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Bulbine inflata is one of the species in the genus Bulbine that are yet to be documented for potential medicinal uses. Hence, we carried out its preliminary phytochemical profiling and investigated its antioxidant potential. The leaves were dried using air- and freeze-drying techniques and were extracted by water, methanol, ethyl acetate and hexane. Various common colour tests were used for the presence of phytochemicals. Some of the phytochemicals were further quantified. Phosphomolybdate, 2, 2 diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl, hydrogen peroxide and metal chelating assays were used to assess the antioxidant potential of B. inflata. Tannin, flavonoids, phenols, glycosides, steroids, coumarins, quinones, saponins and terpenoids were detected phytochemicals in B. inflata leaves. The highest total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents, as well as total antioxidant capacity, were recorded for water extract. B. inflata showed moderate to high antioxidant activities against DPPH, H2O2 and metal chelating. Freeze-dried samples presented with higher results than air-dried samples in most assays. The results showed the potential of B. inflata for medicinal uses and could expand the ethnomedicinal resources in the communities where it is prevalent and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Araucaria is the property of Araucaria-Revista Iberoamericana de Filosofia, Politica y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study assessed the yield and antioxidant ability of seaweed extracts harvested from the Vietnamese Mekong Delta for the dietary supplementation of whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. In the first experiment, a two-factor test was randomly designed, including three seaweed types (Chaetomorpha linum , Enteromorpha intestinalis , and Gracilaria tenuistipitata) combined with three solvent types (100°C hot water, 90% methanol, and 90% ethanol). The results indicate that C. linum extracted in hot water had a relatively high yield, total phenolic content, and the best antioxidant capacity, as illustrated by DPPH free radical scavenging, ferric chelating, and ferrous reducing power assays. In the second experiment, a feeding trial used the crude hot water extract of C. linum for juvenile L. vannamei. This experiment consisted of five treatments in which commercial feed was supplemented with crude extract at levels of 0 (control), 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2%. Shrimp (mean weight: 0.65 ± 0.09 g) were raised in a total of 15 containers (volume: 500 L) with a density of 200 ind./m3. After 60 days of culture, shrimp survival showed no significant difference across treatments. Moreover, shrimp fed a 0.6% C. linum hot water extract diet had a significantly higher growth rate, production, feed efficiency, and digestive enzyme activity (trypsin, lipase, and amylase) than the control and other groups. Interestingly, polynomial regression revealed that a 0.52% extract diet gave the optimal feed conversion ratio, which was considered the appropriate supplementation level for L. vannamei. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the push out bond strength (POBS) of a syringe-mixed resin sealer and a premixed bioceramic sealer to root dentin exposed to different gutta-percha (GP) solvents and to determine the mode of failure. Methods: A total of 200 horizontal root slices (1 mm thickness) were prepared up to size 40, 0.04 taper and randomly divided into four main groups based on solvent (Endosolv, orange oil, chloroform) and control (saline), then subdivided into two subgroups based on sealer type (AH Plus Jet and iRoot SP). Samples were exposed to respective solvents for 5 minutes and after the final rinsing, canal spaces were filled with either AH Plus Jet or iRoot SP. POBS test was performed 2 weeks after incubation and mode of failure following POBS test was evaluated. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Dunnett post hoc analysis (P< 0.05). Failure mode patterns were categorized as adhesive, cohesive and mixed failures. Results: There was no significant difference (P> 0.05) in POBS between all solvent groups against the control in both AH Plus Jet and iRoot SP groups. Regardless of the use of solvents, AH Plus Jet group had significantly higher bond strength (P< 0.001) compared to iRoot SP group. The predominant mode of failure was mixed failure in all groups irrespective of type of sealer and exposure to solvents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During non-surgical endodontic retreatment, gutta-percha (GP) solvents are indispensable in difficult cases when used with mechanical removal, however studies comparing their efficacy against different types of GP are limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the softening effect of three solvents on the conventional (CGP), cross-linked carrier-based (CLGP), and thermoplasticized (TGP) and compare the effect of time on the softening effect of the solvents. Tested GP were embedded in cuboidal blocks of stone with their upper surfaces exposed (1 mm diameter). Three commercial GP solvents based on D-Limonene (DL), Eucalyptol oil (EO), and orange oil (OO) were added to the exposed GP before an indenter (weight = 