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Purpose: Preliminary data suggested that bone mineral density (BMD) in transgender adults before initiating gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) is lower when compared to cisgender controls. In this study, we analyzed bone metabolism in a sample of transgender adults before GAHT, and its possible correlation with biochemical profile, body composition and lifestyle habits (i.e., tobacco smoke and physical activity). Methods: Medical data, smoking habits, phospho-calcic and hormonal blood tests and densitometric parameters were collected in a sample of 125 transgender adults, 78 Assigned Females At Birth (AFAB) and 47 Assigned Males At Birth (AMAB) before GAHT initiation and 146 cisgender controls (57 females and 89 males) matched by sex assigned at birth and age. 55 transgender and 46 cisgender controls also underwent a complete body composition evaluation and assessment of physical activity using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Results: 14.3% of transgender and 6.2% of cisgender sample, respectively, had z-score values < -2 (p= 0.04). We observed only lower vitamin D values in transgender sample regarding biochemical/hormonal profile. AFAB transgender people had more total fat mass, while AMAB transgender individuals had reduced total lean mass as compared to cisgender people (53.94 ± 7.74 vs 58.38 ± 6.91, p< 0.05). AFAB transgender adults were more likely to be active smokers and tend to spend more time indoor. Fat Mass Index (FMI) was correlated with lumbar and femur BMD both in transgender individuals, while no correlations were found between lean mass parameters and BMD in AMAB transgender people. Conclusions: Body composition and lifestyle factors could contribute to low BMD in transgender adults before GAHT.

Purpose: Osteoporotic fragility fractures (FF), particularly those affecting the hip, represent a major clinical and socio-economic concern. These fractures can lead to various adverse outcomes, which may be exacerbated by the presence of sarcopenia, especially among older and frail patients. Early identification of patients with FF is crucial for implementing effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to prevent subsequent fractures and their associated consequences. Methods: The Hip-POS program, implemented at Azienda Ospedale-Università Padova, is a Fracture Liaison Service (FLS) program to evaluate patients aged > 50 years old admitted with fragility hip fractures, involving an interdisciplinary team. After the identification of patients with hip fractures in the Emergency Department, a comprehensive evaluation is conducted to identify risk factors for further fractures, and to assess the main domains of multidimensional geriatric assessment, including muscle status. Patients are then prescribed with anti-fracture therapy, finally undergoing periodic follow-up visits. Results: During the first five months, a total of 250 patients were evaluated (70.4% women, median age 85 years). Following assessment by the Hip-POS team, compared to pre-hospitalization, the proportion of patients not receiving antifracture therapy decreased significantly from 60 to 21%. The prescription rates of vitamin D and calcium increased markedly from 29.6% to 81%. Conclusions: We introduced the Hip-POS program for the care of older adults with hip fractures. We aspire that our model will represent a promising approach to enhancing post-fracture care by addressing the multifactorial nature of osteoporosis and its consequences, bridging the gap in secondary fracture prevention, and improving patient outcomes.

Introduction: The growing demographic presence of the transgender (TGD) population has sparked an increase in clinical investigations focusing on the impacts of gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) in adults with gender dysphoria. Despite this surge in studies, there remains a significant gap in the literature regarding the health status of older TGD individuals. This review aims to assess prevalent pathological conditions within the TGD population, specifically concentrating on aging-related diseases investigated to date. Methods: A systematic search across Embase Ovid, Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases was conducted to identify articles reporting on the aging process in TGD individuals. Methodological quality was evaluated using Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) scores. Results: Initial database searches yielded 12,688 studies, which were refined to 18 through elimination of duplicates and title/abstract review. Following a comprehensive appraisal, nine studies were included in the systematic review. These articles, published between 2017 and 2023, involved a total of 5403 participants. The evidence indicates a noteworthy percentage of the TGD population being at risk for cardiovascular diseases, experiencing depression or disability, and demonstrating hesitancy toward major recommended screening programs. Conclusions: Limited studies on older TGD individuals highlight not only an organic risk of chronic diseases but also a cognitive/psychiatric risk that should not be underestimated. Further research is imperative to deepen our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the health challenges faced by older TGD individuals.

