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Dental morbidities associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) include an increased prevalence of periodontal diseases (PDs). However, the occurrence of periapical infections in DM has not been sufficiently documented in the literature. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of periapical abscesses (PAs) in type 1 DM (T1DM) patients, type 2 DM (T2DM) patients, and nondiabetics in a hospital-based population. We conducted a cross-sectional study by accessing the University of Florida Health Integrated Data Repository, and diagnoses of T1DM, T2DM, and PA were obtained from queries using the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision. The following parameters were recorded: age, sex, and race. A logistic regression model for aggregated data was used to assess the association between the occurrence of PA and the diabetic groups (T1DM, T2DM, and nondiabetic groups) after adjusting for PDs and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Among 867,526 patients, we found 5260 (0.6%) with T1DM and 52,493 (6.1%) with T2DM. The prevalence of PAs in the total hospital population was 4923 (0.6%), 102 patients (1%) with T1DM and 766 (6%) with T2DM with statistically significant differences. In subjects without PDs, diabetic patients are almost 3 times likely to have PAs compared with nondiabetic subjects. Among subjects with PDs, the association is weaker (odds ratio = 1.35) but still significant at a level of 0.05. In subjects without CVD, DM subjects are greater than 3 times more likely to have PA, whereas among subjects with CVD, subjects with DM are 1.5 times more likely to have PA. A higher prevalence of PAs was reported in diabetic patients compared with the other hospital population. Comprehensive dental treatment should be administered to diabetic patients to maximize glycemic control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic disease commonly detected in older aged patients with female predominance. Treatment of OLP in diabetic and hypertensive patients usually shows some difficulties which require a more safe and effective treatment modality such as Photodynamic therapy (PDT). The current study aims to evaluate the role of PDT in treating OLP in diabetic and hypertensive patients. We evaluated the role of PDT in treating erosive OLP of type 2 diabetic and hypertensive patients. The following parameters were evaluated for each case at the time zero, after2 weeks, and 4 weeks of the study: subjective responses, objective responses, and the size of the lesion. Our study included 9 diabetic and 7hypertensive patients with an age range of 30:60 years old. There were statistically significant differences between the diabetic and hypertensive patients in the objective response, area of ulceration, and the area of erythema at the end of the 4th week of the study (p <0.05). PDT is an effective treatment modality for diabetic and hypertensive patients with no side effects or patient discomfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xeroderma pigmentosum is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder with impaired ability to repair DNA damage. Detection of the intraoral benign and malignant lesion in Xeroderma pigmentosum is uncommon, and the reported few cases were in the lip and tip of the tongue which are related to ultraviolet light exposure. We present a case of 20 years old male with erythematous to violet, painless and shiny papule at the right side of the tongue. The lesion was surgically excised while the histopathological examination of the lesion showed focally eroded and hyperplastic stratified squamous epithelial covering with underlying capillary sized blood vessel filled with RBCs and lined by endothelium with no atypia or malignancy. Oral angiokeratoma is a rare disease in patient with Xeroderma pigmentosum that should be early detected and diagnosed to decrease the liability for malignant transformation. Health case workers should be aware of the nature of the disease, protection of the patient from ultraviolet light as well as Frequent follow up of the patients for a better quality of life. • The management of XP complications, especially orofacial manifestations, represents a considerable challenge to healthcare providers. • Angiokeratomas are vascular malformations of capillaries in the form of single or multiple keratotic papules and/or plaques. • Health case workers should be aware of disease's nature and the follow up of the patient for a better of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have indicated that cases of HPV-associated squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the oropharynx and the oral cavity are on the rise. However, the distribution of human papilloma virus (HPV) in different sites of the oral cavity affected by oral SCC (OSSC) has not been well characterized. The present study was designed to investigate the anatomic sites of HPV-16 infection associated with OSCC in the oral cavity and correlate HPV-16 positivity with tumor suppressor gene expression and clinical/pathologic features of OSCC. The archives of oral pathology at the University of Florida College of Dentistry were accessed for demographic, clinical, and histologic data of 97 OSCC cases, and their histologic slides were obtained under the approved institutional review board protocol. Histologic