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Cyclic feeding schedules are now commonly used in conjunction with closed enteral feeding systems. Some manufacturers and clinicians have speculated that closed system cyclic feeding may promote formula contamination via retrograde movement of bacteria during the "no-flow" periods. Using both laboratory and clinical settings, our study evaluated whether retrograde bacterial movement under "no-flow" conditions results in contamination of closed system feeding containers. The clinical phase was conducted with 57 closed system feeding containers used to feed nursing home residents. In both laboratory and clinical testing there was no evidence of container contamination at 36-48 h, nor was there evidence of retrograde movement of bacteria beyond the drip chamber. Formula waste and costs were also analyzed using several 24- or 36-h hang time scenarios. Provided the appropriate container size is used, potential cost savings between $67 to $135 per patient per month may be achieved with the 36-h hang time scenarios. Retrograde movement of bacteria does not appear to be a source of closed system feeding container contamination in systems that incorporate a drip chamber. Using the appropriate size feeding container and systems with at least a 36-h hang time will result in significant cost savings.

The purpose of this study is to show that an alternative and novel modified electrode such as the zirconium dioxide with titanium dioxide (ZrO2/TiO2) carbon paste electrode could be utilized in the area of highly toxic metal detection such as the highly toxic metal indium. The challenges of the development of an electrochemical sensor over the last two decades which possess the following qualities such as user friendly, robust, selective, low detection limits and allowing for fast analyses in toxic metal detection are the reasons for this investigation. A carbon modified electrode was developed with zirconium dioxide with titanium dioxide for the determination of indium (III) in the presence of lead (II) by Square Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (SWASV). This novel carbon paste electrode zirconium dioxide with titanium dioxide was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to understand the possible interaction between the determination of the sample and the modified electrode surface.

Presents the poem "Burn," by Suzanne Kay Miller. First Line: I am a little bit lazy about heaven. Last Line: these which burn from afar as stars, from near like tears.

Presents the poem "It Was the Kind," by Suzanne Kay Miller. First Line: It was the kind of wedding where; Last Line: and we can only wonder?