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Abstract Recently, China's National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) announced the establishment of a nationwide carbon emissions trading system (ETS), which will be the largest ETS in the world. The national ETS directly encourages enterprises to make a low-carbon transition through market mechanisms. In addition, the ETS is a potential source of significant government revenue through the auction of emissions permits. The allocation of this revenue is an important consideration for the NDRC. Some ETS areas already have experience with revenue recycling. For example, the California government directly returns ETS revenue to residents through electricity bill credits, as well as dedicated some of the revenue to the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund (GGRF). This study uses a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to explore the economic impact of directly returning the revenue from the ETS to residents in China. At the same time, taking into account the significant differences between different income groups in urban and rural areas in China, the research explores the difference between different distribution policies. The results show that the coal industry will suffer the greatest negative impact from the ETS. By 2050, the number of people employed in the coal industry will fall by 63.8% compared to 2012, and under the ETS scenario, coal employment will decrease by 75.3%. However, these employment effects can be mitigated by targeted transfers to the displaced coal workers using ETS revenue. At the national level, ETS policies have a positive effect on GDP due to the income effect of revenue recycling. From the perspective of household income, the ETS policies will have differing impacts on different income groups. In addition, different income distribution methods will also change the impact on the income of different groups. Among these revenue distribution options, the distribution by population be most conducive to the promotion of social equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study provides a novel analysis of energy and technology use in Vietnam’s aluminum industry. Vietnam has the world’s fourth largest bauxite reserves, and is developing a full aluminum supply chain, from bauxite mining to aluminum smelting. Aluminum production is one of the most energy-intensive industrial processes, yet Vietnam has relatively few domestic energy resources, and no data on energy use in its aluminum industry. This paper quantifies energy intensity in each phase of aluminum production in Vietnam in comparison to global estimates. The paper finds that Vietnam’s aluminum production is more energy intensive than the global average, driven by high energy intensity in the alumina production phase. The paper identifies broad barriers to industrial energy efficiency in Vietnam and similar countries, and how these challenges can be incorporated in future research. Potential retrofit technologies are identified for Vietnam’s alumina plants, including cost and energy saving potential for each technology. Analysis of net present value, including policy scenario analysis, indicates that some of these retrofit technologies are promising investments in the near term, with simple payback periods of less than ten years for four out of the five technologies identified. The energy footprint of Vietnam’s aluminum industry is an important consideration for policymakers in Vietnam, given Vietnam’s need for energy resources, and promoting efficient operation of Vietnam’s aluminum industry will require additional technology and policy changes. This research demonstrates a mixed-methods approach that can be applied to address the challenges data-constrained planners face in developing energy-intensive industries worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The nonnegligible environmental health co-benefit is considered in Beijing road transport sector. • Beijing's electric vehicles policy are studied under different level of EV market penetration. • The strict electric vehicles policy in Beijing will help the city to fulfil its low carbon city target. • The quota-limit policy and EV promotion in Beijing has substantial positive health co-benefit. • It provides a reference for effectiveness analysis of administrative decree policy in big cities. In the deep decarbonization era against climate change, big cities set ambitious targets for road transport. As China's capital, Beijing has very strict vehicles quota-limit policies. This study contributes to the literature for its innovations on the evaluation of quota-limit executive policy for big cities which few studies have studied, and its improved method with integrated analysis model which distinguish itself for including future co-benefit estimation and enterprise-level data analysis. This study estimates the energy consumption and health environmental co-benefit up to 2030, results show that the ambitious policy will significantly reduce both CO 2 and key atmospheric pollutants emissions. Besides, the health economic loss from different illnesses attributed to NO X , CO, PM 2.5 and HC will be 65 %, 61 %, 19 % and 57 % lower than reference scenario in 2030. During the energy transition, gasoline will still occupy the biggest proportion of the passenger sector fuel use in Beijing. However, the quota-limit policy will have significant integrated impact on both emission mitigation and avoiding public health damage. This study provides a good reference for big cities in other countries for both its improved method and the effectiveness of administrative decree policy for urban transport planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important conduit of industrial development, industrial parks have contributed significantly to economic development, particularly through the construction of eco-industrial parks (EIPs). With the increase in the number and type of parks, industrial park recycling transformation (IPRT) has been pivotal in developing the circular economy concept at the regional level in China. Compared with EIPs, this study identifies the characteristics of IPRT as green, cyclic, efficient, shared, and sustainable. To effectively explore how to promote IPRT development, the concept of critical material flow with material flow analysis is introduced to trace materials that are critical to high consumption areas with significant environmental impacts. The paper also suggests that cleaner production audits of enterprises can provide a basis for critical material flow analysis. Analysis of critical material flow pathways can facilitate the establishment of reverse logistics, which is important for achieving closed-loop IPRT through imitation of natural ecosystem cycles. In addition, an information system and database management platform are required to support critical material flow analysis in IPRT. Using a case study of the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, the findings reveal that IPRT can be promoted from enterprises at the micro-level to parks at the macro-level based on critical material flow analysis. These results provide a methodological and practical reference for improving the stability of the industrial symbiosis of EIPs and contribute to IPRT research. Moreover, an analytic framework is provided that demonstrates how to promote IPRT in practice. • Identifying the characteristics of IPRT as green, cyclic, efficient, shared, and sustainable. • Consideration of critical material flow provides detailed insight for IPRT. • An analytic framework to promote IPRT at micro-, meso-, and macro-levels is proposed. • The framework is successfully applied to assess water resource management in Tianjin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]