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Invasive surgical procedures in the oral cavity inevitably cause trauma to the soft and hard tissues. The healing process in the oral cavity tissue occurs in a complex manner involving different types of cells, maturation process, and the time of healing. Salvadora persica (miswak) has been found to exert various positive effects on the oral cavity, including antimicrobial, anti-gingivitis, anti-cariogenic, gingival healing, and teeth whitening properties. This study aims to investigate the potential of miswak as an adjunctive therapy in promoting wound healing. 30 live Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. The rats' mandibular first molar tooth was extracted, and an incision wound was made on the tongue. The extraction socket and incision wound were irrigated using normal saline and different concentrations of locally processed miswak plant extracts (0.05%, 10%, and 20%) for 7 days. The rats were sacrificed for gross examination of the tooth socket and tongue healing. Both soft tissue and alveolar bone were examined microscopically. Complete closure of the incision wound was observed on all rats' tongues; miswak groups showed better wound healing than control and placebo groups in the oral mucosa overlying the alveolar bones. 0.05% and 20% miswak extracts showed prominent wound healing effects in the sagittal sections of the tongue, with moderate formation of connective tissue under the wound site and notable wound contraction. The 20% miswak extract group showed the highest percentage of healed oral mucosa on the alveolar bone and higher bone deposition at the alveolar base. A concentration of 20% miswak extract enhances the initial phase of wound healing both in oral soft and hard tissues. Miswak extract at this concentration was not toxic to the tissues and had potential therapeutic effects in oral tissue healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the effectiveness of 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) and a Salvadora persica (SP)-based mouthwash in reducing periodontal inflammation and whole salivary interleukin (IL)-1B levels after non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) in young light cigarette-smokers. It states that the regimen is ineffective as indicated compared with never-smokers. Also noted are the global high oral disease risks posed by cigarette smoking, and the issue of poor oral hygiene maintenance (OHM).

Cigarette smoke is associated with several diseased states including defects in reproductive behavior. Salvadora persica (S. persica) known as the toothbrush plant is reported to possess several pharmacological properties including antidepressants and anxiolytics. The present research was done to determine the libido-protective effect of S. persica in chronic cigarette smoke-exposed rats. The decoction of freshly dried roots of S. persica (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, oral) was administered to the chronic-cigarette smoke-exposed adult rats. The parameters related to libido were recorded using a close-camera circuit (CCTV). Serum corticosterone and testosterone levels were estimated. Further, the phytochemical constituents were identified in the decoction. The data obtained were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and significance was considered at p < 0.05. The observation from the study revealed that cigarette smoke exposure reduces the sexual activity parameters significantly (p < 0.01), besides elevated the serum corticosterone and suppressed the testosterone levels in rats. Administration of S. persica at 200 mg/kg improved significantly (p < 0.05) the parameters related to libido. The decoction also reversed the changes in the levels of tested hormones in serum. The findings indicate that a 200 mg/kg S. persica decoction can protect libido in chronic cigarette smoke-exposed rats. The activity may be due to the presence of several phytoconstituents such as alkaloid, flavonoids and phytosterols that might produce vasodilatory effect in sex organs and enhance the synthesis of endogenous testosterone to improve libido characteristics weakened by chronic cigarette smoke exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvadora persica L. is also known as Arak (in Arabic) and Peelu (in Urdu). Its frequent use as a toothbrush (miswak) is highly recommended by Prophet Muhammad. With a long history in folk medicine for centuries, S. persica was used in oral hygiene, food, cosmetics, fuel, and even as a medicine. Previous phytochemical investigation of its different parts afforded different classes of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, glycosides, sterols, terpenes, carbohydrates and alkaloids. Organic sulfur-containing compounds and elemental sulfur are also present. In addition, there is a huge research on its biological potentials and industrial applications. Many pharmacological activities were reported