Purpose: The effect of combined lifestyle interventions (LSI) including dietary and physical activity on metabolic health, energy metabolism and VO2max in diabetic patients has provided mixed results. We evaluated the impact of 1-year caloric restriction (CR), and 12-week supervised structured exercise training (SSET) on metabolic health, RMR and VO2max in obese adults with type 2 diabetes. Methods: After 1-month education for LSI, 33 participants had anthropometric, biochemical and metabolic assessments. They then started CR based on RMR, and 3-month SSET during the months 1–3 (Early-SSET) or 4–6 (Late-SSET). Reassessments were planned after 3, 6 and 12 months. Using a per-protocol analysis, we evaluated parameter changes from baseline and their associations for the 23 participants (11 Early-SSET, 12 Late-SSET) who completed the study. RMR was adjusted (adjRMR) for age, sex, fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM). Results: Compared with baseline, after 6 months we found significant increases in VO2max (+?14%) and HDL-cholesterol (+?13%), and reduction in body mass index (-?3%), FM (-?8%) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c, -?7%). Training-related caloric expenditure negatively correlated with changes in body weight (p?<?0.001), FM (p?<?0.001) and HbA1c (p?=?0.006). These results were confirmed at the 12-month follow-up. Pooling together all follow-up data, adjRMR changes correlated with changes in glycemia (r?=?0.29, p?=?0.02), total-cholesterol (r?=?0.29, p?=?0.02) and VO2max (r?=?-?0.26,p?=?0.02). No significant differences emerged between the Early- and Late-SSET groups. Conclusions: Combined intervention with SSET and CR improved metabolic control. Changes in metabolic health and fitness correlated with changes of adjRMR, which was reduced improving fitness, glycemia and cholesterolemia. Clinical trial registry: Trial registration number: NCT03785379. URL of registration: http://clinicaltrials.gov.

A long history of diabetes mellitus and increasing age are associated with the onset of diabetic neuropathy, a painful and highly disabling complication with a prevalence peaking at 50% among elderly diabetic patients. Acetyl-l-carnitine (ALC) is a molecule derived from the acetylation of carnitine in the mitochondria that has an essential role in energy production. It has recently been proposed as a therapy to improve the symptoms of diabetic neuropathy. ALC is widely distributed in mammalian tissues, including the brain, blood–brain barrier, brain neurons, and astrocytes. Aside from its metabolic activity, ALC has demonstrated cytoprotective, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic effects in the nervous system. It exerts an analgesic action by reducing the concentration of glutamate in the synapses. It facilitates nerve regeneration and damage repair after primary trauma: its positive effects on metabolism promote the synthesis, fluidity, and functionality of neuronal membranes, increase protein synthesis, and improve the axonal transport of neurofilament proteins and tubulin. It also amplifies nerve growth factor responsiveness, an effect that is believed to enhance overall neurite growth. ALC has been proposed for the treatment of various neurological and psychiatric diseases, such as mood disorders and depression, dementias, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease, because synaptic energy states and mitochondrial dysfunction are core factors in their pathogenesis.

•Cognitive frailty described coexisting physical frailty and cognitive impairment in nondemented older subjects.•Two subtypes have been proposed: “potentially reversible” cognitive frailty [physical frailty plus mild cognitive impairment (MCI)] and “reversible” cognitive frailty (physical frailty plus pre-MCI subjective cognitive decline).•The prevalence of potentially reversible cognitive frailty was 1 %, with all groups associated to increased incident rate ratios of dementia, disability, and mortality.•A significant difference in disability rates existed between the MCI and non-MCI groups in frail individuals with high inflammation.•With inflammation, a potentially reversible cognitive frailty model may have an additional predictive effect on the disability risk than frailty or MCI alone.

