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Type I photosensitizers offer an advantage in photodynamic therapy (PDT) due to their diminished reliance on oxygen levels, thus circumventing the challenge of hypoxia commonly encountered in PDT. In this study, we present the synthesis and comprehensive characterization of a novel type I photosensitizer derived from a cyclometalated Ir(III)-rhodamine complex. Remarkably, the complex exhibits a shift in absorption and fluorescence, transitioning from “off” to “on” states in aprotic and protic solvents, respectively, contrary to initial expectations. Upon exposure to light, the complex demonstrates the effective generation of O2–and ·OH radicals via the type I mechanism. Additionally, it exhibits notable photodynamic antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, demonstrated through in vitro and in vivo experiments. This research offers valuable insights for the development of novel type I photosensitizers.

The development of multi-functional preservatives is a promising solution to food waste caused by microbial spoilage. Therefore, in the present study, lysozyme - (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (Ly-EGCG) covalent conjugates were prepared by a free radical grafting approach. The effects of EGCG concentration on the physicochemical, structural, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties of Ly-EGCG conjugates were investigated. The covalent coupling of Ly with EGCG was confirmed by the generation of new bands in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) profiles, the decrease in fluorescence intensity (> 85%) shown by multispectral techniques, and the shift of the amide I band in the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. Compared to Ly, after adding 0.7 mM EGCG, the thermal denaturation temperature of the Ly-EGCG conjugates was decreased to 68.84 °C, whereas the DPPH scavenging capacity (88.84 ± 0.42%) and total antioxidant capacity (0.94 ± 0.06 U/mL) were remarkably enhanced. The inhibitory effect of Ly-EGCG conjugates on E. coliand S. aureuscould be effectively regulated by modifying the EGCG concentration. Furthermore, Pearson correlation analysis revealed a correlation between the structural and functional properties of Ly-EGCG conjugates. These results provide potential strategies for the development of food-grade, multi-functional preservatives.

We have witnessed the fast progress of cathodic photoelectrochemistry over the past decades, though its signal transduction tactic still lacks diversity. Exploring new sensing strategies for cathodic photoelectrochemistry is extremely demanding yet hugely challenging. This article puts forward a unique idea to incorporate an enzymatic reaction-invoked surface polarization effect (SPE) on the surface of BiOIO3to implement an innovative cathodic photoelectrochemical (PEC) bioanalysis. Specifically, the thioredoxin reductase (TrxR)-mediated reaction produced the polar glutathione (GSH), which spontaneously coordinated to the surface of BiOIO3and induced SPE by forming a polarized electric field, resulting in improved electron (e–) and hole (h+) pair separation efficiency and an enhanced photocurrent output. Correlating this phenomenon with the detection of TrxR exhibited a high performance in terms of sensitivity and selectivity, achieving a linear range of 0.007–0.5 μM and a low detection limit of 2.0 nM (S/N = 3). This study brings refreshing inspiration for the cathodic PEC signal transduction tactic through enzyme-mediated in situreaction to introduce SPE, which enriches the diversity of available signaling molecules. Moreover, this study unveils the potential of in situgenerated SPE for extended and futuristic applications.

The model plant Physcomitrium patenshas played a pivotal role in enhancing our comprehension of plant evolution and development. However, the current genome harbours numerous regions that remain unfinished and erroneous. To address these issues, we generated an assembly using Oxford Nanopore reads and Hi-C mapping. The assembly incorporates telomeric and centromeric regions, thereby establishing it as a near telomere-to-telomere genome except a region in chromosome 1 that is not fully assembled due to its highly repetitive nature. This near telomere-to-telomere genome resolves the chromosome number at 26 and provides a gap-free genome assembly as well as updated gene models to aid future studies using this model organism.

Heterobimetallic complexes have recently garnered considerable attention in organic synthesis owing to their high activity and selectivity, which surpass those of monometallic complexes. In this study, the detailed mechanisms of terminal alkyne dimerization activated by the heterobimetallic Zr/Co complex, as well as the different stereoselectivities of Me3SiC≡CH and PhC≡CH dimerization, were investigated and elucidated by using density functional theory calculations. After excluding the three-molecule reaction and outer-sphere mechanisms, the inner-sphere mechanism was determined as the most optimal process. The inner-sphere mechanism involves four processes: THF dissociation and coordination of the first alkyne; ligand migration and C–H activation; N2dissociation and insertion of the second alkyne; and reductive elimination. The stereoselectivity between the E-/Z- and gem-isomers is determined by the C–C coupling mode of the two alkynes and that of the E- and Z-isomers is determined by the sequence of the C–C coupling and hydrogen migration in the reductive elimination process. Me3SiC≡CH dimerization yields only an E-isomer owing to the large differences in the distortion and interaction energies, whereas PhC≡CH dimerization produces an E-, Z-, and gem-isomers owing to the reduced interaction energy differences.