experimentally, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, analgesic, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, sedative, anticonvulsant, anti-osteoporosis, antidiabetic, hypo-lipidemic, in addition to wound-healing, antidepressant and antitumor activities. Recently, a possible activity against COVID-19 protease was documented by molecular docking. This review tries to provide a recent detailed documentation of folk and modern uses of S. persica, focusing on the possible relations between its chemical constituents, pharmacological properties, and industrial applications. Moreover, a brief about recent analytical and validation methods for the major antimicrobial component is reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Root dentin is vulnerable to acid attack, suggesting a higher risk of demineralization than coronal enamel. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of Miswak extract on collagen degradation of demineralized dentin lesion. Demineralized bovine root dentin specimens were treated for 1 h by 20% Miswak extract and 0.12% Chlorehexidine (CHX) as a positive control group, and then subjected to collagenolytic attack (clostridium histolyticum 0.5 CDU/mL, 16 h). These cyclic treatments were repeated for 3 days. After the cyclic treatment, the images of the specimens were captured with a light microscope and the lesion depth of degraded collagen layer of all specimens was measured. The mean lesion depth was calculated and compared between the groups using descriptive and One-way ANOVA followed by Post hoc Tukey's tests. Significant level was set at p < 0.05. The mean lesion depth of CHX (28.6 ± 3.37 μm) had the least value, followed by Miswak (37.5 ± 4.01 μm) then the control (78.4 ± 18.43 μm) group. There was a significant difference in the mean lesion depth among the three groups (p = 0.000). Miswak aqueous extract from S. persica was found to preserve the dentin collagen matrix from collagenase enzyme. This could be due to the organic compounds like flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, and others which have been reported in literature. Present finding suggests that Miswak might play a positive effect in dentin caries prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effect of Salvadora persica , Zingiber officinale andCurcuma longa plant extracts for the treatment of Eimeria tenella infection in chickens. One hundred and fifty broiler chickens one-day-old were obtained from a commercial breeder and kept under strict hygienic conditions. The chicks were divided into five equal groups. The first group was kept as a negative control (uninfected/untreated), second group was infected with E. tenella (105) orally at 14 days of age (untreated), while the third group was infected with E. tenella (105) orally at 14 days of age, then treated with S. persica [900 mg/kg body weight (bw)] for 5 days. The fourth group was infected with E. tenella (105) orally at 14 days of age, then treated with Z. officinale (6 g/L) for 5 days and The fifth group was infected with E. tenella (105) orally at 14 days of age, then treated with C. longa (300 mg/kg bw) for 5 days. Treatment in all groups started after signs of infection appeared, i.e. from 18 to 22 days of age. There were significant decreases in Eimeria oocyst output in all treated groups from day 5 to 10 days post infection (dpi). The highest oocyst count occurred at 9 dpi and decreased on subsequent days. Red blood cell count (RBCs), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), and packed cell volume (PCV) showed significant decreases in the infection, Z. officinale and C. longa treated groups, but the S. persica treated group revealed non-significant changes in the first week after infection. The results of score lesion showed the highest lesion in the infected group with a significant decrease in the S. persica and C. longa groups; there was a non-significant decrease in the Z. officinale group. All the results were confirmed histopathologically. Treatment with herbal extracts of S. persica , Z. officinale and C. longa were effective in decreasing oocyst production and reducing the cecum lesion score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor oral health has been associated with several chronic and systemic disease. Currently, the most common method of teeth cleaning is the use of a toothbrush together with dentifrices. However, natural chewing stick such as S. persica miswak is still used in many developing countries due to their low cost and availability. The present review aims to summarize the evidences on effectiveness of miswak in promoting oral health. The search was performed using Medline via Ebscohost, Scopus and Google Scholar database to obtain relevant articles published between 2010 to May 2020 using the following set of keywords 1) Miswak OR Salvadora OR persica AND 2) dental OR caries OR plaque OR oral OR orthodontics. Isolated microbial inhibition studies were excluded from the review due to its well-established