Although higher dietary intakes of magnesium (Mg) seem to correspond to lower diabetes incidence, research concerning Mg supplementation in people with or at risk of diabetes is limited. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effect of oral Mg supplementation on glucose and insulin-sensitivity parameters in participants with diabetes or at high risk of diabetes compared with placebo. A literature search in PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Clinicaltrials.gov without language restriction, was undertaken. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effect of oral Mg supplementation vs placebo in patients with diabetes or at high risk of diabetes. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used for summarizing outcomes with at least two studies; other outcomes were summarized descriptively. Eighteen RCTs (12 in people with diabetes and 6 in people at high risk of diabetes) were included. Compared with placebo (n=334), Mg treatment (n=336) reduced fasting plasma glucose (studies=9; SMD=-0.40; 95% CI: -0.80 to -0.00; I2=77%) in people with diabetes. In conditions in people at high risk of diabetes (Mg: 226; placebo=227 participants), Mg supplementation significantly improved plasma glucose levels after a 2?h oral glucose tolerance test (three studies; SMD=-0.35; 95% CI: -0.62 to -0.07; I2=0%) and demonstrated trend level reductions in HOMA-IR (homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; five studies; SMD=-0.57; 95% CI: -1.17 to 0.03; I2=88%). Mg supplementation appears to have a beneficial role and improves glucose parameters in people with diabetes and also improves insulin-sensitivity parameters in those at high risk of diabetes.

Although vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) lower serum values of bone deposition markers, the link with osteoporosis and fractures remains controversial.

Neuroimaging research has substantiated the functional and structural abnormalities underlying psychiatric disorders but has, thus far, failed to have a significant impact on clinical practice. Recently, neuroimaging-based diagnoses and clinical predictions derived from machine learning analysis have shown significant potential for clinical translation. This review introduces the key concepts of this approach, including how the multivariate integration of patterns of brain abnormalities is a crucial component. We survey recent findings that have potential application for diagnosis, in particular early and differential diagnoses in Alzheimer disease and schizophrenia, and the prediction of clinical response to treatment in depression. We discuss the specific clinical opportunities and the challenges for developing biomarkers for psychiatry in the absence of a diagnostic gold standard. We propose that longitudinal outcomes, such as early diagnosis and prediction of treatment response, offer definite opportunities for progress. We propose that efforts should be directed toward clinically challenging predictions in which neuroimaging may have added value, compared with the existing standard assessment. We conclude that diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers will be developed through the joint application of expert psychiatric knowledge in addition to advanced methods of analysis.

Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies demonstrate grey matter volume (GMV) deficits in schizophrenia. This method is also applied for detecting associations between specific psychotic symptoms and brain structure, such as auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs). However, due to differing methodological approaches, the available findings are inconsistent and difficult to integrate.

We propose a rigorous electromagnetic analysis for a Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) geometry consisting of multiple hollow slits that go across the fiber core along the propagation axis z. The slits are regarded as invariant along the transverse dimension x but exhibit multiple sinusoidal bends in the y-z plane, which prevents the transversal profile being constant along the z axis. To analyze and characterize the electromagnetic behavior of the considered PCF geometry, we use a 2D Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) scheme assuming an ultrashort incident pulse with a polarization angle of 45 degrees as the excitation source. Our analysis focuses on three key aspects for the ultrashort pulse propagation through the slit array: pulse shaping and delay, spatiotemporal dispersion and birefringence features. Numerical FDTD simulations illustrate the effect of the slit array parameters on the previous magnitudes. Our results demonstrate that the proposed structure provides with a wide and deep control over the pulse propagation and wavefront.

Background: Several studies have shown that religiosity has beneficial effects on health, mortality and pathological conditions; little is known about religiosity in Alzheimers disease and the progression of its cognitive, behavioral and functional symptoms. Our aim was to identify any relationship between religiosity and the progression of cognitive impairment and behavioral disorders in mild-moderate Alzheimers disease, and any relationship between the patients religiosity and the stress in caregivers. Materials and Methods: 64 patients with Alzheimers disease were analyzed at baseline and 12 months later using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Behavioral Religiosity Scale (BRS) and the Francis Short Scale (FSS). Caregivers were also questioned on the patients functional abilities (ADL, IADL), the behavioral disturbances (NPI), and on their stress (NPI-D, CBI). Patients were divided into 2 groups according to BRS: a score of <24 meant no or low religiosity (LR), while a score of ≥24 meant moderate or high religiosity (HR). Findings: LR patients had worsened more markedly after 12 months in their total cognitive and behavioral test scores. Stress was also significantly higher in the caregivers of the LR group. Global BRS and FSS scores correlated significantly with variations after 1 year in the MMSE (r: 0.50), NPI (r:-0.51), NPI-D (r:-0.55) and CBI (r:-0.62). A low religiosity coincided with a higher risk of cognitive impairment, considered as a 3-point decrease in MMSE score (OR 6.7, CI: 1.8- 24.7). Interpretation: Higher levels of religiosity in Alzheimers dementia seem to correlate with a slower cognitive and behavioral decline, with a corresponding significant reduction of the caregivers burden.

