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Grouting is a widely used geotechnical procedure known for its strong empirical properties. It has been extensively utilized for sealing subterranean water and strengthening soil and rock masses in their original locations in underground mining and underground space development. The diffusion mechanism of grouting in fractured rock is affected by the geological environment and slurry performance, which should be better revealed and characterized. In this paper, we take the surrounding rock of the roadway as the research object, consider the stress condition of the injected rock and time-dependent viscosity of the slurry, and establish fracture grouting diffusion model based on the rock composite fracture criterion. The grout strengthening mechanism is discussed based on a transparent fracture replica grouting test. According to the different transport characteristics of the slurry interacting with flowing water, it is divided into the following four areas grout-water balance area, grout loss area, stagnation area and water passage. The grout plugging mode is divided into two categories according to its final diffusion pattern: cross-section type water plugging mode and water-drop plugging mode. The pressure monitoring data of the test verified the two grout plugging modes. The diffusion distance of cis-reverse water derived in this study was in good agreement with the experimental results in grouting early stage. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for grouting engineering design. • Fracture grouting diffusion model based on the rock composite fracture criterion. • The grout strengthening mechanism is discussed based on a transparent fracture replica grouting test. • Slurry travel is divided into the following four areas, grout-water balance area, grout loss area, stagnation area and water passage. • The grout plugging mode is divided into two categories according to its final diffusion pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Textile Leader is the property of China Textile Information Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As a common industrial valve solution in slurry pipeline systems, Y-type slurry valves must be designed with properly shaped valve seat sealing rings to alleviate particle erosion and keep the valve operating in optimal condition. In this study, we investigate four different valve seat shapes with varying inner angles to understand the effect of the seat structure on particle erosion in Y-type slurry valves. We conducted computation fluid dynamics discrete element method simulations to analyze the impact of different valve seat shapes on the characteristics of particle-liquid two-phase flows and erosion. We also performed a detailed analysis of velocity and pressure distributions for liquid phase and particle velocity distributions as well as surface erosion on key valve components. We observed the primary erosion areas to be the back surface of the valve body, the inner surface of the valve seat, and the front surface of the valve disc, and as a result, we investigated the erosion distribution in these areas with different valve seat structures. Our simulation results indicate that the variation in particle diameter and the inner angle of the valve seat sealing ring have significant impacts on erosion in the studied areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chemical Industry / Hemijska Industrija is the property of Association of Chemical Engineers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aiming at the problems of large lag and inertia in the PH control system of gypsum wet desulfurization in thermal power units, this paper proposes a cascade multi-step feed forward predictive control strategy based on proportional integral derivative (PID). Firstly, the paper establishes mechanism model through the transfer function of PH value influence factor to ensure a strong correlation between the control system parameters and the PH value; Secondly, based on the traditional PID control strategy, the paper introduces cascade and multi-step feed forward control mechanisms to solve the strong inertia of the control system; Then, the three-step predictive value of SO2 content in raw flue gas based on long short term memory network (LSTM) is introduced as the feed forward value, so as to better eliminate system lag characteristics and track the PH setting value; Finally, the simulation experiment is carried out using the desulfurization data of the plant. The simulation results show that, compared with the traditional PID and cascade PID control strategies, the control strategy proposed in this paper achieves more accurate and stable control of the PH value of desulfurization slurry in thermal power units, and improve the desulfurization efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the application of AlCoCrFeNi high entropy alloy (HEA) coating on the SS316L steel using atmospheric plasma spraying to enhance durability in erosive environments. Annealing the coated sample at 650°C resulted in a uniform, dense coating with homogeneous HEA distribution, exhibiting a 16.2% improvement in microhardness compared to the pre-annealed coating. Slurry jet erosion testing revealed that under specific conditions (10 m s−1 impact velocity, 90° impingement angle and 10 wt-% slurry concentration), the annealed coating demonstrated a lower erosion rate. Increased velocity correlated with higher erosion rates due to augmented material removal, while normal angles exhibited lower erosion rates than oblique angles, emphasising plastic deformation over material removal. Initial erosion rate increases with slurry concentration were observed, followed by a decrease due to the protective effect of a slurry cloud at higher concentrations. Overall, the HEA-coated layer effectively safeguarded against erosive wear, particularly post-annealing, because of enhanced hardness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of toothbrushing with conventional and whitening dentifrices on the color difference (ΔE00), gloss (Δgloss), and surface roughness (SR) of stained stabilized zirconia with 5 m01% of yttrium oxide (5Y-TZP) after polishing or glazing. Methods: Specimens were divided into four groups (11=20): C (control), S (staining), SG (staining and glazing) and SP (staining and polishing). 