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Various monovalent cations are employed to construct metal halide perovskites with various structures and functionalities. However, perovskites based on highly polar A-site cations have seldom been reported. Here, a novel hybrid 0D (NH4)x(OH3)3–xInCl6perovskite with highly polar hydronium OH3+cations is introduced in this study. Upon doping with Sb3+, hybrid 0D (NH4)x(OH3)3–xInCl6single crystals exhibited highly efficient broadband yellowish-green (550 nm) and red (630 nm) dual emissions with a PLQY of 86%. The dual emission arises due to Sb3+occupying two sites within the crystal lattice that possess different polarization environments, leading to distinct Stokes shift energies. The study revealed that lattice polarity plays a significant role in the self-trapped exciton emission of Sb3+-doped perovskites, contributing up to 25% of the Stokes shift energy for hybrid 0D (NH4)x(OH3)3–xInCl6:Sb3+as a secondary source, in addition to the Jahn–Teller deformation. These findings highlight the potential of Sb3+-doped perovskites for achieving tunable broadband emission and underscore the importance of lattice polarity in determining the emission properties of perovskite materials.

Current evidence of the dose-response association between the geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is limited. Hence, this study aimed to determine the association between GNRI and CKD in the elderly Chinese population with hypertension.

Background/objectives: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of B-scan kinetic ultrasonography (USG), standard ultra-widefield (UWF) imaging, and indirect ophthalmoscopy (IDO) in retinal break detection in cataractous eyes. Subjects/methods: We consecutively enrolled 126 cataract patients (including 246 eyes) with no comorbidities that could decrease best corrected visual acuity (BCVA). Three index tests (USG, nonmydriatic UWF, and mydriatic IDO) were performed preoperatively to screen for retinal breaks. One week after cataract extraction, a dilated IDO examination was repeated for the definitive diagnosis of retinal break as the reference standard. The sensitivity, specificity, Youden index (YI), and predictive values of each index test were calculated according to postoperative ophthalmoscopic findings. A deep-learning nomogram was developed to quantify the risk of retinal break presence using patients’ baseline data and findings reported from preoperative ophthalmic tests. Results: Fifty-two eyes (21%) were excluded from appropriate preoperative UWF imaging because of massive lens opacity. The BCVA cutoff point with maximum YI indicating UWF applicability was 0.6 logMAR (YI = 0.3; area under curve [AUC] = 0.7). Among all 246 eyes, preoperative IDO, USG, and UWF showed fair interobserver agreement (all κ> 0.2). According to postoperative IDO findings, the index tests with the highest sensitivity and specificity were USG (100%) and preoperative IDO (99%), respectively. Conclusions: For cataractous eyes without vision-impairing comorbidities, a BCVA better than 0.6 logMAR (Snellen acuity, 20/80) allows for appropriate nonmydriatic standard UWF imaging. In a high-volume clinic equipped with skilled ophthalmic examiners, screening with USG followed by directed IDO allows the efficient identification of retinal breaks in cataractous eyes.

More attention to the diet and nutritional status of international students in Australian universities is indicated. This qualitative research aimed to provide an in‐depth understanding of dietary changes among international students after they arrived in Australia. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with international students from China and India who were studying at a large urban Australian university. An approach of interpretative phenomenological analysis was employed for coding and data analysis. A total of 14 interviews were included. International students were able to consume more international foods, dairy products and animal proteins in Australia as a result of increased exposure to a larger variety of these foods compared with their home countries. However, they experienced some difficulties in eating vegetables and authentic traditional foods due to limited availability and higher prices in Australia. It was challenging for these students to live independently and cook for themselves for the first time and with a limited food budget and time, but many students improved their cooking skills over time. Less frequent main meals with more snacking sessions were reported. Weight fluctuations were commonly experienced and craving for traditional foods no longer accessible may negatively impact mental health. International students adapted to the Australian food environment but believed the food choices available did not meet their food preferences or perhaps nutritional requirements. Some intervention from universities and/or government may be needed to ease the barriers to consumption of affordable and desirable meals in a time‐saving manner for international students.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) suffer from limited ion diffusion and structural expansion, generating the urgent demand for Na+accommodable materials with promising architectures. In this work, the rational exploration for Co4S3nanoparticles confined in an MnS nanorod-grafted N, S-codoped carbon polyhedron (Co–Mn–S@N–S–C) is achieved by the in situ growth of MOF on MnO2nanorod along with the subsequent carbonization and sulfurization. Benefiting from the distinctive nanostructure, the Co–Mn–S@N–S–C anode delivers excellent structural stability, resulting in prolonged cycling stability with a capacity retention of 90.2% after 1000 cycles at 2 A g–1. Moreover, the reaction storage mechanism is clarified by the in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements. The results indicate that properly designed electrode materials have huge potential applications for highly efficient energy storage devices.

