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The Radiative Forcing Model Intercomparison Project (RFMIP) allows estimates of effective radiative forcing (ERF) in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase six (CMIP6). We analyze the RFMIP output, including the new experiments from models that use the same parameterization for anthropogenic aerosols (RFMIP‐SpAer), to characterize and better understand model differences in aerosol ERF. We find little changes in the aerosol ERF for 1970–2014 in the CMIP6 multi‐model mean, which implies greenhouse gases primarily explain the positive trend in the total anthropogenic ERF. Cloud‐mediated effects dominate the present‐day aerosol ERF in most models. The results highlight a regional increase in marine cloudiness due to aerosols, despite suppressed cloud lifetime effects in that RFMIP‐SpAer experiment. Negative cloud‐mediated effects mask positive direct effects in many models, which arise from strong anthropogenic aerosol absorption. The findings suggest opportunities to better constrain simulated ERF by revisiting the optical properties and long‐range transport of aerosols. Aerosols are particles in the atmosphere with sizes ranging from nanometers to tens of micrometers, which are emitted by natural and anthropogenic processes or formed from gases in the atmosphere. The extent to which anthropogenic aerosols affect the radiation budget of Earth is important to better understand anthropogenic climate changes. Aerosol effects on the radiation budget are simulated by complex Earth system models that informed the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Our study addresses why such model experiments show different magnitudes for aerosol radiative effects. The results point to opportunities to further improve models with existing observations of aerosol optical properties and aerosol transport over oceans in addition to the much‐studied aerosol effects on clouds. Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase six (CMIP6) averaged trend in aerosol effective radiative forcing (ERF) is small for 1970–2014 and weakly positive for 2000–2014Positive direct aerosol radiative effects in CMIP6 models are associated with strong aerosol absorptionDiverse and often strong cloud‐mediated effects primarily determine the magnitude of aerosol ERF in CMIP6 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase six (CMIP6) averaged trend in aerosol effective radiative forcing (ERF) is small for 1970–2014 and weakly positive for 2000–2014 Positive direct aerosol radiative effects in CMIP6 models are associated with strong aerosol absorption Diverse and often strong cloud‐mediated effects primarily determine the magnitude of aerosol ERF in CMIP6

For a long time global paleodust numerical simulations have greatly underestimated dust sources other than modern deserts. Recent modeling experiments incorporating glaciogenic sources of dust have positively improved the agreement between model and paleodust data. This highlights the importance of accurately representing all areas potentially subjected to deflation during an investigated interval. Geochemical results, obtained from European loess sequences collected along a 50°N transect, combined with dust emission simulations reveal the geographical distribution of the most important European dust sources between 34 ka and 18 ka. We demonstrate that most European dust traveled only a few hundred kilometers or less within the boundary layer from its source before deposition. We conclude that our results encourage acquisition of similar geochemical data for other relevant areas in the world. Further, they could provide critical constraints to benchmark atmospheric models, contributing to improve their performance in simulating dust cycle and associated climate feedbacks. We identify the main aerosol sources for different depositional areasThe main contributors were regions between 48 and 52°N, with variable hot spotsDust was transported at low elevation and over regional distances only