50,000 toothbrushing cycles were performed with conventional (n=10) and whitening (n= 10) dentifrice slurries. The ΔE00 and Δgloss were measured using a spectrophotometer and CIEDE2000 system while SR was measured by laser confocal microscope. The ΔE00 and Δgloss data were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA, and SR data were analyzed using the linear repeated measures model, with Bonferroni's complementary test (α= 0.05). Results: The ΔE00 values were beyond the acceptability threshold and no differences were found among the groups. There was no difference among groups to Δgloss after toothbrushing with conventional dentifrice while SP presented the highest values of Δgloss after toothbrushing with whitening dentifrice. Conventional dentifrice decreased the SR of stained groups and whitening dentifrice decreased SR of S and SG. The toothbrushing with conventional and whitening dentifrices promoted color difference , but did not impair gloss and surface roughness of stained 5Y-TZR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the performance of hydrocyclones for in-situ natural gas hydrate recovery and desanding, this study analyzed the hydrocyclone's sensitivity factors, optimized the structural parameters, and investigated the adaptability to the reservoir and operating parameters through numerical simulations and experiments. Results showed that the optimal structural parameters were spiral pitch of 24 mm, vortex finder diameter of 36 mm, spigot diameter of 26 mm, number of spirals equals 5, and cone angle of 6°. Under the optimal parameter configuration, the efficiency of the hydrocyclone is exceeded 90%, and the pressure drop was within 0.5 MPa. When the inlet natural gas hydrate volume concentration, or the inlet sand volume concentration are increased, the separation efficiency and pressure drop changed only slightly. The natural gas hydrate hydrocyclone showed good adaptability to the reservoir and operating parameters. These findings provide theoretical guidance for the design and construction of natural gas hydrate in-situ separators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To satisfy the rising demand for higher product quality and giga-casting requirements, the casting process is undergoing significant changes. However, current control methods rely significantly on human expertise and experience, making process availability and stability difficult to ensure. The semisolid casting process is more complicated than conventional liquid casting due to the additional casting parameters incorporated during the slurry preparation, which can have an effect on the quality of the final product. Therefore, an efficient tool is required to simplify the complete process of semisolid casting. The introduction of an AI system to aid in the supervision of the casting manufacturing procedure is one potential solution. This paper introduces a new casting system named "Smart-Cast" developed for this specific purpose. The paper describes the functions of the system and its current development process. Using an AI system as an assistant can help to achieve the goal of enhancing the efficacy of casting process control, and it can also help foundries step into the Industry 4.0 era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG) and sapphire materials are commonly used in laser and optical devices. Producing an ultra-precise surface quality is necessary for the application in optical devices. However, YAG and sapphire materials belong to difficult-to-machine materials with high brittleness and hardness. Therefore, ensuring the main criterion of producing a quality surface in the nanometre form with the ability to remove the material when finishing this material is challenging. Eliminating machining residues using chemical–mechanical slurry (CMS) is essential in creating ultra-precise components in optical devices. Based on this feature, this work investigates the efficiency of the CMS polishing process by comparing the surface reaction modes with the ionic and solid reaction modes when polishing YAG and sapphire materials. The study procedures aim to clarify the polishing performance corresponding to these two reaction types. Experimental analyses show the balance between CMS polishing technology's mechanical and chemical effects with the ionic reaction model that can be generated. Results also show that the ionic surface reaction modes give more uniform material removal than the solid reaction on YAG and sapphire crystal surfaces. Therefore, when polished by CMS technology with ionic surface reaction modes, the surface quality is better than solid reaction. In the CMS polishing with ionic responses, adding more Na 2 SiO 3 –5H 2 O content to the CMS is necessary if the chemical reaction is weak. This process will facilitate the –Si–OH components to be more distributed on the workpiece's surface, thereby improving reaction speed and correcting the balance between mechanical and chemical in polishing by CMS. This balance action results in an ultra-smooth YAG crystal surface without scratches, with a roughness obtained in the nanometre form (Ra = 1.031 nm) after polishing by CMS-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

4H-SiC is crucial for high-temperature, high-power semiconductors, yet its processing encounters challenges due to its high hardness and chemical inertness. The three-step slurry-less Electrochemical Mechanical Polishing (ECMP) with NaCl electrolyte ensured efficient and damage-free polishing for 4H-SiC. However, the final step of slurry-less ECMP required sacrificing removal efficiency to prevent oxide layer breakdown and achieve an atomically smooth SiC surface. Additionally, the use of NaCl in practical industrial applications often resulted in equipment rusting easily. This study explored the substituting of a weak alkaline KOH electrolyte for NaCl in slurry-less ECMP, detailing oxidation mechanism of 4H-SiC. This alternative achieved an ultra-smooth surface without compromising the oxidation rate, laying a theoretical foundation for efficient slurry-less ECMP process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the performance of hardsurfacing Cobalt alloy (Stellite 6) and Nickel alloy (Colmonoy 88) was tested in tribological slurry conditions by using a pot tester. Thermal spraying powders were deposited on AISI 316L substrates by using a high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) technique. Wear experiments are carried out using a lab-scale pot tester at low velocities like 1.81, 2.71, 3.61, and 4.59 m/s. The high mass flux of ashes (ranging 30–60 wt%) is used to produce severe accelerated conditions. The effect of the size fraction of eroding particles was evaluated by preparing the multi-sized slurries of size fractions (ASTM: −200, −140 + 200, −100 + 140, and −60 + 100). Results show that the microhardness of AISI 316L was improved by the HVOF depositing of Cobalt alloy-6 and Nickel alloy-88. The average surface microhardness of Cobalt alloy-6 was found lower (439 ± 19 HV 1000) than the Nickel alloy-88 coating (601 ± 11 HV 1000). Erosion performance of coatings was found to be increased with an increase in the value of the velocity, time, mass flux, and weighted mean size of eroding particles. Results