Although an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) has been reported in individuals with low vitamin D status, this remains controversial. Growing evidence suggests that sleep behaviors may influence vitamin D endocrine functions.

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries have shown exceptional theoretical energy densities, making them a promising candidate for next-generation energy storage systems. However, their practical application is limited by several challenging issues, such as uncontrollable Li dendrite growth, sluggish electrochemical kinetics, and the shuttling effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs). To overcome these issues, we designed and synthesized hierarchical matrixes on carbon cloth (CC) by using metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). ZnO nanosheet arrays were used as anode hosts (CC-ZnO) to enable stable Li plating and stripping. The symmetric cell with CC-ZnO@Li was demonstrated to have enhanced cycling stability, with a voltage hysteresis of ∼25 mV for over 800 h at 1 mA cm–2and 1 mAh cm–2. To address the cathode challenges, we developed a multifunctional CC-NC-Co cathode host with physical confinement, chemical anchoring, and excellent electrocatalysis. The full cells with CC-ZnO@Li anodes and CC-NC-Co@S cathodes exhibited excellent electrochemical performance, with long cycling life (0.02% and 0.03% capacity decay per cycle when cycling 900 times at 0.5 C and 600 times at 1 C, respectively) and outstanding rate performance (793 mAh g–1at 4 C). Additionally, the pouch cell based on the flexible CC-ZnO@Li anode and CC-NC-Co@S cathode showed good stability in different bending states. Overall, our study presents an effective strategy for preparing flexible Li and S hosts with hierarchical structures derived from MOF, which can pave the way for high-performance Li–S batteries.

All-inorganic lead-free double perovskite offers a potential material platform for electronic or optoelectronic memory devices owing to its ionic migration-based electrical transport, high photosensitivity, low toxicity, and environmental stability. However, the commonly used polycrystalline perovskite films severely restrict device performance. Herein, we demonstrate a high-performance memristor based on single-crystal double perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6with an ultralow switching electric field of 6.67 × 104V m−1and a high current on/off ratio of 107. Remarkably, the resistive switching of Cs2AgBiBr6is found to be thickness-dependent, which evolves from volatile threshold to nonvolatile resistance switching with the crystal thickness from 100 to 800 nm. Elemental analysis reveals that the formation of conductive channels in Cs2AgBiBr6is associated with the migration of Br vacancies with low activation energy. In addition, the formed conductive channels can be annihilated by light illumination with controlled wavelength and intensity, which leads to the realization of optoelectronic memories with separate electrical-writing and optical-erasing processes. Our findings provide deep insights into the ionic migration in single-crystal perovskite and pave the way for its future application in electronic and optoelectronic memory devices.