In this study, a multi-stage planning model of the distribution network with high photovoltaic (PV) penetration considering operational reliability is presented. The operation reliability cost consisting of three modified reliability indices is imposed in the objective function in the proposed distribution systems planning model. Additionally, the distribution network reconfiguration including microgrid is considered at the operation level to improve system operation reliability. Nonlinear expressions of modified reliability indices aggravate the complexity of the proposed planning model. To address the computational burden, the planning model is simplified as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model, which have an efficient computational behavior with exiting MILP solvers. The benefits of imposing operation reliability cost in the objective function and network reconfiguration including microgrid as operation strategies, are discussed. The effectiveness of the proposed model is tested by numerical results.

With the large-scale expansionary of electric vehicles (EVs), charging facilities on highway have also been developed rapidly as supporting services, providing convenient and fast charging services for electric vehicle users. Due to the limited number and capacity of charging facilities, it is difficult to meet diverse queue waiting time needs of EV users during peak charging periods. Meanwhile, considering the integration of distributed photovoltaic and distributed energy storage system (DPV-DESS) on highway, this paper aims at proposing a strategy for the highway to coordinate multiple resources and meet the diverse charging demand of EVs. In this paper, a highway integration scheme with DPV-DESS is established to maximize the EV charging simultaneity and EV users’ satisfaction while achieving the efficient utilization of DPV-DESS. Firstly, based on the DPV-DESS configuration, the model of photovoltaic (PV), energy storage and EV charging parameters are built. Secondly, considering PV output characteristics and the diverse charging needs, a two-layer optimization model is put forward. In the upper layer, multi-source coordination optimization model is proposed to realize efficient utilization. In the lower layer, an orderly charging strategy is raised for EVs senseless charging. Finally, case studies have been conducted on a self-sustained DPV-DESS consisting of a modified test system with 20 charging piles. Numerical results indicate that the proposed scheme can maximize the EV users’ satisfaction while minimizing the operating cost on the premise of the self-sustained highway transportation energy system operation.

Home appliances with single-phase diode bridge rectifiers (SDBRs) are widely used due to the rapid development of power electronics technology. This article proposes a dynamic harmonic model based on measured data for SDBR-type devices. First, the SDBR-type devices are categorized into two types by identifying the current waveform difference diagram. Second, the harmonic coupled models are established for two types of devices, and the circuit parameters are estimated using the $Z$ transform method based on the measured voltage and current data. Third, to accurately characterize the device dynamics, the recursive partial least squares method with an adaptive update strategy is applied to the dynamic circuit parameter estimation process, which allows for fast and accurate estimation of dynamically changing circuit parameters. Finally, the effectiveness, accuracy, and dynamics of the proposed model and parameter estimation method are verified by the simulation and experiment, and the proposed method is applied to circuit parameter fault diagnosis.

The brief focuses on stabilizing aperiodically intermittent control (AIC) for switched stochastic nonlinear systems (SSNSs) based on discrete-time observation. The relationship between switched and discrete-time observation points under controller rest and activation intervals is analyzed. Three states are considered for running the controlled system, namely synchronous control, asynchronous control, and open-loop operation. Sufficient conditions are provided for the stabilization of SSNSs, allowing the Lyapunov function to increase within the asynchronous control interval. In addition, the method can be extended to SSNSs based on discrete-time observations without AIC. Finally, a tunnel diode circuit model (TDCM) with noise effects is provided to illustrate the validity of theoretical conclusions.

ABSTRACTPathological cardiac hypertrophy (referred to as cardiac hypertrophy) is a maladaptive response of the heart to a variety of pathological stimuli, and cardiac hypertrophy is an independent risk factor for heart failure and sudden death. Currently, the treatments for cardiac hypertrophy are limited to improving symptoms and have little effect. Elucidation of the developmental process of cardiac hypertrophy at the molecular level and the identification of new targets for the treatment of cardiac hypertrophy are crucial. In this review, we summarize the research on multiple active substances related to the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy and the signaling pathways involved and focus on the role of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and the identification of potential targets for molecular intervention. We aim to identify important signaling molecules with clinical value and hope to help promote the precise treatment of cardiac hypertrophy and thus improve patient outcomes.