wealth of literature. Miswak was administered as ten different forms, namely mouthwash, toothpaste, chewing stick, essential oil, aqueous extract, ethanol extract, probiotic spray, dental varnish, dental cement or chewing gum. All studies reported a positive effect of miswak as an anti-plaque, anti-gingivitis, anti-cariogenic, promotion of gingival wound healing, whitening properties, orthodontic chain preservation, and biocompatibility with oral cells. Miswak in its different forms demonstrated positive effect towards oral health maintenance and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Miswak (Salvadora Persica) has been used widely as oral aid since Babylonians era. Many methods have been introduced to improve the patient's denture hygiene but few researches on methods for cleaning edentulous area and denture to treat denture induced stomatitis. This study assessed the use of miswak stick to reduce denture induce stomatitis inflammation. A qualitative interview and questionnaires was conducted to assess the experience of miswak stick used 15 patients suffered from denture induced stomatitis. In addition, the inflammation areas were assessed using clinical photograph for the assessment of inflammation degree and denture stomatitis classification changes and compared with control group (using toothbrush). Four weeks' result showed, no ulceration seen on the mucosa and edentulous arch. There was more than 50% (Mean=55.6%, SD±24.6%) reduction of inflammation surface area and redness. Patient with class 1 and 2 Newton's classification showed significant inflammation reduction more than 50% with 36.4% (Mean=20%, SD±9.9%) and 18.2% (Mean=20%, SD±9.9%). Patient also presented changes of the Newton's classification (n=26.7%). There is no significant different between using miswak vs conventional technique using toothbrush (p<0.05). Patients gave positive feedbacks of miswak on edentulous area as denture cleaning aid. In conclusion, miswak stick can be recommended as alternative oral care aid for edentulous patients and denture care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amprolium is one of the veterinary pharmaceuticals that has been widely used as antibacterial agents and as a growth promoter in livestock, it can produce chronic adverse actions that could affect many organisms and humans. In this study, Salvadora persica stem ash and roots were used as biosorbent for the removal of Amprolium hydrochloride (AMP) from aqueous systems. The effect of different parameters such as the initial concentration of AMP, pH, contact time, and adsorbent dosage were investigated. Maximum removal efficiency reached 98% and 96% for S. persica roots and seeds ash, respectively at pH = 7 and contact time of 40 min. Isothermal studies indicated that the AMP removal correlates more with the Freundlich isotherm model. S. persica roots exhibit better removal efficiency than S. persica seeds ash under all the studied parameters. This study shows that S. persica is efficient in removing AMP from water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvadora persica L. is a medicinal plant distributed in desert and subtropical regions. In Rabigh, the few persisting populations of this plant are exposed to overcutting, overgrazing and, recently, human habitation. The conservation of S. persica requires an assessment of their genetic diversity and genetic differentiation. We applied 40 simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers, with which 22 polymorphic loci were identified. The PIC values were varied between 0.858 and 0.967. 240 plant accessions were sampled from four sites in Rabigh: Wadi EL Khaneg, Wadi Al Johfa, Wadi Al Hakak, and Wadi Khurieba. The percentage of polymorphic loci PPL% were ranged between 60% and 32% and a considerable inbreeding value (F = 0.942). Elevated genetic differentiation among the populations and a low gene migration suggest isolation among S. persica populations. Several recommendations for the protection of the existing populations, including seed preservation, restoration of highly endangered sites, and management of cutting and grazing activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human infection with parasites is still one of the big problems worldwide. Medicinal plants succeeded to overcome a variety of protozoan and helminthic parasites. In this study, Salvadora persica root extracts (SE) were used to treat helminthosis and coccideosis. Three doses were used (200, 100 and 50 mg/ml) to study the anthelmintic activity of S. persica. Allolobophora caliginosa was used as a model worm. Also, Albendazole was used as a reference drug. In order to study the anticoccideal activity of SE, a group of mice were infected with Eimeria papillata sporulated oocysts. Experimental mice were treated with SE (300 mg/Kg) for 5 days. The extract was able to decrease the number of meronts and gamonts of the parasite in jejunum. Also, it regulates the level of glutathione and malondialdehyde and