show that the Ni-alloy improved the wear resistance of AISI 316L by 2.03 ± 0.021 times in fly ash slurry conditions and 3.21 ± 0.035 times in bottom ash slurry conditions. However, the Co-alloy was beneficial in reducing the wear of AISI 316L by 1.48 ± 0.019 times in fly ash and 2.50 ± 0.032 times in bottom ash slurry conditions. Moreover, the maximum wear of AISI 316L steel was observed at an impingement angle of 30° whereas 60° and 45° for Ni-alloy and Co-alloy coatings respectively in fly ash conditions. Although, the AISI 316L and Ni-alloy coating show maximum wear at the same impingement conditions under the bottom ash slurry conditions. However, the Co-alloy coating showed maximum wear at 60° in bottom ash slurry conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slurry transport pumps, the central equipment of deep-sea mining (DSM) systems, provide the lifting power required for lifting mineral ores from the seafloor to the surface. The current technical challenges are associated with transport security and the economic aspects of coarse ore particles in pumps and pipelines. This paper focuses on the transportation characteristics of slurry pumps and uses theoretical methods, numerical calculations, and experimental methods to identify a feasible working mode. The geometric parameters of impeller channels in pump hydraulics significantly influence the migration properties of particles which in turn affects the overall security and economy of the system. The ratio of the impeller cross-sectional area F2/F1 (F1: crosssectional area of the impeller outlet; F2: cross-sectional area of the impeller inlet) affects the particle passing capacity but negatively impacts pump efficiency. The percent of particles in the excellent passage interval of 0.2 s to 0.25 s increases from 25 to 43% when the number increases from 1.57 to 2.51. The pump behavior increases of the head by 5–10 m, and the efficiency decreases by 5– 10%. So, the recommended span of F2/F1 is 1.57–2.00, and satisfying particle passing ability and efficiency can be achieved in this range. This study can provide a reference for the commercial transportation of slurry ores for deep-sea mining systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The slurry pump, which forms the core equipment of the deep-sea mining (DSM) system, provides lifting power for the ore from the seabed to the sea level, which is crucial for the safety of coarse ore particle transportation. Velocity slip plays a significant role in revealing the migration of the pump particles. Therefore, this study analyzes the velocity slip in a slurry pump using the computational fluid dynamics–discrete element method (CFD-DEM) for the first time. The relationship between the pump head and velocity slip was proposed and verified in this study based on the velocity triangle and Euler equation of the solid-liquid two-phase flow in the impeller. The effects of different particle sizes on the velocity slip are compared in detail. According to the computational results, the head depends on the larger velocity slip of the impeller outlet and lower velocity slip at the inlet. The peak value of the velocity slip was significantly reduced, and the peak position of the velocity slip and zero-point position moved backward for particle sizes ranging between 5-15 mm. This study provides a reference for the problems of particle migration and velocity slip in slurry pumps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the smoothness provided by a one-step finishing and polishing system and its maintenance after hydrothermal aging and brushing of a nanofilled resin composite. Methods: 96 samples of the nanofilled composite Filtek Z350 XT were fabricated, which, after initial average roughness (Ra) analysis, were randomly distributed into three groups, according to the selected finishing and polishing system. The multi-step systems Sof-Lex (aluminum oxide discs) and Jiffy (bullet-shaped abrasive rubbers), and the one-step system OneGloss (bullet-shaped abrasive rubber) were used. After finishing and polishing, a new Ra measurement was performed, and then half of the samples from each group were stored in artificial saliva for 12 months, while the other half underwent aging processes associating hydrothermal cycles (10,000 cycles at 5-55°C) followed by brushing (5,500 strokes), with a mid-abrasive (Crest Cavity Protection) dentifrice slurry, simulating a 12-month period in the oral cavity. Final Ra measurements were performed, and data were analyzed by generalized linear model and Tukey's test (α = 5%). Results: There was interaction between finishing and polishing system and aging (P < 0.001). The one-step abrasive rubber point provided significantly higher Ra values compared to the multi-step systems, and with the discs there was higher smoothness than with the rubber point sequence. This result was maintained after 12 months in artificial saliva, but after hydrothermal cycles followed by brushing, one-step and multi-step abrasive rubber points no longer significantly differed from each other. Only for the one-step system, hydrothermal cycles followed by brushing significantly reduced Ra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slurry erosion of clearance fits is one of the primary reasons for the decline in the performance of downhole tools. In this study, slurry erosion experiments and computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed to understand the effect of particle impact velocity as well as the erosion mechanisms on the surface of 38CrMoAlA steel. The results indicated that uneven erosive wear occurred along the flow direction on the surface of clearance material. The uneven erosive wear can be attributed to the variation of particle impact angle affected by fluid streamlines. The site and the area of the most severe erosion changed arising from the particle impact velocity. The failure of the clearance material was mainly due to the aggravation of localized erosion wear. To extend the service life of downhole tools, the region downstream of the clearance inlet (10 mm from the inlet) should be prioritized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores special cement slurry design consideration for high temperature and pressure gas wells. Seven different materials were used as additives which includes: fresh water, dyckerhoff, silica flour, antifoam, extender, fluid loss, dispersant, retarder, anti-settling agent, gas control agent, dry viscosifier, potassium chloride and accelerator. Four recipes were prepared using these additives in different mixtures. Recipe four has all the additives. A series of flow tests was performed using an advanced shear-stress/shear strain controlled rheometer. Rheological properties of cement slurries were calculated from the resulting flow curves using