Background: Several studies have shown that religiosity has beneficial effects on health, mortality and pathological conditions; little is known about religiosity in Alzheimer's disease and the progression of its cognitive, behavioral and functional symptoms. Our aim was to identify any relationship between religiosity and the progression of cognitive impairment and behavioral disorders in mild-moderate Alzheimer's disease, and any relationship between the patient's religiosity and the stress in caregivers. Materials and Methods: 64 patients with Alzheimer's disease were analyzed at baseline and 12 months later using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Behavioral Religiosity Scale (BRS) and the Francis Short Scale (FSS). Caregivers were also questioned on the patient's functional abilities (ADL, IADL), the behavioral disturbances (NPI), and on their stress (NPI-D, CBI). Patients were divided into 2 groups according to BRS: a score of < 24 meant no or low religiosity (LR), while a score of ≥24 meant moderate or high religiosity (HR). Findings: LR patients had worsened more markedly after 12 months in their total cognitive and behavioral test scores. Stress was also significantly higher in the caregivers of the LR group. Global BRS and FSS scores correlated significantly with variations after 1 year in the MMSE (r: 0.50), NPI (r:-0.51), NPI-D (r:-0.55) and CBI (r:-0.62). A low religiosity coincided with a higher risk of cognitive impairment, considered as a 3-point decrease in MMSE score (OR 6.7, CI: 1.8- 24.7). Interpretation: Higher levels of religiosity in Alzheimer's dementia seem to correlate with a slower cognitive and behavioral decline, with a corresponding significant reduction of the caregiver's burden.

Prospective studies have suggested that hypovitaminosis D can predict the onset of obesity, but they relied mainly on body mass index, which could be scarcely reliable in older people. We investigated whether baseline hypovitaminosis D could predict higher fat mass (FM) levels using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in a sample of 116 fit and healthy older subjects. Although no significant differences in FM estimates emerged between subjects with and without hypovitaminosis D at the baseline, abdominal FM was found significantly higher in the former group (with hypovitaminosis D at the baseline) than in the latter after 3 years of follow-up. Adjusted logistic regression analysis confirmed these findings: hypovitaminosis D coincided with an approximately sixfold higher risk of subjects having higher abdominal FM levels at the follow-up. In conclusion, hypovitaminosis D predicts higher abdominal FM levels in the elderly.

Currently, there are no neurobiological markers of clinical response for cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) used in clinical practice. We investigated the neural pattern of activity to implicit processing of sad facial expressions as a predictive marker of clinical response. Sixteen medication-free patients in an acute episode of major depression underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging scans before treatment with CBT. Nine patients showed a full clinical response. The pattern of activity, which predicted clinical response, was analysed with support vector machine and leave-one-out cross-validation. The functional neuroanatomy of sad faces at the lowest and highest intensities identified patients, before the initiation of therapy, who had a full clinical response to CBT (sensitivity 71, specificity 86, P0.029).

Background: To investigate the impact on bone and muscle of pathological conditions involving only one of the upper limbs, it is important to know the physiological differences due to the dominance effect. Aim: To evaluate any physiological differences between dominant and non-dominant upper limbs in terms of bone mineral density (BMD), muscle mass, and muscle density at different levels. Subjects and methods: The study considered 60 right-handed healthy adults, 30 men and 30 women. Cortical BMD, muscle area, and muscle density were investigated by pQCT-XCT-3000 Stratec at the proximal radius, trabecular and total BMD at the distal radius, and trabecular and cortical BMD at the second phalanx of the third finger. Hand grip strength was also measured. Results: No significant differences in BMD were found between the dominant and non-dominant upper limbs at any of the sites considered, in men or women. Muscle density was also similar on the two sides, whereas muscle area at the proximal radius was significantly lower on the non-dominant side in both men [4177.5±475.1 vs4009.3±552.7 mm2; Δ%: 4.1%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.7%–6.5%] and women (2903.9±470.9 vs2720.3±411.7 mm2; Δ%: 6.1%; 95%CI 4.3%–7.9%). Hand grip strength proved greater on the right side in both men (48.5±8.8 vs45.2±8.7 kg; Δ% 7.1; p<0.001) and women (29.1±4.3 vs27.0±5.1 kg; Δ% 7.1; p<0.001). Conclusion: The dominance effect does not seem to influence trabecular or cortical BMD at any of the sites in the upper limb. Muscle density is not modified by dominance, while muscle area is reduced on the non-dominant side and this should be borne in mind when the effect of pathological conditions on the body composition of a single forearm is investigated.