the activity of catalase as well. We conclude that S. persica possesses a powerful Anthelmintic, anticoccidial and antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Miswak sticks commonly derived from Salvadora persica, has been extensively used as oral hygiene aids since ancient times. The antimicrobial effect of miswak is proven to reduce denture induced stomatitis in denture wearers. Dentures need to be cleaned to maintain its aesthetics and prevent candida growth. The selection of denture cleaning aids and methods are crucial as not to compromise the physical properties of the denture base, namely poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA). A study was conducted to assess the two-dimensional (2D) mechanical brushing effects towards the PMMA denture base materials. Nine PMMA samples sized 20x20x5mm were prepared and sent for scanning electron microscopy tests (SEM) prior to any tests as baseline record. All samples were mechanically brushed using toothbrushing simulator machine and the brush materials are miswak, soft toothbrush and soft toothbrush with toothpaste. The samples were brushed for 17800 and 53400 strokes to simulate one and three years of mechanical brushing before the second SEM. SEM micrographs were examined and interpreted descriptively. After mechanical brushing, the sample surfaces demonstrated multiple layers of 2D grooves on the brushed areas. Soft toothbrush with toothpaste showed the most severe effect and the least effect was observed if brushed with miswak. This study concludes that miswak showed the least effect with minimal grooves on the surface of PMMA plates after three years of mechanical brushing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Previously, the antimicrobial activity of Salvadora persica was traced to benzyl isothiocyanate. In the present study known inactive compounds were isolated from extracts obtained by different solvents including β -amyrin, β -sitosterol, stigmasterol glucoside, benzyl cyanide and sulphur. However, some inactive compounds were present only in the ethanol and methanol extracts. This observation indicated that these compounds most likely are artifacts resulted from interaction with the solvents used in extraction. Pure benzyl isothiocyanate was kept with different solvents for 72 h and after TLC study they were heated under reflux for 8 h to explore the possibility of interactions. Only solvents with OH groups reacted with benzyl isothiocyanate and gave products similar to those isolated from the alcohol extracts. In conclusion extraction of S. persica with hydroxylated solvents will alter the structure of the active compound benzyl isothiocyanate and leads to loss of antimicrobial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Miswak is a teeth cleaning twig made from a twig of the Salvadora Persica tree in Islamic hygienically jurisprudence. The beneficial effects of Miswak in respect of oral hygiene and dental health are partly due to its mechanical action and partly due to pharmacological actions. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Salvadora Persica (Miswak) extracts on alveolar bone healing after tooth extraction in rats. Miswak were grinded into powder. Then two extracts were performed, 96% ethanol extract and aqueous extract. 2ml of the extract from each group were mixed with 4ml of gel as vehicle delivery (2ml pectin 4% & 2ml KI5M) separately. Eighteen rats were used, divided into three groups six rats for each, two experimental and one control groups. All animals were anesthetized, and dental anesthesia was injected locally. The upper right central incisor was extracted, and then sockets were filled with gels containing the Miswak extracts while the control groups filled with the gel alone. The findings indicate that local application of Salvadora Persica would effectively preserve the residual alveolar bone by promoting bone formation in the extraction socket through acceleration of the healing process in rat's teeth socket. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel, stable and inexpensive biosorbent@polymer composite was synthesized by coupling of the biosorbent (Salvadora persica roots, SPR) with polyhydroxy polyurethane foam (PPF). The SPR@PPF was characterized using different tools. It was clear that the surface of SPR@PPF contained nanocrystals particle dispersed in the amorphous phase and also contained 2.4 and 1.0 mmol/g of acidic and basic sites. Thermogravimetric curve showed two endothermic peaks at 304 and 396°C due to the cupling of SPR@PPF. The morphology (surface area, pore volume and pore radius) of SPR@PPF are 34.6 m 2 /g, 0.053 cm 3 /g and 15.4 Ǻ, respectively. The SPR@PPF has successfully utilized in removing of brilliant green (BrG; basic dye) and brilliant blue (BrB; acidic dye) from both acidic and alkaline wastewater. The SPR@PPF was proven efficient for the complete removal of BrG and BrB with a sorption capacity of 202.7 and 142.4 mg/g at pH values of 5–7 and 