the Bingham plastic model and the Herschel-Bulkley's model. Changes in shear stress-shear rate relationships, yield stress, plastic viscosity, and shear thinning/thickening behavior were found to be related to temperature and the type and dosage of supplementary cementitious material. The four recipes were applied in 10 cases. Among the four different recipes tested for all the 10 cases, recipe 1 gave a regression value of 52.19% correctness, 65.43% correctness for recipe 2, 23.72% for recipe 3 and 96.58% correctness for recipe 4. Recipe 4 has the best regression values for both temperature vs transit time and pressure vs transit time this can be accounted for the presence of both silica flour and potassium chloride salt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes a new intermediate warehouse to prevent the problem that the ore in the vertical pipeline hydraulic lifting system blocks the nozzle during the process of being sucked into the lifting hard tube. A mathematical model and a finite element model of ore transport are established. Numerical simulation and experimental research are performed on the process of ore injection into the intermediate warehouse. Results show that the proposed intermediate warehouse has higher ore transmission efficiency, smaller pressure pulsation, and more stable transmission process compared with the traditional structure scheme. The larger the slurry conveying flow, the shorter the time required to convey the ore. In the process of slurry injection, the closer to the inlet, the more uneven the velocity distribution on the Z section, and the more concentrated the dynamic pressure. The closer to the lower end of the intermediate warehouse, the more dispersed the dynamic pressure, and the fluctuation of dynamic pressure in the intermediate warehouse is the main cause of unstable flow. The feed flow has a great influence on the stress state of the intermediate warehouse structure, the ore transfer time, and the stress decay period. The feed flow rate should be reasonably selected to meet the working requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new graphite oxide (GO) nanosheet added KOH-based silica slurry was developed for close-to-atomic polishing of LiNbO 3. Except synthesis method of the slurry, both polishing experiments and nanocharacterisation analyses were conducted to reveal the chemo-mechanical mechanism that dominates the material removal of LiNbO 3 in nanoscale. Results indicate that the GO nanosheet additive can significantly improve the dispersibility and stability of KOH-based silica slurry. The accumulation of KOH-deprotonated GO/SiO 2 nanosheets provide an effective tribo-lubricating-film at local polishing area. Ultra-smooth surface finish (Sa ≤ 0.15 nm) has been achieved at a material removal rate of 170.0 nm/min for two tested case studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrodynamic turbine and slurry pump components are frequently influenced by severe wear due to the impact of solid particles present in the water. A WC-based coatings deposited by thermal spray techniques is known for the protection against slurry erosion. In the present work, WC-Cr3C2-Ni powder was sprayed on a turbine steel substrate using high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) and atmospheric plasma spray (APS) techniques. Microstructural and phase constitutions of as-sprayed coatings were examined. The effect of speed, slurry concentration and particle size on slurry erosion resistances of both coatings and substrate materials was comparatively studied in a slurry pot erosion tester. The results exhibit that the HVOF coating has better properties in terms of density, micro-hardness and slurry erosion resistance than those of APS coating. The improvement in slurry erosion resistance of bare turbine steel by using APS and HVOF coatings is approximately 37% and 62%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biosurfactants have wide applications in several industries. However, high production costs and safety concerns have limited their comprehensive use. Twenty-five strains of lactic acid bacteria, isolated from fermenting maize slurry, were screened for biosurfactant production using the emulsification activity (E24) assay. The selected bacterium was identified molecularly using the 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Lactobacillus plantarum OG8. The effect of some cultural factors on biosurfactant production from the bacterium, using pineapple peel as a low-cost substrate, was investigated. The optimum yield of biosurfactant occurred at a 48 h incubation period, using glucose and peptone as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. The biosurfactant was characterized to possess mostly carbohydrates, followed by protein and lipid contents. Optima pH 10.0 and temperature 60 °C were the best for the biosurfactant activity. The biosurfactant exhibited antimicrobial activity against bacterial pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, at a concentration of 5.0 mg/mL. The use of pineapple peel as a low-cost substrate for biosurfactant production from Lactobacillus plantarum OG8 will serve for cost-effective production. The biosurfactantt produced exhibited promising properties such as thermostability and antimicrobial activity against food spoilage and pathogenes that could make it suitable for food processing and preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) can be used as a potential technology for degradation of organic contaminant. In order to improve the efficiency of MFC treating the biogas slurry (BS), a comparison between the pretreatments of aerobic static culture and aeration was studied. The nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and electricity production capacity of BS-MFC was investigated. The results showed that the total degradation rate of NH 4 +-N in BS after the aeration coupled with MFC treatment reached 95.70 %, which was 12.97 % higher than that of the aerobically statically cultivated BS. The coulombic efficiency (CE) of the aeration-treated BS participating the reaction in MFC was always higher than that of the aerobically cultivated group. The relative abundance of Chloroflexi , which plays an important role in nitrogen metabolism, accounted for a smaller proportion in the MFC reaction effluent after aeration treatment. While, the denitrification bacteria Patescibacteria was slightly enhanced. The aeration-treated BS also stimulated the growth of electrochemically active microorganisms Gammaproteobacteria in the MFC system. The results of this study showed that pretreatment of the BS with aeration was more favorable to improve the efficiency of the BS-MFC, which provided informative suggestions for the improvement of MFC. [Display omitted] • Aeration pre-treatment improves the efficiency of the BS-MFC. • The degradation of NH+ 4 -N in the BS after aeration and MFC reaction is 95.70 %. • CE of the aeration-treated BS in the MFC reaction is 53.85 %. • Aeration treatment stimulates the growth of Patescibacteria in BS-MFC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A powder thixoforging route combined with slurry based mixing process was proposed to fabricate graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) reinforced magnesium matrix composites (MgMCs). The originally spherical and ball-milled ZK60 powders were used as matrices, respectively. The mixing of 0.05 wt.