1Kg) was applied. Using a digital camera, the indentation depth was measured (mm) directly after applying the solvent and indenter (T = 0), and after 1, 2, and 3 min of application (T = 1,2,3). The means of indentation depth were calculated and compared using a two-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post-hoc test to assess the effect of the types of solvent, GP for each application duration, and Friedman's test to evaluate the effect of application duration on the softening effect of solvents. The type of GP (F = 261.43, p < 0.001), type of solvent (F = 3.57, p = 0.015), and application duration (F = 53.088, p < 0.001) were all found to significantly affect GP softening. DL exhibited the highest and only significant effect on CGP after 1 min (p < 0.05), while OO had the only significant effect against CLGP when applied for at least 2 min (p < 0.05). Both OO and EO had significant softening effects on TGP instantly or after 1 min of application, respectively. The results of this study revealed that the softening effect of GP solvents varies depending on their type, their application duration, and the type of GP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chemical Industry / Hemijska Industrija is the property of Association of Chemical Engineers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Solvents play a crucial role in promoting chemical reactions. They are essential for transporting reactants and energy transfer. Mostly volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are used as solvents. While volatile, such solvents are flammable, environmentally hazardous, highly polluting, toxic, derived from depleting petroleum reserves, and unsustainable, and hence not considered 'green'. Society views VOCs as a necessary evil. The fortuitous discovery of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) has changed the bleak scenario. DESs allow the sustainable conduct of chemical reactions. Site-specific DESs meet most of the requirements to be called green solvents/designer solvents/solvents of the future. This preliminary review will high-light their discovery, characteristics, properties, and applications. Through this review, we intend to introduce the concept of DESs to the novice and kindle interest in this fast-emerging field of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statement of the Problem: It is important to use orthodontic composites with favorable properties, which are easily removed after the end of the treatment but not easily debonded during treatment. Nanoparticles have drawn attention for their antibacterial properties when added to composite resins. However, the effect of addition of nanoparticle on shear bond strength is not broadly discussed. Purpose: The present study was designed to compare the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded by orthodontic composite containing silver nanoparticles with orthodontic composite containing amorphous tricalcium phosphate nanoparticles. Materials and Method: In this ex vivo study, 36 sound extracted human premolars were used and randomly divided into three groups. The brackets were bonded in the first group by composite without nanoparticles, in the second group by composite containing 3% amorphous tricalcium phosphate nanoparticles and in the third group by composite containing 0.3% silver nanoparticles at the buccal surface of the teeth. The shear bond strengths of the samples were measured 24 hours after preparation by a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21 software through one-way ANOVA and Tamhane's T2 multiple comparison tests. p Values under 0.05 were considered significant. Results: There was no significant difference between the mean shear bond strength of composite containing amorphous tricalcium phosphate nanoparticles with composite without nanoparticles (p= 0.142). However, the mean shear bond strength in the composite containing silver nanoparticles was significantly lower than the other two groups (p< 0.001). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the addition of amorphous tricalcium phosphate nanoparticles to orthodontic composite does not significantly decrease the shear bond strength while silver nanoparticles reduce the shear bond strength of orthodontic composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is an anionic surfactant, which has a wide range of usage in the health sector and in dental pharmaceutical products, especially in toothpastes. The objective of this review was to investigate the effects of SLS containing dentifrices on oral and periodontal health, possible side effects, and its benefits. A thorough literature search was done using databases of PubMed and Google Scholar and finally, 40 articles were included in the study. This narrative review revealed the sources of discrepancy and conflicting results regarding the impact of SLS on oral cavity as well as a lack of sufficient evidence in most topics. Hence, the evidence suggests improved drug bioavailability when used as a solubilizer, improved plaque control, and reduction in bad breath. On the other hand, SLS can serve as a risk indicator of prolonged oral wound healing time, recurrent aphthous stomatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bioactivity of bryophytes is one of the most required area