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With rapidly growing businesses, organizations are interested in performing well, not just economically but also ecologically. This study develops an integrated joint approach model for vendor–buyer with substitutable deteriorating products under a joint ordering policy. In this study, two mutually substitutable products are taken, and the process of substitution is assumed at buyer end. The carbon emission due to holding and deterioration of products are considered. Both the cases with and without substitution are discussed. This paper aims to determine the optimal production quantity, frequency of deliveries, lot size, and ordering quantity to optimize the total integrated cost with carbon emissions. The demand, production, and deterioration rate are deterministic and fixed. The solution methodology is developed to obtain the optimal production quantities and lot sizes. A numerical example is presented to demonstrate the validation of the model. Sensitivity analysis and managerial insights are provided to represent the validity of the integrated approach. A comparative analysis has been done between with-substitution and without substitution cases. The results show a considerable reduction in overall cost in the case of with-substitution. The limitation of the model is that it involves only two products and single vendor–buyer.

Sustainable integrated inventory management policy focuses on reducing the environmental impact of the manufacturing and transport sector. This study develops an integrated single-manufacturer single-buyer inventory model for substitutable deteriorating items considering transport and industry carbon emissions. This article categorizes carbon emissions into two parts: direct and indirect emissions. We also assume two mutually substitutable items, and substitution is considered on the buyer’s side. If one of the items is out of stock, the demand for that item can be partially satisfied by the stock of the other item; else, demand will be lost. The purpose of this study is to minimize the integrated cost of the supply chain with total carbon emissions produced by industry and transport sectors and to determine the optimal number of deliveries, order level and carbon emission quantity. A solution procedure is developed to find the optimal values of the policy. Numerical experiments and sensitivity analyses are presented to demonstrate the proposed model.

Carbon emissions are a big concern for both the current business market and global warming. Most countries have focused on reducing the environmental effects of business with long time financial profits. This study demonstrates a green inventory model for non-instantaneous substitutable deteriorating items under joint ordering policy with carbon emission. The study discusses all possible cases: when an item is entirely used up due to demand and deterioration, the demand of that item is partially met by other item and all unsatisfied demand goes to lost sale. In this model rate of deterioration and demand rate are assumed as deterministic, constant and triangular fuzzy numbers. The objective of this model is to find optimal ordering quantity and optimize the total cost function with carbon emission. This paper introduces the solution approach and includes a numerical example to demonstrate the implementation of the model. Sensitivity analysis is given to get the impact of parameters and validity of the model.

The heme-regulated protein kinase, which specifically phosphorylates the 38-kDa subunit of initiation factor eiF-2, can utilize adenosine 5′- O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (ATP[γS]) as a substrate. The rate of thiophosphorylation is 5-6-times slower than that observed with ATP. It is of special interest that thiophosphorylated derivatives of eIF-2 are resistant to dephosphorylation catalyzed by eIF-2 phosphoprotein phosphatase. The thiophosphorylated eIF-2 is less effective in promoting protein synthesis in hemin-deficient lysates under physiological conditions. In addition, ATP[γS] could also be utilized by the self-phosphorylation activity intrinsically associated with HRI.

The heme‐regulated protein kinase, which specifically phosphorylates the 38‐kDa subunit of initiation factor eiF‐2, can utilize adenosine 5′‐O‐(3‐thiotriphosphate) (ATP[γS]) as a substrate. The rate of thiophosphorylation is 5‐6‐times slower than that observed with ATP. It is of special interest that thiophosphorylated derivatives of eIF‐2 are resistant to dephosphorylation catalyzed by eIF‐2 phosphoprotein phosphatase. The thiophosphorylated eIF‐2 is less effective in promoting protein synthesis in hemin‐deficient lysates under physiological conditions. In addition, ATP[γS] could also be utilized by the self‐phosphorylation activity intrinsically associated with HRI.