Two-dimensional (2D) semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) represent the ultimate thickness for scaling down channel materials. They provide a tantalizing solution to push the limit of semiconductor technology nodes in the sub-1 nm range. One key challenge with 2D semiconducting TMD channel materials is to achieve large-scale batch growth on insulating substrates of single crystals with spatial homogeneity and compelling electrical properties. Recent studies have claimed the epitaxy growth of wafer-scale, single-crystal 2D TMDs on a c-plane sapphire substrate with deliberately engineered off-cut angles. It has been postulated that exposed step edges break the energy degeneracy of nucleation and thus drive the seamless stitching of mono-oriented flakes. Here we show that a more dominant factor should be considered: in particular, the interaction of 2D TMD grains with the exposed oxygen–aluminium atomic plane establishes an energy-minimized 2D TMD–sapphire configuration. Reconstructing the surfaces of c-plane sapphire substrates to only a single type of atomic plane (plane symmetry) already guarantees the single-crystal epitaxy of monolayer TMDs without the aid of step edges. Electrical results evidence the structural uniformity of the monolayers. Our findings elucidate a long-standing question that curbs the wafer-scale batch epitaxy of 2D TMD single crystals—an important step towards using 2D materials for future electronics. Experiments extended to perovskite materials also support the argument that the interaction with sapphire atomic surfaces is more dominant than step-edge docking.

Objectives: To describe and compare the prevalence of refractive error and its associated ocular biometric parameters in a large multi-racial sample of schoolchildren from Xinjiang. Methods: A total of 67,102 school children of five ethnicity groups aged 6–23 years from 46 schools in Xinjiang participated in this study. The children underwent a comprehensive eye examination for vision screening, including uncorrected visual acuity and standardized refraction. Refractive error was determined by autorefractors and subjective refraction. Refraction was recorded in spherical equivalent (SE). The age- and sex- adjusted prevalence of myopia (SE ≤ −0.5 D), low myopia (−6 D < SE ≤ −0.5 D), high myopia (SE ≤ −6.0 D), astigmatism (cylinder < −0.5 D), and anisometropia (difference in SE between two eyes of 1.0 D) in the five ethnic groups were calculated. Ocular biometric parameters including axial length (AL) and corneal radius of curvature (CR) were measured by AL-scan optical biometer. Results: The age- and sex- adjusted prevalence of myopia in the Han, Hui, Uyghur, Kyrgyz and Kazakh were 65.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 65.4, 66.3); 59.1% (95% CI 57.8, 60.4); 30.1% (95% CI 29.2, 30.9); 30.2 (95% CI 28.9, 31.4); and 30.0% (95% CI 27.6, 32.3), respectively. The Han and Hui children also had longer ALs (Han, 23.8; Hui, 23.6, Uyghur, 23.1; Kyrgyz, 23.1; Kazakh, 23.3 mm) and larger AL/CR (Han, 3.04; Hui, 3.00; Uyghur, 2.95; Kyrgyz, 2.96; Kazakh, 2.97) values than the other three minorities (P< 0.01). Overall, girls had shorter ALs, steeper corneas, and smaller AL/CR values than boys (P< 0.01). Conclusions: Significant ethnic difference in the prevalence of myopia was observed in this study on school-aged children in Xinjiang (Han > Hui > Kyrgyz > Uyghur > Kazakh). This study among different ethnic groups in a multiethnic population is valuable for enriching the ethnical information resources for refractive errors and ocular biometry parameters, as well as facilitating further research on myopia-related diseases and risks.

This research has explored the in-depth mechanism of MAFa ionic liquid-assisted perovskite film formation process via two-step deposition method, resulting in perovskite photovoltaics with PCE over 23% with enhanced storage stability.

Respiratory symptoms are most commonly experienced by patients in the early stages of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, with a better understanding of COVID-19, gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting have attracted increasing attention. The gastrointestinal tract may be a target organ of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The intestinal microecological balance is a crucial factor for homeostasis, including immunity and inflammation, which are closely related to COVID-19. Herbal medicine can restore intestinal function and regulate the gut flora structure. Herbal medicine has a long history of treating lung diseases from the perspective of the intestine, which is called the gut–lung axis. The physiological activities of guts and lungs influence each other through intestinal flora, microflora metabolites, and mucosal immunity. Microecological modulators are included in the diagnosis and treatment protocols for COVID-19. In this review, we demonstrate the relationship between COVID-19 and the gut, gut–lung axis, and the role of herbal medicine in treating respiratory diseases originating from the intestinal tract. It is expected that the significance of herbal medicine in treating respiratory diseases from the perspective of the intestinal tract could lead to new ideas and methods for treatment.