of research nowadays due to their rich phytochemical potential. Antifungal activity of selected leafy liverworts was tested against the phytopathogenic fungi viz, Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani and Rhizoctonia solani by using the agar well diffusion method. The extract of Plagiochila asplenioides and Heteroscyphys hyalinus were prepared in different solvents (ethanol, methanol, acetone and chloroform). Interestingly, the ethanol and acetone extracts were found most effective followed by methanol and chloroform. The ethanolic extract of H. hyalinus possessed the highest antifungal activity against R. solani with percent inhibition (85±1.5%) and acetone extract of P. asplenioides showed the highest inhibitory activity against F. oxysporum (51±2.5%). The percent inhibition activity was also compared by using carbendazim. In future, these bryophytes may be utilised as potent bryo-fungicide against the plant pathogenic fungi. The antifungal activity of P. asplenioides and H. hyalinus against selected pathogenic fungi is being presented for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Carbon dioxide capture and mitigation are key to the technological response to combat climate change and reduce CO 2 emissions. • Proposal of a novel system for performance improvement of the conventional post-combustion process. • Thermodynamic, economic, and environmental analyses of the proposed cycles. • The desorption column has the largest contribution to the exergy destruction 257.48 k W. • The solvent regeneration energy decreases to 2.77 G J / t C O 2 , 20.17 % lower compared to the conventional system. An optimum process with a novel method for improving the thermodynamic efficiency of the conventional post-combustion process based on a mono-ethanolamine (MEA) 30 wt% solvent is presented. The presented process, by preheating the rich solvent stream twice and using lean vapor compression (LVC), causes the solvent regeneration energy (E regen) to decrease, the exergy efficiency of the desorption column to increase, and the net CO 2 emission to diminish. According to the simulation results, the solvent regeneration energy in the base process is 3.47 GJ/t CO2 and has a value of 2.77 GJ/t CO2 in the proposed scheme, which exhibits a 20.17% decrease. The exergy analysis showed that the desorption column contributes the most to the exergy destruction in the post-combustion process. According to the performed analysis, in the proposed scheme, the exergy destruction in the desorption column reduces from 476.67 kW to 257.48 kW, which shows a 45.98% decrease. Under these conditions, the exergy efficiency of the desorption column is improved by 12.2%. Comparing E r e g e n parameter with that of previous studies demonstrated that the proposed scheme in this paper has significant superiority regarding optimizing the reboiler's energy. Due to the addition of a compressor, heat exchanger, expansion valve, and separator, the annual capital expenditure (CAPEX y) of the proposed scheme is 13.71% higher than the conventional process, which results in a 12.5% increase in the cost of CO 2 capture ( C o s t C O 2 , c a p t u r e ). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• One of the rare researches about the restoration of defaced characters on wooden surfaces. • Pioneering use of different types of wooden surfaces for forensic marks examination. • Easy, rapid, and cost-effective recovery of scraped characters on wooden surfaces. • Possible on-site method for restoration of the marks on wooden surfaces. The stamp markings on wooden surfaces, which are placed on trees and products including antiques, indicate the status of trees and involve identifying data regarding the products. Such markings are obliterated either to facilitate illegal logging or to conceal product information. Despite the wide literature on the restoration of obliterated characters on metal and polymer surfaces, the recovery of defaced characters on wooden surfaces appears to be understudied. Several reference texts in the forensic marks' examination literature suggest that water, water vapor, and alkaline solutions are useful in restoring the abraded markings on the wood. Since there does not seem to be any experimental study proving such success, this study aimed to fill this gap. This study conducted experimental research by using water, ethanol, ammonia, and chloroform to recover the scraped characters on samples obtained from walnut, beech, spruce, oak, and cedar trees. The cold-stamped characters, which were defaced at varying depths, were restored using vapor and liquid phases of four solvents. While the vapor phases of water, ethanol, and ammonia yielded good outcomes on all types of wooden surfaces, the liquid phases did not seem to be useful in the revisualization process. The response of the vapors, which varied between 62 and 220 s, depended on the type of wood. The restoration technique developed in this research offers the possibility of on-site usage, easy application, utilization of low-cost solvents, rapid recovery, and effectiveness on various wooden surfaces. Overall, the restoration methodology used in this research appears to be fruitful in retrieving identifying information on wooden samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, morphological, chemical