Transition-metal-catalyzed fluorination of organic compounds is the most effective method to obtain high-value fluorinated compounds that are widely used in the fields of medicine and materials science. In this work, the synergistically catalyzed mechanism of borylfluoroallylation of acetylene catalyzed by [Cu]/[Pd] bimetallic catalysts as well as the chemoselectivity and regioselectivity of the reactions were investigated by means of density functional theory calculations. The results showed that the whole reaction involves three processes: [Cu]-catalyzed borylcuprization of alkynes and [Pd]-catalyzed open-loop coupling of difluorocyclopropane, followed by transmetalation and reduction elimination of the two intermediates to yield the final product. For the title reaction, the mode of Cu–B bond insertion into the alkyne determines the regioselectivity, while the modes of open-loop coupling of difluorocyclopropane and β-F elimination control the chemoselectivity. The reduction elimination process is the rate-determining step, yielding cis-a-Pro as the major product. Our work clarifies the catalytic mechanism responsible for acetylene borylfluoroenylation catalyzed by [Cu]/[Pd] catalysts, providing a detailed explanation for reported experimental results and valuable information for acetylene functionalization.

Bimetallic synergistic catalysis is one of the most effective and powerful strategies for the synthesis of oxazolones, an important species in organic synthesis. In this work, the mechanism of AuCl(PMe3)/AgOTf-Pd(0) ([Au–Pd]) bimetallic catalyst-catalyzed oxazolone synthesis using N-alkynyl carbamates as precursors was studied in detail by DFT calculations and the catalytic performances of a series of bimetallic catalysts were evaluated. The results show that the reaction begins from the [Au]-catalyzed cycloisomerization of N-alkynyl carbamates. After the five-membered intermediate is formed, the [Pd(0)]-catalyzed cycle starts, which contains three steps: oxidation addition, transmetalation, and reductive elimination. The whole reaction belongs to a catalyzed catalysis, and the reductive elimination is the rate-determining step. In the transmetalation process, both the [Pd(0)] catalyst and the ionic bridge are necessary. For the [Au–Pd]-catalyzed process, it is Cl–as the bridge, not OTf–. The cheaper metal compound, AgCl(PMe3), can serve as the alternative of AuCl(PMe3) to co-catalyze with the [Pd(0)] catalyst for the title reaction.

ETS-4 shows great potential to achieve effective separation of challenging mixtures due to its promising tunability of pores. However, the regulation of pore size is largely limited by its low thermal stability. Here, Na-ETS-4 was synthesized by the hydrothermal method and additionally modified via ion exchange coupled with thermal treatment. Structures of all synthesized samples were examined using a variety of characterization techniques. Both adsorption equilibrium and kinetics of CO2and CH4on these adsorbents were evaluated on custom-made adsorption units. In addition, the mechanism of CO2adsorption on different structural models of ETS-4 was revealed via combining with the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Ion exchange largely improves the thermal stability of ETS-4 and its adsorption capacities for CO2and CH4. Ba-ETS-4-350 exhibits the largest equilibrium selectivity of 12.42 and the greatest Henry’s selectivity of 2178.51. The radial distribution function (RDF) results reveal the main adsorption sites of CO2in different ETS-4 structures.

Purinostat Mesylate (PM) is a novel highly selective and active HDAC I/IIb inhibitor, and the injectable formulation of PM (PMF) based on the compound prescription containing cyclodextrin completely can overcome PM's poor solubility and improves its stability and pharmacokinetic properties. Here, we showed that PM effectively repressed the survival of Ph+leukemia cells and CD34+leukemia cells from CML patients in vitro. In vivostudies demonstrated that PMF significantly prevented BCR-ABL(T315I) induced CML progression by restraining leukemia stem cells (LSCs), which are insensitive to chemotherapy and responsible for CML relapse. Mechanism studies revealed that targeting HDAC I/IIb repressed several important factors for LSCs survival including c-Myc, β-Catenin, E2f, Ezh2, Alox5, and mTOR, as well as interrupted some critical biologic processes. Additionally, PMF increased glutamate metabolism in LSCs by increasing GLS1. The combination of PMF and glutaminase inhibitor BPTES synergistically eradicated LSCs by altering multiple key proteins and signaling pathways which are critical for LSC survival and self-renewal. Overall, our findings represent a new therapeutic strategy for eliminating LSCs by targeting HDAC I/IIb and glutaminolysis, which potentially provides a guidance for PMF clinical trials in the future for TKI resistance CML patients.