1–2, respectively. Sorption rate constant values ( k 1 ) are 0.09 and 0.23 min −1 and half-life ( t 1/2 ) are 11 and 4.3 min and the removal process is spontaneous (Δ G is −3.75 kJ/mol). The results sustained the suitability of SPR@PPF as efficient sorbent for the dyes removing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benzyl isothocyanate is the major active antibacterial metabolite in Salvadora persica roots "Siwak" beside two minor isothiocyanate derivatives namely; 3-methoxy benzyl isothiocyanate and 3-hydroxy benzyl isothiocyanate. The extraction condition effect on the amount of benzyl isothiocyanate was explored in detailed study. Both cold and hot extraction with different solvents was applied. The amount of benzyl isothiocyanate was estimated using HPLC and HPTLC. The results indicated that cold extraction of the fresh samples with chloroform offers the maximum amount of benzyl isothiocyanate. Drying process leads to great loss of the active component of Siwak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethanol and hexane extracts of Salvadora persica against common oral pathogens. Materials and methods Well diffusion, Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), and Broth microdilution tests were used to determine the optimum antimicrobial concentrations of S. persica extracts against Streptococcus mutans ( S. mutans ), Streptococcus sanguis ( S. sanguis ), and Streptococcus salivarius ( S. salivarius ) over 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h. Chlorhexidine (CHX) 0.2% was used as a positive control. Results The findings showed that the microbial activity of both extracts was concentration-dependent. Ethanol extract of S. persica at 25, 50, and 100 mg/ml had more growth inhibitory effect against all isolates compared to hexane extract. In addition, ethanol extract at 8 mg/ml (MBC value) was able to eradicate the growth of all isolates. S. sanguis and S. salivarius were very sensitive to hexane extract and required 4 mg/ml (MBC value) for their eradication while S. mutans was the most resistant (MBC = 8 mg/ml).The statistical findings of CFU counts showed no significant difference ( p = 1.000) in antibacterial effectiveness between the two extracts against all isolates. A significant decline overtime in CFU counts was noted, except at 12 h and 24 h where no significant difference ( p = 0.793) was observed and was comparable to CHX. Conclusion Ethanol and hexane extracts of S. persica were found to exhibit maximum antimicrobial activity against S. mutans , S. sanguis and S. salivarius at high concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvadora persica L., also known as the toothbrush tree (Miswak), has been used since ancient times as a chewing stick for oral hygiene. Miswak is a natural source of many unique phytochemicals, which are described by traditional medicine as a remedy for various disease symptoms with beneficial properties. The availability and richness of biologically active compounds and minerals, related to oral and dental health, in Miswak makes it a superior tool for oral hygiene and a barrier against general pathogens that enter the human body through the mouth. This study investigates the presence of antimicrobial agents in Miswak extracts based on their polarity in different solvents. The results show that Miswak contains more than one type of antimicrobial agent that inhibits the growth of both gram positive and negative bacteria. The zone of inhibition for three different extracts was measured in Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , Lactobacillus acidophilus , Streptococcus mutans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; the results show a strong antimicrobial activity in the aqueous extract and less activity in alcoholic and nonpolar extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main reason for endodontic failure is bacteria and chemical irrigation using chemicals in the form of irrigation has been deemed effective. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial effects of Salvadora persica extract as an endodontic irrigant and to compare it with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). In this study, stock solutions of 10 mg/ml of ethanolic Salvadora persica extract and 1% of sodium hypochlorite were serially diluted three times and then exposed to alamarBlue® cell viability testing on human gingival fibroblast cells. Antimicrobial investigations used Crystal violet assay and live/dead® Baclight™ assay on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E. faecalis biofilms followed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) imaging. The results were further analyzed using appropriate statistical tests. Values of p ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The Salvadora persica root extract was cytotoxic to gingival fibroblasts but significantly weaker than NaOCl at its highest concentration. Antimicrobial activity was observed for both irrigation solutions, but NaOCl