and thermal characteristics of biobased and biodegradable anthocyanin-loaded polylactide (PLA) nanofibrous membranes were investigated. To prepare electrospinning solutions, PLA was dissolved at a concentration of 10% (wv-1) in a solvent system of chloroform/dimethylformamide (75/25% vv-1), and anthocyanin at different concentrations (1, 2, and 3% wv-1) was added into the polymer solutions. The prepared solutions were electrospun by using a single syringe electrospinning setup. The morphological, chemical and thermal structure of the neat and anthocyanin-loaded PLA nanofibrous membranes were characterized via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), respectively. The FT-IR spectra proved the incorporation of anthocyanin into nanofibrous membranes successfully. It was observed that when anthocyanin was added into the polymer solution; bead-free nanofibers were produced, and when the concentration of anthocyanin was increased, mean fiber diameter increased as well. In addition, anthocyanin loading did not affect the crystallization behavior of PLA; however, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the nanofibrous membranes including no anthocyanin in the structure was higher than those of the other membranes including anthocyanin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Less solvent solid state reactions are reactions of solids with help of a little amount of solvent in ordinary stirring reactors. Due to the limited amount of solvent, only part of the substances can dissolve in the solvent, and the solvent can be regarded as a transport agent that makes the reactants contact easily. Here, we present an experiment about less solvent solid state reaction that enables students to use β-PbO and PbSO 4 to produce 3PbO·PbSO 4 ·H 2 O (tribasic lead sulfate, usually short as 3BS) in 2 h with its reaction monitored and product characterized with X-ray diffraction. By combining their experiment data with the thermodynamic analysis in the pre-lab lecture, students can understand why solution reactions reach equilibriums eventually while solid state reactions reach 100% completion, and how to get rid of the diffusion difficulty of solid state reactions. Meanwhile, exposure to this experiment can stimulate students to explore techniques for greener chemical processes other than solution reactions. [Display omitted] • Hands-on learning method to connect lab experiments and thermodynamic analysis. • An example about thermodynamic analysis of a real reaction process is presented. • Demonstrating the feasibility and advantages of less solvent solid state reaction. • The less solvent solid state reaction provides a new method to make chemical processes greener. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solubility data of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients in organic solvents is an essential for pharmaceutical crystallization and drug formulation. In this work, two semi-empirical correlations- the Yaws model and λ-h modeland two thermodynamic models - Wilson Model and the Non-random two-liquid model-are used to estimate the solubility of lornoxicam in ethanol and water. The model parameters and correlations coefficients are calculated by optimizing the average relative deviation. The values of these parameters will be helpful to estimate the solubility of lornoxicam at different temperatures where the experimental solubility data is not available. The predicted solubility data of lornoxicam can be further utilized in the pharmaceutical crystallization and drug formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

John La Farge (1835–1910) is regarded as an innovator of American interior decoration. His materials and techniques successfully created unique and eye-catching effects across the interior surfaces of monumental buildings. The recent conservation treatment of the Newport Congregational Church in Newport, Rhode Island afforded the opportunity to perform the first comprehensive analysis of one such painted interior. Materials analyses of the media and pigments were carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). In addition, reconstructions of La Farge's medium were prepared based on a number of available archival paint recipes in order to further inform the analysis and to help develop a better understanding of the materials La Farge likely used for specific passages and colors. The results of the project suggest that La Farge primarily achieved his varied surfaces with two mediums: distemper-bound passages juxtaposed with areas bound in a mixture of beeswax and larch balsam diluted with solvents. Analysis, archival research, and reconstructions were ultimately used to illustrate the vulnerabilities of La Farge's surfaces but also to reveal the artist's original intent and technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The retreatment of teeth obturated with bioceramic sealers has been shown to be challenging. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of 10% formic acid (FA), 20% hydrochloric acid (HCl), and chloroform for achieving patency in teeth obturated with a bioceramic sealer. Forty-five extracted single-canal teeth were instrumented and obturated 1.5 mm short of the working length using gutta-percha and EndoSequence BC Sealer (Brasseler USA, Savannah, GA). Two weeks later, gutta-percha was removed, and apical patency was attempted with a 10 C-file and a solvent (FA, HCl, or chloroform). The time to gain patency through EndoSequence BC Sealer was recorded. Five additional teeth were irrigated with the solvents, and scanning electron microscopy was used to evaluate the effect of solvents on the dentin. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used for statistical analysis. Patency was achieved in all canals, except for 1 in the chloroform group. Regarding the time to achieve patency, no significant difference was noted between chloroform and FA (P >.05). However, there was a significant difference between chloroform and HCl (P <.05) and between FA and HCl (P <.05). The erosion of dentinal tubules was more evident when HCl was used compared with the other irrigants. Twenty percent HCl was superior to 10% FA and chloroform in achieving patency in teeth obturated with EndoSequence BC Sealer. Regardless of the solvent used, patency may be achieved for most of the cases obturated with gutta-percha and EndoSequence BC Sealer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chemical Industry / Hemijska Industrija is the property of Association of Chemical Engineers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Application of microcapsules in medical textile has been studied and commercially developed widely in recent years. The aim of this work was to propose an eco-friendly microencapsulation by solvent evaporation method that can contribute to the manufacture of medical textile products using microcapsules. Quillaja saponin was used as bio-sourced surfactant and ethyl acetate was used as the less toxic, non-halogenated organic solvent. The influences of saponin concentration, stirring speed during emulsification step and the volume of ethyl acetate used to saturate the aqueous phase before emulsification on the microcapsule size and morphology were investigated. The results showed that eudragit microcapsules of ibuprofen with diameter in range from 17 to 34 µm, which were suitable for medical textile applications, were successfully elaborated. The saponin concentration varied from 0.025 to 0.1 wt%. The stirring speed was changed from 700 to 600 rpm. The volume of ethyl acetate used in saturation step was 0, 8 and 12 ml. In the scope of investigation, the saponin concentration and the volume of ethyl acetate used in saturation step did affect the microcapsule size and morphology while the stirring speed did not. The saturation step really helped to reduce the formation of irregular microparticles and to narrow the size distribution, but the microcapsules became more porous, weaker and were deformed significantly by drying in the fabric treatment process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Solvent-dependent NLO properties have been calculated by employing DFT and TDDFT. • Band gap of studied systems lies in the range of 2.54 to 1.56 eV. • Acceptor modification results in an increase in static polarizability. • Investigated chromophores showed substantial SHG and EOPE values at 532 nm and 1064 nm lasers. • Studied chromophores are recommended as excellent NLO materials for future cutting-edge optoelectronic applications. Addressing the growing demand of novel nonlinear optical (NLO) materials, hyper-rayleigh-scattering (HRS) in solution, static and frequency-dependent NLO properties of novel IsoIDTC-based derivatives (AFS1-AFS9) are computed at laser frequencies of 1064 nm and 532 nm to explore SHG β (−2ω, ω, ω) and EOPE β (−ω, ω, 0) for modern electro-optic applications. Structural, electrical, and NLO features were calculated using DFT, and TDDFT modeling, HRS, and DR measurement. The polar, non-polar solvent, and gas phase NLO properties show the highest linear polarizability of 8.92 × 102 a.u. (AFS8) in water, 9.68 × 102 a.u. (AFS5) in gas, and 9.56 × 102 a.u. (AFS) in benzene. AFS8 push-pulls exhibit the highest first hyper-polarizability (β tot) at 1.05 × 105 a.u. and 1.47 × 105 a.u. in gas and benzene solvent, respectively. The proposed chromophores showed substantial SHG and EOPE values at 532 nm and 1064 nm lasers compared to IDT, hence, allowed the successful synthesis of NLO materials for future cutting-edge optoelectronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Industria Textila is the property of Institutul National de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Textile si Pielarie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The mechanism and kinetics of the electrochemical nucleation and growth of gold nanoparticles, AuNPs, onto a glassy carbon electrode, GCE, from Au(III) dissolved in the reline deep eutectic solvent, DES, at 70 °C, were assessed, for the first time. From the potentiodynamic technique it was found that gold electrodeposition onto the GCE substrate (Au(III)DES + 3e− (GCE) = Au(s)/GCE) is a diffusion-controlled process that requires of an overpotential nucleation to occur. The potentiostatic current density transients, recorded at different applied overpotentials, during the electrodeposition of AuNPs were described by a mechanism where multiple nucleation of 3D gold centers with mass-transfer controlled growth, occurs simultaneously with Au(III) adsorption (at the early stages) and the DES residual water reduction on the