In viscous fluids, motile microentities such as bacteria or artificial swimmers often display different transport modes than macroscopic ones. A current challenge in the field aims at using friction asymmetry to steer the motion of microscopic particles. Here we show that lithographically shaped magnetic microtriangles undergo a series of complex transport modes when driven by a precessing magnetic field, including a surfing-like drift close to the bottom plane. In this regime, we exploit the triangle asymmetric shape to obtain a transversal drift which is later used to transport the microtriangle in any direction along the plane. We explain this friction-induced anisotropic sliding with a minimal numerical model capable to reproduce the experimental results. Due to the flexibility offered by soft-lithographic sculpturing, our method to guide anisotropic-shaped magnetic microcomposites can be potentially extended to many other field responsive structures operating in fluid media.

It is known from laboratory studies that reinforcement corrosion in carbonated concrete can be controlled simply by ensuring that the concrete remains relatively dry. An apparently obvious and cost effective way of excluding external moisture from building components which are not exposed to effects of capillary suction from groundwater, etc. is by applying a waterproof coating to the surface of the concrete. A research programme was undertaken for six years, with the primary aim of assessing whether coatings with appropriate characteristics could maintain suitably dry conditions within concrete in real carbonated structures. A secondary aim was to determine whether a similar predicted extension of the service life could be achieved if corrosion of the reinforcement were induced by internal chlorides. It was recognized from the outset that trials on real structures should be planned so that critical questions that determine the feasibility of the protection technique might be answered. This paper gives an account of the procedures adopted to select appropriate reinforced concrete buildings and characterize repetitive components to allow adequate comparison between the treated materials and controls. It also deals with the selection of candidate surface treatments by specialist manufacturers, the application of these materials according to recommended procedures, the implementation of relevant in-situmonitoring techniques and the extraction of small specimens from the structures for parallel laboratory trials. Results showed that an appropriate elastomeric coating with good crack-bridging properties, fairly low adhesion and good resistance to weathering can maintain a coherent crack-free covering that excludes external moisture and controls the corrosion rate of the reinforcement in carbonated concrete at acceptable levels over a period of at least five years. When corrosion was caused by internal chlorides, however, the concrete could not be maintained in a sufficiently dry condition to provide adequate long term protection to the steel.

One end surface of a cylindrical specimen of hardened OPC paste of water/cement ratio 0·5 was cemented to that of a similar specimen which contained 2% chloride ion by weight of cement, added as sodium chloride. The total chloride contents, as well as the concentration profiles across the interface of potassium, sodium, chloride and hydroxyl ions in the pore solution phase, were determined. It was found that the sodium concentration profile could be interpolated by Fick's Second Law to a good approximation. By assuming a Lungmuir-type relationship between the free and bound chloride, the effect of chloride binding on diffusion was incorporated into diffusion equations derived from Fick's First Law and mass conservation. This also yielded a good characterization of the free chloride profile. The concentration profile of hydroxylions in the pore solution was more complex than those for sodium and chlorideions, but it could be modelled by assuming that hydroxyl ions move simply to preserve the charge balance in response to the movements of other difising ions in the system.