specimens were stained for HPV-16 by immunohistochemistry (IHC), and the positive samples were further analyzed for HPV DNA by in situ hybridization (ISH). Ninety-seven patients with OSCC comprising 53 (54.63%) males and 44 (45.36%) females with ages ranging from 40 to 95 years were included. Twenty (20.6%) had a history of smoking, and 16 (16.49%) drank alcohol; the information for the rest of the sample was unavailable. The oral sites of OSCC include the following: gingiva 34 (35%), palate 25 (25.77%), tongue 16 (16.49%), buccal mucosa 14 (14.43%), and floor of the mouth 8 (8.24%). The degree of OSCC differentiation showed 34 (35%) for well differentiated, 32 (32.98%) for moderately differentiated, and 31 (31.95%) for poorly differentiated. Of 14 p16-positive cases detected by IHC (14.43%), 12 (85%) were positive for ISH specific for HPV DNA. The tongue and the palate showed the highest prevalence of HPV-related OSCC (4 of 16 [25%] and 6 of 25 [24%], respectively), followed by the gingiva (4 of 34 [12%]). Strong positivity for p16 detected by IHC and HPV DNA by ISH was found in well and moderately differentiated OSSC (7 of 34 [20%] and 5 of 32 [15%], respectively). Our study identified 14% of cases of OSCC to be associated with HPV, with the tongue and the palate being the most prevalent sites. This finding may indicate that the route of the viral transmission for OSCC may be similar to the one associated with oropharyngeal cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research in travel behavioural studies have shown that social forces play a significant role in travel decision making like socio-economic factors. Several studies have tested models with different subjective variables to investigate their effects on travel behaviour. Understanding the influence of social norm and personal norm on travel mode choice preference is essential in promoting sustainable travel, considering the reported importance of these social forces in decision-making. This study draws upon the theories underpinning these sociological constructs and the integrated choice and latent variable (ICLV) framework to develop an ICLV model by incorporating social norm and personal norm as latent variables to investigate their impact on transport mode choice decisions. The results of the ICLV model is consistent with the findings in similar studies and extend the literature in transport mode choice modelling. The results indicate that internalised norms or personal norms have a significant influence on individual behaviour, and positively influence travel behaviour. This strengthens the claim that activated norms and pro-environmental behaviour (PEB) influence overt behaviour by inducing a sense of obligations to act. The results also suggest that individuals with pro-environmental attitude are likely to travel with sustainable travel modes. Thus, reinforcing the importance of sociological and psychological factors in decision-making. Unlike studies involving social norms and personal norms, this research is novel because it applies the ICLV framework to empirically investigate the impact of these sociological constructs on travel mode choice behaviour by incorporating them as latent variables in an ICLV model. The contribution of this study to the literature is that it shows that personal norm has a substantial positive impact on sustainable travel. The impact of this study could be situated in the framework of sustainable transport. The findings are relevant for policymaking, the development of policies meant to create awareness of the consequences of travel behaviour could promote the development of strong personal norms, and consequently influence travel decision making. This can be useful for promoting sustainable travel as the findings shed light on the characteristics of individuals most likely to travel by active modes or PT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease. There is no standard treatment modality for OLP. Recently, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been advocated as a new treatment modality for OLP. The aim of the present study is to compare the effect of PDT using methylene blue (MB) as a photosensitizer to the effect of topical corticosteroids in the treatment of erosive OLP lesions. Our study included 20 patients with erosive OLP. Patients were divided into two groups. The study group included 10 patents which received MB-PDT. Patients were instructed to use MB as mouth path for 5 min. After 10 min, we applied focal red light on OLP lesions (wavelength 660 nm, Intensity 100−130 m W/cm2) for 2 min. The PDT was applied twice a week for four weeks. In the control group, 10 patients were instructed to apply topical betamethasone valerate ointment 100 mg on OLP lesion three times per day for four weeks. Subjective, objective scores and lesion size were recorded at time zero, after 2 weeks and after 4 weeks from the start of treatments. Both groups showed statistically significant differences between time zero and the 4th week of treatment in subjective, objective scores and the area of the lesions. MB-PDT showed a higher degree of improvement than topical corticosteroids between time zero and the 4th week of treatment. Photodynamic therapy can be used as a treatment for erosive OLP. PDT offers improvement of OLP subjective and objective scores without major side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]