Ionic liquids (ILs) have garnered significant attention in the field of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to their versatile capabilities in manipulating the crystallization kinetics, optimizing the morphology, and effectively passivating defects, leading to high-efficiency and long-term stability. While previous studies have mostly focused on individual ILs or different anions and their application in PSCs, the distinctive distribution of cations and anions within ILs underscores the significance of optimizing cationic structures and elucidates the particular role of cations in ILs on device performance. In this work, the implications of juxtaposing ILs incorporating carboxyl-functionalized imidazolium cations against conventional imidazolium-based counterparts on the crystallization kinetics, perovskite film quality, and the photovoltaic performance of perovskite devices. This strategy involving carboxyl-functionalized cations in ILs with a higher affinity to coordinate Pb2+, supported by chemical spectroscopy testing and a quantitative measure of the bond strength viaCrystal orbital Hamiltonian group (COHP) calculations. The modified ILs more prominently results in enhancing the degree of PbI2conversion into perovskite, slowing down crystallization rates and inducting formation of higher-quality perovskite films. Benefitting from the strong chemical interaction provided carboxyl-functionalized cations and widespread distribution of carboxyl-functionalized cations throughout the perovskite films, accomplishing comprehensive synergistic passivation of defects in perovskite films. This led to the suppression of non-radiative recombination and enhanced carrier transport properties. The incorporation of carboxyl modified ILs with suitable chemical structures resulted in a remarkable enhancement of the champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) to 24.21% in the ILs-treated device, coupled with excellent long-term stability.

Inorganic lead-free halide perovskites with a broad-band emission of self-trapped excitons (STEs) have attracted great attention in lighting applications. However, it remains a fundamental challenge to expand the display color gamut because it is difficult to individually tune the emitting proportion at different wavelengths. Herein, we employ a doping route to incorporate Sb3+, Er3+, and Ho3+ions into the Cs2NaInCl6, which enables multicolor emissions with narrow full width at half-maxima and high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs). The blue emission (445 nm) originates from STEs in the [SbCl6]3–octahedrons, while the narrowband green (550 nm) and red (655 nm) emissions are mainly derived from the Er3+and Ho3+ions, respectively. An efficient energy transfer between multiple luminescent centers is the key point to achieve such an efficient and tunable emission. By controlling the lanthanide doping level, the emission color can be systematically modulated, and cold 10401 K (0.278, 0.286) to warm 4608 K (0.347, 0.298) adjustable white-light emission (PLQY of ∼70%) can be achieved successfully. The results provide inspiration for the material design of lead-free perovskites with efficient and tunable light-emitting properties for optoelectronic applications.

The efficiency of metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has dramatically increased over the past decade (formerly 3.8%, now 25.5%). It has been widely demonstrated that the defects passivation of perovskite photo-active layer plays a vital role in increasing the efficiency and improving the stability of PSCs. In this study, we developed a novel 4,4′-bipiperidine (BiPi)-based organic salt with good stability and successfully introduced this ligand into perovskite for the first time. The embedded BiPi-based organic salt in the 3D perovskites facilitated the formation of two-dimensional–three-dimensional (2D–3D) perovskite materials that passivated the perovskite layer, with a constructive consequence in both photovoltaic performance and device stability. Incorporating this ligand improved the crystallinity of the perovskite materials with reduced defect states, prolonged resolved carrier lifetime, and improved stability. An optimized PSC device exhibited substantially improved device stability and an outstanding power conversion efficiency of 20.03%, with the aid of the BiPi-based organic salt [open-circuit voltage (VOC), 1.10 V; current density (JSC), 23.51 mA/cm2; and fill factor (FF), 0.77], which are 13.0% higher than the original device. Our study provides a ligand design protocol for developing next-generation, highly efficient, stable PSCs.