% GNPs with the spherical powder led to GNPs clusters and degraded the mechanical properties of the composite. In contrast, with the addition of an optimal content (0.1 wt.%) of GNPs, the composite fabricated from ball-milled powder achieved a joint enhancement in tensile yield strength (52%) and fracture toughness (19%), demonstrating a pronounced strengthening efficiency of 650% and a good balance between strength and toughness. The ball-milled powder endowed the composite with a homogenous distribution of GNPs and a denser microstructure with reduced Mg-Zn eutectics, and the thixoforging process offered a well-bonded Mg/GNP interface, making full use of the strengthening and toughening potential of GNPs. Theoretical predication based on a modified shear-lag model suggested that load transfer dominated the strengthening mechanisms. In-situ tensile tests verified that crack deflection, secondary cracks and GNPs bridging mainly accounted for the toughening mechanisms. A numerical model with consideration of GNPs orientations was also established to understand the toughening effect from GNPs bridging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For an extradosed bridge, the main function of the saddle structure is to steer the cable in the pylon. The saddle is one of the most important and key structures in the cable prestressing system. Focusing on the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) multitube saddle structure and cement slurry filling, the mechanical properties of the saddle are analyzed and verified in detail by a full-scale model test. It is shown that the numerical analysis results are consistent with the test results. Under 1.8 times the designed load (7171.4 kN), the test strain values of each section are less than the calculated strain values, which indicates that the saddle structure design is safe and that the saddle structure meets the design requirements. Friction resistance between the steel strands and the HDPE tube can resist unbalanced cable forces on either side of the saddle during construction and operation. According to the test, the maximum value of the static friction coefficient between cable and HPDE tube is 0.093. The cement slurry stress is basically in the linear elasticity range under the test conditions. After further increasing the cable tension, the cement slurry inside the saddle is compacted, without any cracks or crushing phenomena. This demonstrates that the saddle is safe and reliable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of ingesting ice slurries with two different carbohydrate contents on body temperatures and the subcutaneous interstitial fluid glucose level during heat exposure. Seven physically active men underwent one of three interventions: the ingestion of 7.5 g/kg of a control beverage (CON: 26°C), a normal-carbohydrate ice slurry (NCIS: −1°C), or a high-carbohydrate ice slurry (HCIS: −5°C). The participants were monitored for a 120-min period that included 10 min of rest, 25 min of exposure to the experimental cooling intervention (during which the beverage was ingested), and 85 min of seated rest in a climate chamber (36°C, 50% relative humidity). The rectal temperature in the HCIS and NCIS trials was lower than that in the CON trial from 40 to 75 min. The infrared tympanic temperature was also lower in the HCIS and NCIS trials than in the CON trial from 20 to 50 min, whereas the deep thigh or mean skin temperatures were not significantly different among the three groups. From 90 to 120 min, the subcutaneous interstitial fluid glucose level in the NCIS trial was lower than that at 65 min; however, reductions were not seen in the HCIS and CON trials. These findings suggest that both HCIS ingestion and conventional NCIS ingestion were effective cooling strategies for reducing thermal strain, while HCIS ingestion may also enable a higher subcutaneous interstitial fluid glucose level to be maintained, ensuring an adequate supply of required muscle substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A key for the market penetration of large-scale and high energy All-Solid-State Batteries (ASSBs) are sheet-type cell components. Herein, we report a slurry-based process to obtain free-standing solid electrolyte (SE)/binder composite sheets as ASSB separators. We investigate three different sulfidic solid electrolyte systems (Li6PS5Cl, Li7P3S11 and Li10SnP2S12) in combination with a hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR). By means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the influence of separator composition and processing on the ionic sheet conductivity is evaluated. Independent of the solid electrolyte material, a reduction by a factor of three compared to the pristine powder conductivity at 70 MPa operation pressure and by a factor of eight compared to the maximum powder conductivity is observed. This can be attributed to the addition of the ionically isolating binder, which however is necessary for the production of freestanding sheets. We show the beneficial effect of pre-compressing the sheets to little porosity values on the apparent sheet conductivity. Lastly, we investigate and decouple the influence of fabrication and operating cell pressure on the produced separator sheets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water has now become the standard process solvent for graphite-based anodes, eliminating the use of toxic and costly N-Methylpyrrolidone (NMP) in anode manufacturing. Ideally, water could also become the standard for cathodes; however, water-based processing of NMC cathode materials induces lithium leaching, which reduces their specific capacity and leads to capacity fade. Here, we demonstrate that leached lithium ions can be exploited during aqueous slurry preparation to create a Li-containing polymer binder that enables cathode performance comparable to those fabricated using NMP. Specifically, we show that leached lithium ions from LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC 811) particles react with polyacrylic acid (PAA) to form a lithium polyacrylate (LPA) surface coating and binder. Because the resulting LPA binder is water soluble, aqueous-based recycling of the cathode