has significantly stronger antimicrobial effects in the live/dead® assay. NaOCl could reduce the bacterial viability for both species more than Salvadora persica extract in the Crystal violet assay. There were limited effects of Salvadora persica extract on Pseudomonas aeruginosa; these effects were confirmed on CLSM images. Ethanolic Salvadora persica root extract demonstrated cytotoxic and antimicrobial effects that were significantly weaker than NaOCl exposure. These variations in effects might introduce the herbal extract as an alternative irrigant especially for regenerative endodontic treatments that require great care for cellular components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract: Aims: The use of natural plant extracts in pharmacology, medicine and dental hygiene has found a growing interest in modern scientific research. Salvadora persica is a natural tree whose fibrous branches have been approved by the World Health Organization for oral hygiene. Periodontitis is a highly prevalent adult gingival disease that leads to bone destruction and connective tissue attachment loss. The aim of this research was assessment the antimicrobial activities of methanolic extract of Salvadora persica (miswak) on isolated strains from the oral fluid. Methods: In practical section, 50 female university students (21.4 ± 1 year) participated in the study. Based on examination by a periodontist, they were grouped into (Group I, n = 21) and (Group II, n = 29) i.e. with and without periodontitis respectively. Their un-stimulated saliva samples were obtained in sterile tubes. While three bacterial genera, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Lactobacillus were identified in all subjects, Enterococcus and Escherichia were only detected in Group I. Results: A statistically significant difference in colonization levels between the two groups was observed. The effect of methanolic extract of S. persica against oral bacterial strains isolated from saliva was investigated using agar disc diffusion and microdilution methods. Although methanolic extract of S. persica was effective on growth inhibition of all strains, it was significantly more effective on Gram positive bacteria than Gram negative ones. Conclusions: Effective substances present in S. persica extracts, exhibit a broad range of antibacterial activity and affect almost all bacterial species regardless of the Gram-staining nature. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Effect of heating processes of Salvadora persica (Miswak) with different temperature (308, 378 and 523K) on the Miswak matrix was studied. Miswak after heating was characterized using different tools such as elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and scanning electron microscopy. The sorption properties of Miswaks behavior for removal of aniline blue from aqueous solution were investigated using a batch processes. The maximum uptake of aniline blue was found to be in pH range 1–2. The kinetic behavior of the sorption of the aniline blue was found to be fast with average values of half-life of sorption (t 1/2) of 30s. The equilibrium process is well described by the Freundlich isotherm model, which attributed to the heterogeneous surface structure of the Miswak. The average capacity of the Miswak material was 0.37mmol/g for aniline blue dye. The average values of thermodynamic parameters, ΔH and ΔG are −14.7 and −31.7kJ/mol, respectively. The sorption data indicates that the sorption of aniline blue onto Miswak proceed via both solvent extraction and ion association mechanism. Miswak was verified as a good biosorbent by aniline blue removal from wastewater. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Plants have been used for centuries to improve dental health and to promote oral hygiene, and this practice persists in several communities throughout the world. “Miswak” is an Arabic word meaning “tooth-cleaning stick,” and Salvadora persica miswak has a wide geographic distribution. It was used by ancient Arabs to whiten and polish the teeth. This review discusses the history and chemical composition of S. persica miswak and its influence on oral health, including the advantages and disadvantages of its use. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of an ethanolic Salvadora persica extract in removing the smear layer following a root canal procedure. Methods: Sixty extracted, single-rooted human teeth were cleaned, shaped, and divided into four groups. Experimental groups 1 (n =20) and 2 (n =20) were irrigated with 1mg/ml and 5mg/ml of S. persica, respectively. The positive controls (n =10) were irrigated with 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), while the negative controls (n =10) were irrigated with saline. Approximately 5ml of the irrigating solution was delivered into the root canals for 5min, and the final rinse was performed with 5ml of 1% sodium hypochlorite. Scanning electron microscopy was used to evaluate the endodontic smear layer removal at the coronal, middle, and apical thirds of the specimens. Results: A significant difference in smear layer removal between groups 1 and 2 at the coronal and middle thirds of the canal was observed, and no significant difference was seen between group 2 and the positive control at the coronal third. At the apical third, both concentrations of S. persica had similar effects and were less effective than the positive control in removing the smear layer. Conclusion: The 5mg/ml S. persica solution was significantly more effective than the 1mg/ml solution. In addition, the 5mg/ml S. persica solution was as effective as 17% EDTA in removing the smear layer from the coronal third of the canal wall. