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This study evaluated the antitumor effect of some fractions extracted from Sapindus spp. on breast cancer. Four water-extracted fractions (I, II, III, IV) were isolated from the pericarp of Sapindus spp. using X-5 and AB-8 macroporous resin columns and MCI gel column. The in vitro effect was determined using the MTT assay. Our results indicated that fractions I-IV did not exhibit significant cytotoxic effects towards the normal cell MDA-kb2; Fraction II and IV inhibited the growth of MCF-7 (estrogen receptor positive), MDA-MB-231 (estrogen receptor negative), and MDA-MB-435 s human breast cancer cell lines; of these, MDA-MB-435 s cell line was the most sensitive, and the IC 50 of Fraction II and IV against this cell line were 33.11 and 30.06 µg/mL, respectively. In the in vivo experiment, Fraction II and IV showed a strong antitumor effect at a dose of 162.5 mg/kg/d, with inhibition rate of 40.43% and 38.77%. Fraction II and IV also induced apoptosis of tumor cells, activations of Bax (Fraction II) and inhibition of Bcl-2 (Fraction II and IV). Our results underscore the pharmacological potential of Sapindus spp. extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Sapindus is biodiesel, biomedical, and multifunctional economic forest species. • There were significantly distinct ecological adaptations among Sapindus mukorossi, Sapindus delavayi, and Sapindus rarak. • Precipitation is the crucial factor to the habitats of Sapindus. • S. delavayi was more sensitive to minimum temperatures, soil moisture, and elevation, S. rarak was more demanding in isothermality and soil moisture. • Under future climate change, S. mukorossi will expand and extensive contract, S. delavayi exhibited fewer expansion and contraction, S. rarak exhibited pronounced contraction and expansion. Sapindus is an important biodiesel, biomedical, and multifunctional economic forest species in Asia; however, its germplasms have been persistently damaged or lost. Thus, it is imperative to conserve the diversity of Sapindus. This study aimed to reveal the potential habitat distribution patterns of Sapindus mukorossi , Sapindus delavayi , and Sapindus rarak in response to the current environment and future climate change. Furthermore, we aimed to identify hotspots of habitat degradation/expansion to facilitate climate change-adaptive biological conservation. Using current environmental data and future climate projections (2021–2100), we simulated the present and potential future habitats of Sapindus mukorossi , Sapindus delavayi , and Sapindus rarak using a maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model that was developed based on 2041 occurrence records. The model showed that precipitation may play an important role in framing the potential habitats of Sapindus. Notably, S. delavayi was more sensitive to minimum temperatures (−4 °C to 5.5 °C), soil moisture (82–132 mm), and elevation (1200–3200 m), whereas S. rarak was the most sensitive to isothermality (50–86) and soil moisture (54–126). Under the current environment, Sapindus mukorossi had the widest suitable habitat distribution (252.50 × 104 km2), followed by that of Sapindus rarak (215.62 × 104 km2) and Sapindus delavayi (90.86 × 104 km2). Under future climate change scenarios, the habitat distribution of Sapindus mukorossi was predicted to expand at higher latitudes and extensively contract at lower latitudes. Moreover, the projected suitable habitat distribution of S. delavayi showed inconspicuous expansion and contraction, whereas that S. rarak underwent conspicuous contraction and expansion. Moreover, there were distinct ecological habits among Sapindus mukorossi , Sapindus delavayi , and Sapindus rarak in the east and southeast Asia. Thus, it is recommended that the contraction areas should be preferentially subjected to germplasm collection and conservation. Based on these findings, we propose preserved areas as the base for future Sapindus mukorossi , Sapindus delavayi , and Sapindus rarak conservation, breeding, cultivation, and utilisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]