In this brief, we focus on the stabilization problem of a class of stochastic nonlinear systems under periodic sampled-data state feedback subject to input saturation. An auxiliary variable is introduced to handle the saturation nonlinearity as well as to characterize the estimate of the region of attraction of the origin (RAO). After discretizing the continuous-time systems and obtaining the iterative relations of sampling instants, sufficient stabilization criteria are established in the form of parametric conditions. Both mean square exponential stability and almost sure stability are considered. Based on our results, the relations among the estimate of RAO and controller gain, sampling period can be analysed clearly, which is demonstrated in the example. An application for synchronization of two Chua’s Circuits is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of our results.

In this letter, the phenomenon is found that there are non-minimum phase and “undershoot” behavior in grid-tied VSC, even if the outer loop is not applied. Based on the small-signal model, the mechanism that q-axis-related non-minimum phase behavior reduces VSC's stability and the “undershoot” behavior are analyzed in the letter. It is found that the q-axis current control dynamics of weak grid-tied VSC introduce an open-loop unstable zero when the reactive power is supplied from the AC system, which is the key factor for the non-minimum phase behavior.

ABSTRACTResearch on combined phytotoxicity of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and nanoparticles is very important for the remediation of PFOA contaminated soil and further assessment for the potential of nano-enhanced phytoremediation. Here, joint effects of PFOA and CuO nanoparticles (nCuO) in plants were studied by exposing radish (Raphanus sativusL.) to PFOA (4 mg/kg) and nCuO (200 and 400 mg/kg) for 30 days, and measuring for contaminant accumulation, radish biomass, photosynthesis profiles and nutrient contents. Results showed that PFOA accumulated highly in radish organs but showed limited effects on radish biomass. nCuO could increase the transfer rate of PFOA from root to shoot and reduce PFOA accumulation in edible root part, but higher nCuO lead to decreased radish biomass. Reversely, PFOA alleviated the adverse effects of nCuO on leaf photosynthesis and root metabolism of vitamins and amino acids. These results provided basics for exploring possibility of nano-enhanced phytoremediation for PFOA soil pollution.

A 67-year-old man underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT for lung cancer staging. Interestingly, the PET scan revealed strip-shaped FDG uptake in the right inguinal contoured area, which was later confirmed as a right varicocele through ultrasound imaging.

O3-Type layered oxides are widely studied as cathodes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their high theoretical capacities. However, their rate capability and durability are limited by tortuous Na+diffusion channels and complicated phase evolution during Na+extraction/insertion. Here we report our findings in unravelling the mechanism for dramatically enhancing the stability and rate capability of O3-NaNi0.5Mn0.5–xSbxO2(NaNMS) by substitutional Sb doping, which can alter the coordination environment and chemical bonds of the transition metal (TM) ions in the structure, resulting in a more stable structure with wider Na+transport channels. Furthermore, NaNMS nanoparticles are obtained by surface energy regulation during grain growth. The synergistic effect of Sb doping and nanostructuring greatly reduces the ionic migration energy barrier while increasing the reversibility of the structural evolution during repeated Na+extraction/insertion. An optimized NaNMS-1 electrode delivers a reversible capacity of 212.3 mAh g–1at 0.2 C and 74.5 mAh g–1at 50 C with minimal capacity loss after 100 cycles at a low temperature of −20 °C. Such electrochemical performance is superior to most of the reported layered oxide cathodes used in rechargeable SIBs.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of death and disability among children and young adults in the United States. In this manuscript, we assessed the utility of an N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer-based dexamethasone (Dex) prodrug (P-Dex) in the treatment of TBI. Using a controlled cortical impact TBI mouse model, P-Dex was found to passively target and sustain at the traumatic/inflammatory brain tissue for over 14 days after systemic administration. The histological evidence supports P-Dex’s therapeutic potential in ameliorating neuroinflammation and mitigating neurodegeneration. Behaviorally, the P-Dex-treated animals showed statistically significant improvement in balance recovery. A trend of neurological severity score improvement at the early time point post-TBI was also noted but did not achieve statistical significance. While probing the potential glucocorticoid side effects that may associate with P-Dex treatment, we discovered that the TBI mice develop osteopenia. Interestingly, the P-Dex-treated TBI mice demonstrated higher bone mineral density and better bone microarchitecture parameters when compared to free Dex and the saline control, revealing the osteoprotective effect of P-Dex in addition to its neuronal protection benefits post-TBI.