Chiral organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHPs) are inversion-asymmetric and have many remarkable properties, including circular dichroism, optical rotation, nonlinear optics, and second-harmonic generation (SHG). Although chiral molecules are responsible for chiroptical properties, they are generally not expected to influence the crystallization of OIHPs. Here, we find that OIHPs synthesized with pristine S- and R-molecules crystallize as 1D perovskites, whereas those synthesized with the racemic molecule crystallized as 2D perovskites. Single crystal X-ray diffraction reveals that the structure change is related to the differing packing of chiral molecules versus racemic ones in OIHPs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that chiral OIHPs containing the S- or R-ligands could be applied in circularly polarized light detectors.

Lithium metal has been perceived as an extremely attractive anode due to its superior energy density and low redox potential. However, great challenges affiliated with the operating security of Li metal batteries (LMBs) posed by growing Li dendrites hamper the widespread application of rechargeable LMBs. In this study, hierarchical hairball-like boron nitride (h-BN) was fabricated on a Li metal anode using the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method. The chemically inert and mechanically robust dielectric h-BN coating on the Li anode can act as an interfacial layer conducive to enhancing the stability and extending the battery lifetime of LMBs by suppressing the formation and propagation of dendrites during the recurrent plating and stripping process. Moreover, the h-BN layer favors the drift of Li ions and mitigates electrolyte depletion, therefore demonstrating a reduced polarization in the voltage profiles, which further facilitates the uniform deposition of Li ions during battery operation. As proof, the Li/BN || BN/Li symmetrical cells can circulate steadily for 1800 h with no observable polarization at constant current density. Thus, the three-dimensional h-BN interface layer is efficacious for Li dendrite suppression during the practical application of LMBs, and it may also be promising for tackling dendrite issues in other metal ion battery systems.

Data on the association between homocysteine (Hcy) and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with H-type hypertension were limited. This study aimed to examine the relation of Hcy with the prevalence of CKD and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) among Chinese adults with H-type hypertension.

Molecular low-dimensional organic–metal halide hybrids have shown great potentials as light emitters with excellent color tunability. High photoluminescence quantum efficiency (PLQE) and high color rendering index (CRI) are two essential requirements for them to act as down conversion phosphors to achieve single-component white-light emission. Here, we report an organic–metal halide hybrid [C4N2H12]3[PbBr5]2·4DMSO with a one-dimensional (1D) structure at the molecular level, which possesses a record-setting PLQE of 60% and high CRI value of 84 as a promising single-component white-light emitter. We have also experimentally observed the photoluminescence quenching of [C4N2H12]3[PbBr5]2·4DMSO and its transformation to 0D [C4N2H12]4[Pb2Br11]Br·4H2O, which suggests that the degradation process involves water-molecule replacement and moisture-induced cleavage of 1D lead halide chains.

Zinc sulfide (ZnS) exhibits promise in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) because of its low operation voltage and high theoretical specific capacity. However, pristine ZnS is not adequate in realizing rapid and robust sodium storage owing to its low reversibility, poor structure stability, and sluggish kinetics. To date, most efforts focus on utilizing carbonaceous incorporation to improve its electrochemical performances. Nevertheless, it remains an arduous challenge for realizing superior rate capability while obtaining stable cycling. Herein, inspired by the crystal structure of hexagonal ZnIn2S4, which possesses an intrinsic layered feature with larger unit-cell volume versus that of ZnS, indium incorporation is thus deployed as an immediate remedy. In/ex situinvestigations combined with density functional theory calculations are conducted to reveal the superior kinetics, high reversibility, and good structure stability of ZnIn2S4. Notably, the formed indium-based derivatives during cycling manifest a Na+(de)intercalation process, thereby exciting a synergetic mechanism to stabilize electrochemical cycling. As a result, the electrochemical performances of Zn-based sulfide are significantly improved via the indium incorporation. Furthermore, a full cell based on the ZnIn2S4anode with the superior electrochemical performance is developed. This work provides an effective tactic of heteroatom incorporation for optimizing structure as well as exciting a complementary reaction process toward developing superior anodes for high-performance alkali-ion batteries.

