascular hemolysis, bone marrow failure and thrombosis. The prevelance of PNH is estimated 1 to 16 cases per million in USA. X-linked somatic mutation of phosphatidylinositol glycan‐A (PIGA) gene in hematopoetic stem cells causes an impairment of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored proteins. The absence of GPI‐dependent molecules that are CD55 (decay accelerating factor; DAF) and CD59 (membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis; MIRL), normally protect the cell from complement‐mediated hemolysis by preventing the formation of the membrane attack complex. The diagnosis is based on flow cytometry which can detect the deficiency of these two complement regulary proteins. We report a retrospective analysis of demographic and clinical characteristics of PNH patients from different centers.

Introduction: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common type of leukemia seen in adults. Ibrutinib is an orally administered irreversible inhibitor of Bruton tyrosine kinase. Ibrutinib monotherapy has been found effective in many CLL studies. This study aimed at investigating the real world experiences of patients with CLL who have been treated with ibrutinib in Turkey.

Introduction:Carfilzomib is a potent and irreversible inhibitor of proteasome which exerts clinically significant anti-myeloma effect. Randomized phase 2 and 3 studies have validated carfilzomib as an effective therapy in relapsed or refractory myeloma setting.

Ghrelin was isolated as an endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor from rat stomach. Ghrelin plays an important physiological role in insulin secretion, glucose metabolism, and cardiovascular system. In this study, the focus was on relative ghrelin expression in the heart of long-term diabetic rats. A total of 36 male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups: control, 1-, 2-, and 3-month diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (STZ; 40mg/kg i.p.). The rats were decapitated under ketamine anesthesia, and their heart tissues were removed. Tissue ghrelin expressions were then compared. After diabetes for 1month, the expression of ghrelin observed similar to control rats. However, the ghrelin expression increased in 2 and 3-month diabetic rats compared to the control. In conclusion, increased ghrelin expressions in 2- and 3-month diabetic rats may be protecting them from diabetic cardiomyopathy.