Energy storage can effectively alleviate the power fluctuation caused by high permeability distributed new energy in AC/DC system. However, due to the state of charge (SOC) of energy storage, AC/DC system is difficult to give full play to the power complementary. Thus, a coordinated control strategy of AC/DC system considering the state of charge of energy storage is proposed in the paper. Firstly, the power balance between subnets of AC/DC system is analyzed to achieve the balance of supply and demand. Then, according to the power control strategy, the AC/DC coordinated control strategy based on energy storage SOC is studied. In order to improve the stable operation ability of the system, the technology of virtual synchronous generator (VSG) is applied. Finally, the validation model is built based on MATLAB/ Simulink platform. The simulation results show that the strategy can effectively coordinate the power interaction between the subnet power supply and the interconnected converter and improve the system stability.

The residues of daily-used antibiotics are difficult to be removed and very harmful to the environment. Herein, FeOx@FeP heterostructure was constructed by surface phosphorization of hematite (α-Fe2O3) synthesized viaa facile hydrothermal method for efficient photo-Fenton degradation of antibiotic norfloxacin (NOR). Compared with the bare α-Fe2O3, the FeOx@FeP heterostructure exhibits much-enhanced photocatalytic Fenton-like performance, with NOR degraded by 75% within 5 ​min by sunlight-driven photo-Fenton reactions. It was suggested that the surface phosphorization-derived metallic FeP overlayer could accelerate the separation and migration of photogenerated charge carriers in α-Fe2O3, which benefits the generation of •OH and O2•−reactive radicals from photo-Fenton reaction and thus give rise to the great enhancement in NOR degradation activity. This study displays an alternative strategy of surface engineering to design novel heterostructured materials for the efficient photo-Fenton treatment of wastewater containing antibiotic residues as well as other organic pollutants.

Currently, researchers have increasingly focused on 3D in vitro tumor models as they possess the capacity to replicate tissue-like characteristics and cell-cell interactions within the tumor microenvironment. Hydrogel, a hydrophilic polymer network that crosslinks in a 3D structure, has emerged as a prominent cynosure due to its ability to absorb water, swell, and provide attachment sites for cells. By mimicking the extracellular matrix, hydrogel facilitates the investigation of cell growth and cell-cell interaction. The gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel has garnered significant interest in the scientific community due to its ability to be mechanically adjusted and its exceptional biocompatibility. This review primarily focuses on the recent advancements in the construction methodology of 3D tumor models utilizing GelMA hydrogel, including the preparation procedures, tumor attributes, and performance enhancements. Furthermore, we offer insights into the prospective directions for the advancement of GelMA hydrogels. It is anticipated that GelMA hydrogels will find extensive application in the near future for the precise fabrication of tumor models with diverse geometries. These models are poised to become the preferred option for investigating the tumor microenvironment, tumorigenesis, tumor metastasis, and related mechanisms.

Some arginyl dipeptides and γ-glutamyl peptides have been identified as salt and umami enhancers. These compounds provide an operable approach for reducing sodium uptake without losing the palatability of foods. γ-Glu-Arg was hinted to have a taste-enhancing effect in the past, but few research studies have focused on it. In the present study, a series of γ-glutamyl peptides containing Arg such as γ-Glu-Arg, [γ-Glu](n=2)-Arg, [γ-Glu](n=3)-Arg, [γ-Glu](n=4)-Arg, [γ-Glu](n=5)-Arg, [γ-Glu](n=6)-Arg, [γ-Glu](n=7)-Arg, and [γ-Glu](n=8)-Arg were synthesized using glutaminase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciensin the presence of Gln and Arg. A high solid concentration of 30% was found to increase the production of [γ-Glu](1≤n≤4)-Arg. Sensory evaluation revealed that individual [γ-Glu](n=1,2,3,4)-Arg has a slightly bitter and astringent taste. [γ-Glu](n=1,2)-Arg (1.0 mg/mL) significantly increased the umaminess in the mixture of salt and sodium glutamate but showed no significant effect on saltiness in the salt solution, whereas [γ-Glu](n=3,4)-Arg and postenzymatic reaction mixtures (1.0 mg/mL) significantly increased both saltiness and umaminess. [γ-Glu](n=3,4)-Arg and postenzymatic mixtures in the system with 30% solid concentrations showed a high and similar taste-enhancing effect. Moreover, umaminess and saltiness increased 1.9 and 2.4 times in the simulated broth, respectively, while saltiness increased 1.5 times in the salt solution by the addition of postenzymatic reaction mixtures in the system with 30% solid concentrations at 20.0 mg/mL. These results indicated that [γ-Glu](n=1,2,3,4)-Arg and postenzymatic reaction mixtures rich in [γ-Glu](n≥1)-Arg were potential salt or umami enhancers.