particles is feasible and over 90% capacity retention is shown in recycled material after 100 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resource recovery of the slurry in septic tanks around the cities should be a promising and sustainable approach. However, the amorphous form of the slurry and safety of use put a big challenge on land use of the wastes. This study aimed to transform the slurry into sanitary, nutrient-rich granules and assess the environmental and health risks from land use in agriculture. The granules' impact on soil fertility, plant growth, heavy metal accumulation, pathogenic bacteria and soil bacterial communities was evaluated in field experiments with radish as a test crop. The granules were found to be rich in essential nutrients and hygienically safe; Pb, Cu, Ni, and Zn concentrations were much lower than regulatory limits for land use of sewage sludge. Cd, Hg, As, and Cr were not detected in granules. Application of granules at 30 t/ha and 60 t/ha significantly improved soil quality and increased crop yield by up to 176 ± 14 %. The supplement ratio was significantly negatively correlated with the soil bulk density and positively correlated with the soil porosity, organic matter, and humus in soil. Heavy metals in crops remained within safe limits, with minor variations observed. Soil porosity, ammonium nitrogen, and organic matter were the main environmental factors driving bacterial community differences and causing significant shifts towards beneficial bacterial families, enhancing soil health by suppressing harmful pathogens. This research underscores the potential of septic tank slurry granules to improve soil quality and support sustainable land use, offering valuable insights for urban waste management strategies. [Display omitted] • Septic tank slurry was successfully converted into sanitary, nutrient-rich granules. • The field use of the granules notably improved soil fertility and physical properties. • Environmental and health risks from the sustainable land use of granules were discussed. • Heavy metals in granules had little effect on the soil and plants after land use of granules. • Bacterial communities shifted to beneficial bacteria, boosting soil health by reducing pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pasture-based beef systems can provide cattle slurry and grass silage for anaerobic digestion (AD). However, sustainable production of these feedstocks within a livestock farm presents challenges. This study examined the farmland area required to provide slurry and grass silage for a 40 GWh biomethane plant, quantified greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction and analyzed digestate management. Results indicated that 130 farms of 50 ha and a livestock unit (LU) of 2.1 LU/ha were required to meet the feedstock requirements of the AD plant. Assigning 15 % of the farmland to produce grass silage for AD decreased GHG emissions by 24 % compared to conventional beef farming. Depending on soil nutrient status, returning digestate to the farmland reduced the application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers by up to 65 %, 33 % and 56 %, respectively. Future research should analyze the economic implication of biomethane production from these feedstocks at farm and supply chain scales. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short extraction of metallic titanium by the electrochemical reduction process in molten salt has attracted increasing interest due to its many advantages. The electrolysis of high-purity titanium to produce lower valence titanium chlorides has so far been industrialized as balancing agents but large-scale production is still challenging due to the high cost of raw materials and easy deterioration. Herein, metallic titanium was extracted from lower valence titanium chlorides (LTCs) slurries by electrochemical reduction in molten salts. The results of LTC slurries at 260 ºC for 48 h revealed the formation of red-violet α - and γ - TiCl 3 with an Al content below 0.09 wt%, which gradually reduced to form metallic titanium in molten salt electrolytes. Porous metallic Ti powders were obtained from TiCl 3 by electrochemical reduction in KCl-LiCl-MgCl 2 molten salt at 400 °C. The reaction at the anode area was accompanied by TiCl 4 gas overflow, and continuous electrolysis of metallic titanium was achieved by supplementing the consumed TiCl 3. Overall, the proposed electrolysis process looks promising for large-scale applications due to its simple electrolysis equipment, relatively stable electrolyte components, and good product quality, thereby worth further future investigation. [Display omitted] • A new process for preparing metallic Ti from LTC slurries was successfully developed. • Atmospheric distillation can effectively separate TiCl 4 and AlCl 3 from LTC slurries to obtain pure TiCl 3. • The TiCl 3 raw material can be directly electrolyzed to yield high-quality metal titanium powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is generally concerned that the issues such as mass transport and volume activity resulted from photocatalyst immobilization will undesirably slow photocatalytic reactions. Although certain strategies imitating slurry suspension have been proposed, the photon utilization is evidently lower than the dispersed counterparts. We here review a recently proposed approach to photocatalyst immobilization by cognizing the time constants for the electronic processes and mass transport occurred in actual photocatalytic reaction. By virtue of effective separation of oxidation and reduction half-reactions, the photocatalytic fixed bed reactions formed by anchoring photocatalysts onto the smooth internal wall of the light incident side of the reactors can be superior to slurry suspension in photon utilization. The scalable photocatalytic fixed bed reactions in mineralization of contaminants in wastewater and air, and CO oxidation in hydrogen streams for lossless purification are also reviewed. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bad-odor gases emitted from swine manure slurry are a global concern because of their detrimental effects on human health and animal welfare. We sprayed odor-removing microbe-loaded surfactant foam (biofoam) directly on the manure slurry surface to suppress NH 3 (major odor component in slurry) emissions. Two subsequent experiments were conducted: a feasibility test in a tank and a field manure slurry pit test. The biofoam was sprayed directly onto the slurry once per day. The biofoam sprayed once on the slurry was stable for 20–24 h on the slurry. In the feasibility test tank, 99%–100% NH 3 emissions were suppressed for 72 h, and a 61%–89% reduction in NH 3 emissions was obtained for 72 h from the field manure slurry pit. The biofoam successfully blocked NH 3 emissions. The NH 3 reduction efficiency of the biofoam was consistently related to its stability on the surface of the manure slurry. The long-lasting surfactant foam is a good physical suppression cover for reducing NH 3 release into the environment. After 72 h, NH 3 slowly began to be emitted; nevertheless, the emission was much lower than that of the control. The tiny bubbles that formed after the foam broke still acted as an odor-suppression barrier. Moreover, NH 3 -reducing microbes loaded onto the surfactant foam degraded NH 3 from the manure slurry, and a 34%-63% reduction in NH 3 emission was attributed to biological effects after the foam was broken. Overall, NH 3 emissions were reduced directly by the biofoam surface covering the manure slurries, the formation of a thin encapsulation layer on the slurry surface, and the activity of spontaneously added microbes. The developed method is a promising odor-reducing technique for swine manure. [Display omitted] • Biofoam spray is a promising odor-reducing technique that forms a slurry surface. • The developed method is a promising odor-reducing technique for swine manure. • NH 3 emissions were reduced by the biofoam surface covering the manure slurries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology. Social Sciences Edition / Haerbin Gongye Daxue Xuebao. Shehui Kexue Ban is the property of Harbin Institute of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology. Social Sciences Edition / Haerbin Gongye Daxue Xuebao. Shehui Kexue Ban is the property of Harbin Institute of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Natural convective heat transfer of Fe3O4/graphite slurry in a square cavity is numerically examined. The slurry is assumed to be a non-Newtonian ferrofluid under a variable external magnetic field. The left and right walls of the cavity are assumed to be at a relatively low temperature (Tc), while the horizontal walls are thermally insulated. A heat source with a variable temperature distribution is located at the bottom of the enclosure. The non-Newtonian behavior of the graphite slurry (a mixture of ethylene glycol and graphite powder) has been modelled using experimental results. The control volume method and the SIMPLE algorithm were used to discretize and solve the governing equations considering the Ferro-hydrodynamics (FHD), the Magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) and the non-Newtonian fluid behavior. The heat transfer and fluid flow properties are determined for different locations of the magnetic field source, and different values of the magnetic number (Kelvin force), and the Hartmann number (Lorentz force). The results show that when the magnetic field source is located below the enclosure and near the heat source, the vortices are strengthened resulting in an increased heat transfer. The heat transfer rate is affected by FHD and MHD. When the magnetic field source is located at the corner points, the heat transfer rate is not significantly affected by the magnetic and Hartmann numbers. However, once the magnetic field source is located near the central point of the lower wall of the enclosure, the heat transfer rate is influenced by the increase of the magnetic number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study replicated the surface of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) microstructures by centrifugal filling to improve the performance of solid oxide fuel cells. A slurry with YSZ nanoparticles were filled with centrifugal force in polymer replica mold, solvent dried, and then transferred and sintered onto a bulk YSZ electrolyte plate. 3 m-pitch pillar structure was successfully replicated with a centrifugal acceleration of 2,500 G, and the polarization resistance of the electrodes was reduced by approximately 25%. Similarly, a line-and-space structure was formed to investigate the structure dependence, and resistance reduction was confirmed. Furthermore, a distribution relaxation time analysis confirmed that the reduction in resistance was due to decreasing tortuosity factor of YSZ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores experience in industry and academia to describe indications and warnings that will alert one to the myths and helps in solving them. It mentions about several methodologies exist for solving problems including provides one version of the classic formula. It discusses about the solid management support to develop and demonstrate solutions, saving large and complex capital expenditures.

In order to improve the level of solid waste comprehensive utilization and reduce the cost of filling raw materials for mining, a study is carried out on the preparation of cementing agents (CA) for underground mine filling using secondary smelting water-granulated nickel slag (SWNS) as the main raw material. The mechanical properties test, X-ray diffraction (XRD), flourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric/differential scanning calorimeter (DSC-TG), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and other test methods were used to study the working performance and mechanical properties of the cemented paste backfill (CPB) material, and the types of hydration products, micro-morphology and hydration characteristics of CA of SWNS for CPB material were analyzed. The results show that when the ratio of CA used for CPB material is SWNS:cement clink (CC):Na 2 SO 4 :flue gas desulphurization gypsum (FGDG):carbide slag (CS) = 85:2:3:5:5, the binder content on dry basis of tailings (CA/iron ore tailings (IOT)) 1:4, the slurry concentration 82%, and the addition of 0.156% PC water-reducer, the static compressive strength of CPB material 28 days is 7.94 MPa, which is 57% higher under dynamic loading conditions than that under static loading, the tensile strength is increased by 72%, and the shear strength is increased by 127%, which meets the strength requirements of CPB materials used in underground mines. CA of SWNS is a CPB material containing glass phase and crystalline materials. Under the action of various activators, it can participate in the hydration reaction, and the main hydration products are ettringite (AFt) and hydrated aluminosilicate gel material (C–M–S–H) containing Ca2+ and Mg2+; (C–M–S–H) is the main source of strength in the later stage of CPB material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underwater mining systems for mining polymetallic nodules use various transport systems through submersible pumps that can span across subsea platforms (i.e., flexible risers and subsea structures), despite the role of concentration of the medium, shape, and size of the particle and conduit. The crushing unit determines the particle's shape and size, which plays a vital role in transportation (slurry ores) in the subsea environment. The National