Lead halide perovskites have shown great potential in photovoltaic and photocatalytic fields. However, the toxicity of lead impedes their wide application. Herein composites of lead-free halide perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6supported on nitrogen-doped carbon (N-C) materials were synthesized successfully through a facile one-pot method for the first time. Without deposition of noble metals as the cocatalyst, the optimal composite Cs2AgBiBr6/N-C (Cs2AgBiBr6/N-C-140) exhibits outstanding photocatalytic performance with a high hydrogen evolution rate of 380 μmol g–1h–1under visible light irradiation (λ ≥ 420 nm), which is about 19 times faster than that of pure Cs2AgBiBr6and 4 times faster than that of physically mixed Cs2AgBiBr6/N-C-140, respectively. The Cs2AgBiBr6/N-C-140 composite also displays high stability with no significant decrease after six cycles of repeated hydrogen evolution experiments. The addition of N-C with a high surface area helps to prevent aggregation of Cs2AgBiBr6NPs and provides more pathways for the migration of photoinduced carriers. The nitrogen dopant can facilitate photoinduced electron transfer from Cs2AgBiBr6to N-C to result in spatially separated electrons and holes with prolonged electron time and greatly enhance the photocatalytic performance. This study indicates that Cs2AgBiBr6-based perovskite materials are promising candidates for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.

Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have shown great promise in electronics and optoelectronics due to their unique electrical and optical properties. Heterostructured TMDC layers such as the laterally stitched TMDCs offer the advantages of better electronic contact and easier band offset tuning. Here, we demonstrate a photoresist-free focused ion beam (FIB) method to pattern as-grown TMDC monolayers by chemical vapor deposition, where the exposed edges from FIB etching serve as the seeds for growing a second TMDC material to form desired lateral heterostructures with arbitrary layouts. The proposed lithographic and growth processes offer better controllability for fabrication of the TMDC heterostrucuture, which enables the construction of devices based on heterostructural monolayers.

Lithium (Li) metal is an ideal anode candidate for rechargeable batteries because of its ultra-high theoretical specific capacity. Unfortunately, the practical application of Li metal anodes (LMA) is severely limited by the uncontrollable formation and growth of dendrites and volume expansion. Thus, a protective layer is essential for stable and high-performance LMA. In this work, an organic-inorganic hybrid protective layer is in-situ prepared on Li foil surface (pa-Li), consisting of the organic Polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) and inorganic Ag-LixAgycomposites. Going beyond conventional protective layers, the hybrid protective layer is flexible and enables strong interfacial adherence due to an alloying process. Furthermore, owing to the protective layer's outstanding lithiophilicity and mechanical stability, the pa-Li││pa-Li symmetric cell exhibits satisfactory stability for 1000 h at 5 mA/cm2, 5 mA h/cm2with a low voltage hysteresis of ∼70 mV, while the full cell with a LiFePO4cathode delivers an excellent reversible capacity of 128.9 mA h/g for 900 cycles at 2C with a capacity decay rate of 0.009 % per cycle.

Metal halide perovskites can be readily synthesized, they exhibit tunable physical properties and excellent performance, and they are heavily studied optoelectronic materials. Compared to the typical three-dimensional perovskites, morphological-level one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures enable charge transport and photon propagation with low exciton binding energies and long charge-carrier diffusion lengths, while molecular-level 1D nanostructures exhibit good compositional and structural flexibilities, highly tunable bandgaps, strong quantum confinement effects, and excellent ambient stabilities. The 1D natures of these emerging halide perovskites enhance the performance of optoelectronic devices. Herein, we highlight recent progress realized in the syntheses and characterizations of both morphological- and molecular-level 1D halide perovskites with tunable structures, compositions, and properties, as well as their photovoltaic, light-emission, and photodetection applications. In addition, current challenges, future prospects, and promising research directions are discussed to provide guidance in advancing the field of 1D perovskites.