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This work was conducted to investigate the various pharmacological activities of Salvadora. persica family Salvadoracea and that includes anti inflammatory, analgesic, CNS, bleeding and clotting time activity by oral administration at the dose of 300 and 500mg/kg of body weight in animal models. Acute oral toxicity results showed that crude extract of S. persica is safe up to the dose of 5g/kg body weight of animals. Carraganeen induced hind paw edema method for anti inflammatory activity, tail immersion test method for analgesic activity, Rota rod and grip strength test for CNS activity were carried out in animal models. The analgesic activity was compared with aspirin, 300mg/kg body weight, anti inflammatory activity was compared with indomethacine, 10mg/kg body weight, Transamin 250mg/kg and Vitamin K 10mg were used for bleeding and clotting time activity respectively while diazepam 5mg/kg were used as standard for behavior and CNS activities. In all activities S. persica showed prolonged and dose dependent effects. Phytochemical analysis was also carried out which showed the presence of certain phytoconstituents which possesses these properties. Therefore the results justified the traditional use of the plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of salinization of soil on emergence, seedling growth and mineral accumulation of Salvadora persica Linn. (Salvadoraceae) were studied. A mixture of chlorides and sulphates of Na, K, Ca and Mg was added to the soil and salinity was maintained at 4.3, 6.1, 8.4, 10.3, 12.5, 14.9 and 17.2dSm-1. A negative relationship between seedling emergence and salt concentration was obtained. Seedlings did not emerge when soil salinity exceeded 14.9dSm-1. Results suggested that this tree species is salt tolerant at seed germination and seedling stages. Elongation of stem and root was retarded by increasing salt stress. Young roots and stem were most tolerant to salt stress and were followed by leaves and old roots. Leaf tissue exhibited maximum reduction in dry mass production in response to increasing salt stress. However, production of young roots and death of old roots were found to be continuous and plants apparently use this process as an avoidance mechanism to remove excess ions and delay onset of ion accumulation in this tissue. This phenomenon, designated “fine root turnover” is of an importance to the mechanisms of salt tolerance. Plants accumulated Na in roots and were able to regulate transfer of Na ions to leaves. Stem tissues were barrier for translocation of Na from root to leaf. Moreover, K significantly increased in leaf, but decreased in root tissues with increased salinization. Nitrogen content significantly decreased in all tissues (leaf, stem and root) in response to low water treatment and salinization of soil. Phosphorus content significantly decreased, while Ca increased in leaf as soil salinity increased. Changes in elements accumulation pattern and the possible mechanisms for avoidance of Na toxicity in tissues and organism level are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: This study investigated the toxic effects of an extract of Meswak from Salvadora persica for 30 days on the reproductive system of the mouse. The results showed that exposure to Meswak extract did not have much effect on female mouse fertility, although it caused a significant decrease in the relative weights of the ovary and an increase in uterine weights. Exposure of male mice to Meswak extract resulted in a 72% reduction in pregnancies in untreated females impregnated by test males. The relative weights of the testes and preputial glands were significantly increased and that of the seminal vesicles was significantly decreased in test males. The results indicate that Meswak has adverse effects on male and female reproductive system and fertility. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Several plants were used in traditional medicine; Juglans regia (Souak) and Salvadora persica (Miswak) are largely used for the oral hygiene in Arabic countries. Four extracts prepared with organic solvents of increasing polarity; petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol were used to test the antibacterial and antifungal activities of these plants with three different concentrations of each extract; 5, 10 and 15mg/ml. The results showed that Juglans regia seems to be more efficient against the isolated strains than Salvadora persica. Moreover the ethyl acetate extract of J. regia showed a high degree of antimicrobial activity. Forty bacterial isolates were identified from the oral cavity of healthy individuals of different age categories (from 10 to 44 years) and only seven isolates were selected and characterized as Staphylococcus saprophyticus (B1), Proteus vulgaris (B2), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (B3), Staphylococcus aureus (B4), Serratia marcescens (B5), Streptococcus salivarius (B6), Streptococcus mutans (B7) and a yeast species identified as Candida albicans (Y). The highest efficiency of all extracts of the two plants achieved with Streptococcus mutans (mean of diameters of inhibition zones MDIZs = 10.29mm) followed by Streptococcus salivarius (MDIZs = 9.75mm), Candida albicans (MDIZs = 6.45mm), Proteus vulgaris (MDIZs = 5.75mm), Staphylococcus aureus (MDIZs = 5.62mm), Serratia marcescens (MDIZs = 5.58mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDIZs = 4.87mm) and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (MDIZs = 3.08mm). [Display omitted] • Bacterial strains have been isolated and identified from the oral cavity. • Four extracts of different polarities are prepared from medicinal plants. • The extracts have antibacterial and antifungal activity. • Juglans regia has a stronger effect than Salvadora persica. • Strptococcus mutans is more susceptible than other bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study attempted to compare two local adjunctive therapies in experimentally induced gingivitis. • Photoactivated disinfection reduced microbial counts in experimentally induced gingivitis. • Salvadora persica reduced inflammatory bleeding parameter in gingival inflammation. This clinical trial aimed to study the comparison of clinical gingival inflammatory scores and levels of pathogenic bacteria with professionally administered plaque removal (PAPR) with photoactivated disinfection (PAD) and Salvadora persica (SP) gel application in experimentally induced gingivitis. Twenty-five non-smoking patients underwent an 8-week experimental gingivitis trial that consisted of 14 days of undisturbed plaque accumulation and a 6 week of resolution phase following the three treatment modalities. The treatment protocols included PAPR with adjunctive PAD, SP gel application and PAPR alone. Clinical gingival inflammatory parameters including plaque index (PI) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were assessed. Microbiological parameters included the log count of five periodontal pathogens in the plaque from all experimental sites. No significant difference in plaque levels was observed between PAD, SP and PAPR at 2- and 6-weeks following treatment. The magnitude of the decrease was statistically significant at 6 weeks for SP (P = 0.02). The median number of residual BOP+ sites was higher at PAD and PAPR compared to SP at either 2-weeks (2.75 and 1.25, respectively; P = 0.039) or 6 weeks (2 and 1, respectively; P = 0.044) following treatment administration. Counts of all bacteria reduced until 2 weeks with significantly greatest reduction seen in the PAD group and this was maintained until 6 weeks of follow-up. The log CFU/mL values for all bacterial counts significantly reduced for SP group, however, it did not show significant reduction when compared with PAD but had greater extent when compared with PAPR group. Both PAD and SP gel application improved clinical gingival inflammatory parameters in experimental-induced gingivitis. However, PAD helped to reduce bacterial counts, while SP had significant impact on bleeding in gingival inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper a novel solid phase extraction method to remove Light green (acid dye) and Safranin O (basic dye) using Salvadora persica (Miswak) powder as a new biosorbent is described. The adsorption conditions such as contact time, initial dye concentration, pH and temperature were studied by using batch system. After optimization, Miswak showed an excellent removal rate for dyes, the extraction of the dyes was accomplished in a period range of 1–10 min. The adsorption kinetics data were in good agreement with the pseudo-second-order rate model ( R 2 = 0.98) and the initial sorption rate ( h ) was found to be 0.01 g mmol −1 min −1 . The new adsorbent was found to have a maximum adsorption capacity of 17.3 mmol/g. The adsorption isotherms could be adequately described by the Freundlich equation ( R 2 = 0.91) and the 1/ n value is 0.9, which attributed to the heterogeneous surface structure of the Miswak. Study of the variation of the sorption of the tested dyes with temperature yielded values for Δ H , Δ S , and Δ G of −21.0, −0.056.3 and −4.2 kJ mol −1 , respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]