Since its atomically precise synthesis in recent experiments, the carboncone molecule presents a novel example of discrete nanocarbons with promising applications, but little is known yet about its chemical properties. In this work, we present a comprehensive computational study on the hydrogenation of carboncone with a varying number of added H atoms (from 1 to 12). Unlike planar benzenoid hydrocarbons, carboncone prefers that all H atoms be added to its external, convex surface. The previous topology-based model for hydrogenated fullerenes and benzenoid hydrocarbons is shown to be no longer valid for carboncone. We here propose an extended model capable of predicting the hydrogenation regioselectivity for carboncone, which is largely governed by π delocalization. Yet the H···H repulsion at rim sites also plays an important role in adduct stability. Interestingly, some preferred addition patterns can be understood by counting the size of intact π rings upon H addition. These findings may provide insightful guidance to the functionalization of carboncones and related nanocarbons.

In this paper, the advantages and disadvantages of fixed series complement (FSC) and controllable series complement (TCSC) in long-distance transmission are analyzed in detail: FSC has the characteristics of improving line transmission capacity and increasing transient stability, but the control is not flexible enough, which may cause sub-synchronous oscillation and insufficient damping. TCSC has the characteristics of suppressing power Angle oscillation and improving transmission power limit. Considering the two factors of economy and efficiency, a method combining FSC and TCSC is proposed. Taking a typical single-machine infinite system as an example, TCSC adopts the linear control plus bang-Bang control strategy in BPA of China Electric Power Research Institute. According to the research, the transmission capacity of the line can be effectively improved by configuring series complement under different conditions, such as no series complement, only FSC and mutual supplement between FSC and TCSC, and with the increase of TCSC comparison, It is more obvious to resist functional oscillation.

The heterogeneous electro-Fenton (Hetero-EF) system is characterized by in situgeneration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Then, the hydroxyl radicals (•OH) formed by activization of H2O2can strongly oxidize and mineralize pollutants in wastewater. Single-site heterogeneous catalysts (SSHCs) have the essence of isolated active single sites anchored on and coordinated with the atoms of a suitable substrate. They can bridge the understanding and performance gaps between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, guiding the rational design of next-generation catalysts. They also provide a feasible approach to adjusting the catalytic activity and selectivity of a particular reaction, showing great potential for high Hetero-EF catalysis. However, the research on SSHCs as Hetero-EF catalysts is still in its infancy. More exploration and a universal principle for SSHC design are needed. Here, design principles of high-performance SSHCs toward electro-Fenton field are proposed, aiming to provide general guidance toward development of high-performance SSHCs in Hetero-EF.

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Light-driven reduction of CO2to high value-added fuel has shown great potential in reducing CO2emissions and solving the energy crisis. Herein, a Cu ion-exchanged mesoporous TS-1 zeolite (Cu-TS-1) with rich Ti3+–VOdefects was successfully prepared for the first time. Subsequently, Ag nanoparticles (2–10 nm) are highly dispersed on the surface of the zeolite by a photoreduction process, which greatly improves visible light absorption ability due to the localized surface plasmon resonance of Ag. Under UV-visible light irradiation, the Ag/Cu-TS-1 sample exhibits high and stable CO2reduction performance. The yield of CO reaches 6.93 μmol g−1while the competitive hydrogen evolution can be effectively inhibited. Interestingly, Ag/Cu-TS-1 as a photocathode can convert CO2into CH3OH and C2H5OH, giving a rate of 5.64 and 2.62 μmol cm−2h−1at −0.6 V vs.RHE, respectively. In situRaman tests reveal that the existence of intermediates containing C–H bonds, especially *CO intermediates, plays a key role in C–C coupling, thus promoting the formation of C2 products, indicating that the Ag cocatalyst-loaded Cu-modified zeolite can jointly accelerate the conversion of CO2into a hydrocarbon compound.