Institute of Ocean Technology is currently working on a flexible riser transport system. The collected nodules vary in size, and the majority of the nodules are nearly spherical/spheroid in shape with sizes ranging from 3 to 7 cm (Vineesh et al., 2009). The planned vertical slurry transport pipe/flexible hose has an internal diameter of 10 cm for better handling, favorable flow rate, and peak pressure capabilities. The collected nodules are fragmented using a crusher to less than 3 cm (1/3 of the hose inner diameter) to form narrow particle size distribution to prevent layering of the different particle sizes and plug formation by the larger particles during vertical slurry transport. Impact tests were conducted with actual wet nodules of various sizes, using different striker shapes in a drop weight tester to assess the size of the crusher, design the impact surfaces, and estimate the power required. The tests were conducted in submerged conditions to assess the actual load and breakage results. The objective was to maintain low crusher power and have minimal fragmentation to the desired sizes. Single-particle breakage tests were conducted on irregular polymetallic nodules using customized drop-weight impact equipment and a uniaxial compression testing machine to analyze the effect of shape and size on the specific comminution energy (SCE) of three different particle sizes (i.e., 4-5 cm, 5-6 cm, 6-7 cm). Furthermore, to understand the deformation behavior of the nodules, experiments are performed with different types of strikers (i.e., hemisphere, conical, and flat). The breakage behavior of ore particles with different particle arrangements and SCE were studied in the tests. Experimental studies indicate that the shape of particles significantly affected the impact-loading mode and the breakage progress. With the increase in the size of particles, the SCE for wet particles decreases for a fixed fraction of particles. Regulating the input power of the crushing machinery and optimizing the crushing technology, considering the influence of particle shape and size, can reduce the SCE consumption and improve energy efficiency. Results reveal that the shape of the striker has a pronounced effect on the SCE in dry, wet, and submerged water test conditions. Compared to wet particles, submerged water conditions show a noticeable increase in SCE consumption due to the associated drag inside water conditions. Our results develop reference data sets required to understand the fragmentation of particles due to intricate crushing and transporting in a submerged environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnesium hydroxide aqueous suspensions were prepared over a wide range of different types of dispersants with different dosages percentage. The effect of dispersant types and dispersant dosages on the rheological behavior and stability of magnesium hydroxide aqueous suspensions have been investigated by means of viscosity, sedimentation measurements, flowability, Total organic carbon (TOC) and zeta potential. The results showed that considering the four types of dispersants, Calcium lignosulfonate (Ca-lig) enhance the viscosity and flowability of the slurry the most. Also it decreases the pH of slurry. The study gives insights on important application process optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon fabric is proposed as the electrode support instead of Cu foil as the current collector in the fabrication of Si-anode, in order to prevent electrode pulverization during cell charge/discharge. Polyvinylpyrrolidone is used as a suitable dispersant to improve the anode slurry's compatibility with the carbon fabric and final uniform distribution of the anode materials. The anode with added dispersant exhibits a lower resistance, and the constructed cell presents a higher capacity than that without dispersant in the anode (3561 vs 2755 mAh g-1) in the first charge/discharge cycle under a current of 420 mA g-1. After charge/discharge for 150 cycles, the stress from repeated formation/deformation of the solid-electrolyte interface layer only breaks a part of the fibers in the carbon fabric, while acceptable structural integrity is maintained in the anode. Interestingly, the added dispersant enhances both the uniform distribution of nano-Si electrode materials and the anode's conductivity, while diminishing the fabric damage during charge/discharge cycles. This is attributed to the smaller, well-deagglomerated nano-Si particles that are better at sustaining the stress caused by cell charge/discharge, and also the binding force from the dispersant to reinforce the carbon fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to fabricate functionally graded dental crown using a multi-slurry tape casting additive manufacturing technology. The different luminescence of the dental crown was obtained with different composition of zirconia and yttria. Zirconia with tunable mechanical properties and translucency are obtained by adding 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, and 5 mol% of yttrium oxide to zirconia powder. After obtaining the printable slurry with maximum solid loading, the green bodies are prepared using the in-house built high-speed multi-ceramic tape casting technology. They are later sintered with two-stage sintering method. After the successful fabrication, the mechanical properties and translucency of the specimens were evaluated with Vickers hardness, three-point bending and translucency parameter tests. Finally, an FGM tooth crown with five photocurable slurries is proposed to demonstrate the translucent gradient effect of sintered part. The solid loading of 80% zirconia and 20% resin delivered samples without any surface cracks. The shrinkage ratio analysis showed that the sintered sample dimension was reduced by 20%, 20%, and 23% along X, Y, and Z directions. The samples fabricated with 3% yttrium oxide to zirconia delivered excellent hardness (1687 HV) and flexural strength (650.6 MPa). However, the relative luminescence increased with increasing the yttrium oxide for 3–5 mol%. With the optimized process parameters, the proposed dental crown is fabricated and analyzed for their shrinkage ratio, mechanical, and translucency properties. The study proposes the potential of fabricating customized dental crown with gradient translucent appearance. [Display omitted] • The multi-slurry tape casting 3D printer is self-designed and developed. • Samples are 3D printed with different zirconia and yttrium oxide compositions. • Effect of composition on the shrinkage, hardness, flexural strength is examined. • Tailorable translucency was achieved different zirconia and Y 2 O 3 compositions. • The study finds application in customizable translucency dental crowns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]