growing surfaces of the Au nuclei. From this analysis the diffusion coefficient of Au(III) ions was estimated as (2.56 ± 0.12) × 10−9 cm s−1 and it was found that the number density of Au nuclei, Ns, depends exponentially on the applied overpotential while the nucleation frequency, A, was practically constant and the water reduction contribution increases linearly. From SEM images and EDX spectrum of the GCE surface, electrodeposited with gold (GCE/AuNPs), it was found that the Au deposit was formed by aggregates, (183 ± 37) nm average size, of AuNPs (of ca 50 nm diameter) and a density of (1.8 ± 0.3) × 109 aggregates cm−2. The GCE/AuNPs was used for the Dopamine, DA, electrochemical quantification in the presence of uric acid, UA, with the following analytical performance: sensitivity of (32.49 ± 0.37) μA mM−1 and (28.6 ± 0.2) μM detection limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth model is developed in a mixed mode that contains solvent diffusion through the SEI layer and corresponding solvent reduction kinetics at the SEI/electrode interface. The governing equations are solved by the Landau transformation, which makes the moving layer fixed to predict the open circuit potential, SEI layer thickness, and capacity loss. The estimated parameters fitted with experimental data from the literature are computed using COMSOL and MATLAB. Results show that the mixed mode model predicts lower capacity loss and thinner SEI layer due to its growth under open circuit conditions than previously reported by others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum electrodeposition using ionic liquids or deep eutectic solvents has attracted significant interest for coating applications. Although Al electrodeposition is usually carried out in a nitrogen- or argon-filled glove box, there may be a potential for process cost reduction if the Al electrodeposition process could be carried out in a dry atmosphere. In this study, we examined two commonly used baths, namely a 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMImCl)–AlCl3 ionic liquid and an acetamide (AcAm)–AlCl3 deep eutectic solvent, to determine their respective feasibilities for the electrodeposition of a uniform Al film in dry air. Electrodeposition in dry air using the AcAm–AlCl3 bath produced uniform Al films even after the bath had been used for more than 10 weeks, whereas electrodeposition in dry air using the EMImCl–AlCl3 bath failed to produce an Al film covering the entire substrate. The current efficiency was almost 100% in the AcAm–AlCl3 bath, whereas the value decreased to 50% in EMImCl–AlCl3 bath in dry air. The findings of this study therefore reveal that AcAm–AlCl3 is a suitable bath for Al electrodeposition in dry air. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four ethers were compared as solvents of lithium naphthalenide (Li-NTL) solutions to pre-dope Li into Si electrodes. The solvents of the Li-NTL solutions affected the stability and equilibrium potential (Veq). X-ray diffraction, thermodynamic characterization and ultraviolet-visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy were used to clarify the effects of the solvation structure, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy of the solvent molecule and the ion pair structure between Li+ ions and naphthalenide radical anions ([NTL]·−) on doping capacity. A Li-NTL solution having a low Veq and sufficient stability under potentials as low as that of Li metal was found to provide the highest pre-doping capacity. In particular, a 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (MeTHF) solution exhibiting the lowest Veq showed a pre-doping capacity as high as 3250 mAh g−1 after 24 h. UV–vis spectra and Walden plots indicated that a Li-NTL solution using MeTHF provided less dissociation than a tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution. The doping capacity is evidently determined by the Veq of the Li-NTL solution as a consequence of the dissociation equilibrium of the ion pair of the solvated Li+ ion and [NTL]·− radical ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predicting lithium-ion battery (LIB) lifetime is one of the most important challenges holding back the electrification of vehicles, aviation, and the grid. The continuous growth of the solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) is widely accepted as the dominant degradation mechanism for LIBs. SEI growth consumes cyclable lithium and leads to capacity fade and power fade via several pathways. However, SEI growth also consumes electrolyte solvent and may lead to electrolyte dry-out, which has only been modelled in a few papers. These papers showed that the electrolyte dry-out induced a positive feedback loop between loss of active material (LAM) and SEI growth due to the increased interfacial current density, which resulted in capacity drop. This work, however, shows a negative feedback loop between LAM and SEI growth due to the reduced solvent concentration (in our case, EC), which slows down SEI growth. We also show that adding extra electrolyte into LIBs at the beginning of life can greatly improve their service life. This study provides new insights into the degradation of LIBs and a tool for cell developers to design longer lasting batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]