One end surface of a cylindrical specimen of hardened OPC paste of water/cement ratio (w/c) 0·5 was exposed to 1 mol/l NaCl solution saturated with Ca(OH)2. The free hydroxyl, free chloride and total chloride concentration profiles were determined after 100 days of exposure by analysis of the paste at various depths from the exposed surface. Attempts were made to characterize these concentration profiles by Fick's laws. It was found that the total and free chloride profiles could be interpolated by Fick's second law to a fairly good approximation, but the hydroxyl concentration profile near the exposed surface deviated from such an interpolation. It was also confirmed that the relationship between free and bound chloride could be approximately represented by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The effect of chloride binding on chloride diffusion was determined by consideration of mass conservation, and this yielded a good characterisation of the free chloride profile. It is suggested that a reasonably accurate estimation of the experimentally determined hydroxyl concentration may be obtained from charge balance consideration after diffusion of all the other ions besides hydroxyl has been modelled.

Eight obese patients and 12 normal individuals underwent a euglycaemic insulin clamp (20 and 40 mU · m2−1· min−1) along with continuous infusion of 3-3H-glucose and 1-14C-palmitate and indirect calorimetry. Basal plasma glucose concentration (4.7±0.3 vs 4.4±0.2 mmol/l) was similar in the two groups, whereas hepatic glucose production was slightly higher in obese individuals (1.11±0.06 vs 0.84±0.05 mmol/min) in spite of higher plasma insulin levels (17±2 vs 6±1 mU/l; p<0.01). Insulin inhibition of hepatic glucose production was impaired in obese subjects. Glucose disposal by lean body mass was markedly reduced both at baseline (11.7±1.1 vs 15.6±0.6 μmol · kg−1· min−1; p<0.05) and during clamp (15.0±1.1 vs 34.4±2.8 and 26.7±3.9 vs 62.2±2.8 μmol · kg−1· min−1; p<0.01) Oxidative (12.2±1.1 vs 17.8±1 and 16.1±1.1 vs 51.1±1.7 μmol · kg−1· min−1; p<0.05−0.002) and non-oxidative glucose metabolism (3.9±1.1 vs 15.0±2.8 and 12.8±3.3 vs 38.3±2.2 μmol · kg−1· min−1; p<0.01−0.001) were impaired. Basal plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (635±75 vs 510±71 μmol/l) and blood glycerol (129±17 vs 56±5 μmol/l; p<0.01) were increased in obese patients. Following hyperinsulinaemia, plasma non-esterified fatty acids (244±79 vs 69±16 and 140±2 vs 36±10 μmol/l; p<0.01) and blood glycerol levels (79±20 vs 34±6 and 73±22 vs 29±5 μmol/l; p<0.01) remained higher in obese subjects. Baseline non-esterified fatty acid production rate per kg of fat body mass was significantly larger in normal weight subjects (37.7±6.7 vs 14.0±1.8 μmol/l; p<0.01) and insulin inhibition was reduced in obese patients (−41±9 vs −74±3 and −53±11 vs −82±3%; p<0.05). Basal plasma non-esterified fatty acid utilization by lean body mass was similar in the two groups (9.8±0.9 vs 8.8±2.0 μmol · kg−1· min−1), whereas during clamp it remained higher in obese patients (6.0±1.2 vs 2.8±2.5 and 4.9±1.3 vs 1.5±0.6 μmol · kg−1· min−1; p<0.1−0.05). Lipid oxidation was higher in obese individuals in spite of hyperinsulinaemia (3.7±0.3 vs 2.4±0.4 and 2.3±0.4 vs 0.9±0.3 μmol · kg−1· min−1; p<0.05− 0.02). An inverse correlation was found between lipid oxidation and glucose oxidation (r=0.82 and 0.93; p<0.001) and glucose utilization (r=0.54 and 0.83; p<0.05−0.001) both in obese and control subjects. A correlation between lipid oxidation and non-oxidative glucose metabolism was present only in normal weight individuals (r=0.75; p<0.01). We conclude that in obesity all tissues (muscles, liver, and adipose tissue) are resistant to insulin action. Insulin resistance involves glucose as well as lipid metabolism.

To identify cognitive tests that best differentiate between Posterior Cortical Atrophy (PCA) and typical Alzheimer’s Disease (tAD), as well as PCA and healthy control (HC) participants.

Correction to: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition advance online publication 17 August 2016; doi:10.1038/ejcn.2016.154 Since the publication of this article, the authors have noticed that the author name ‘S Watutantrige-Fernando’ was displayed incorrectly. The PDF and the online versions have been amended.