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The aims of this study were to prospect Penicillium and Talaromyces species associated with Austrocedrus chilensis in sites with and without Austrocedrus Root Disease (ARD), which is caused by the pathogen Phytophthora austrocedri; and to find Penicillium sp. strains with biocontrol activity against this disease. Isolations from sites with and without the prevalence of ARD were made, and the obtained isolates were phenotypically and molecularly identified to species level. Several Penicillium species were isolated from all sites; five of them were exclusively isolated from sites with ARD. Penicillium communities were compared through multivariate analyses; communities were more complex in sites with ARD. Biocontrol activity of Penicillium and Talaromyces isolates was evaluated using co-cultures with Ph. austrocedri. Penicillium glabrum, T. amestolkiae, P. palitans, and P. crustosum showed the highest biocontrol effect. Our results highlight that Penicillium species have high biocontrol activity, which also reinforces the hypothesis that some Penicillium species could be used in formulating a control strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an important horticultural crop across the world, but its growth process is susceptible to various phytopathogenic fungi. In February 2022, naturally rotten tomato fruit were observed in greenhouses in Panjin City, Liaoning province, China. Thirty-two morphologically similar fungal strains were isolated from symptomatic tomato fruit. One representative isolate, Guo 1-4, was selected for subsequent experiments and identified as Talaromyces stipitatus through morphological analysis and multigene phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA (ITS), and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2), and β-tubulin (tub2). Pathogenicity tests revealed that the pathogenic fungi caused symptoms similar to those observed on tomato fruit in greenhouses and could also infect tomato leaves, thus confirming Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of T. stipitatus infecting tomato fruit and leaves in China. This research lays the foundation for developing effective disease management measures to reduce tomato yield losses. • Tomato fruit rot was found in Liaoning province, China. • The pathogen associated with tomato fruit rot was Talaromyces stipitatus. • This is the first report of T. stipitatus as the causal agent of tomato fruit rot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: During the last decade, enormous research efforts have been directed at identifying potent microorganisms as sustainable green cell factories for eco-friendly pigments. Talaromyces atroroseus has recently been shown to excrete large amounts of azaphilone mycotoxin-free red pigment mixture comprising some known coloring components together with many uncharacterized metabolites. In this study, a new Talaromyces atroroseus isolate was identified via sequencing of the fragment of the nuclear ribosomal gene cluster containing internal transcribed spacers and 5.8S rRNA gene. The parameters that affected the level of pigment production were optimized in uncommon static conditions of culture and genetic improvement, via γ-irradiation, to improve pigment yield. Moreover, chemical characterization using LC/MS and skin safety test of the target pigment mixture were precisely conducted to maximize its benefits as a natural and safe red pigment for wool fabrics. Results: Molecular identification via the sequencing of the ITS of the rDNA encoding gene cluster revealed that the fungal isolate TRP-NRC was T. atroroseus TRP-NRC (deposited in GenBank under accession number MW282329). In the static conditions of culture, pigment production was dramatically enhanced to 27.36 g/L in an optimum yeast malt peptone medium of 2% mannitol at pH 2−4.5 and 30 °C for 7 days of incubation. Under exposure to a 400-Gy γ-radiation dose, pigment yield was increased to a 3-fold level higher than that recorded for the wild type. Based on the inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR), as a molecular marker tool, the wild-type T. atroroseus TRP-NRC strain and its mutants were discriminated. The UHPLC/HRESI-MS analytical tool characterized 60 metabolites, including many unknown molecules, at appropriate concentrations. It is worthy to note that four mitorubrin derivatives were identified for the first time in T. atroroseus, i.e., mitorubrinolamine acetate, dihydro-PP-O, mitorobrinal, and mitorubrinol. The range of irritation indexes (0−0.1) demonstrated an adequate skin safety after the direct local application of the pigment mixture. Finally, the pigment mixture exhibited a remarkably good dyeing ability in wool fabrics, with high-fastness properties. Conclusions: Because of its sustainable and economic production, the target red pigment mixture may be applied in the future in textile, food, cosmetics, or different pharmaceutical industries after extensive conventional safety and toxicity studies, which are currently under consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Talaromyces islandicus is a unique fungus that produces more than 20 numbers of anthraquinones (AQs) and their dimeric natural products, bisanthraquinones (BQs) . These compounds share a 9,10-anthracenedione core derived from emodin. The biosynthetic pathway of emodin has been firmly established, while that of other AQs and BQs is still unclear. In this study, we identified the biosynthetic gene clusters for chrysophanol and skyrin. The function of key modification enzymes was examined by performing biotransformation experiments and in vitro enzymatic reactions with emodin and its derivatives, allowing us to propose a mechanism for the modification reactions. The present study provides insight into the biosynthesis of AQs and BQs in T. islandicus . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A German Shepherd Dog diagnosed with Rasamsonia argillacea based on fungal culture and DNA sequencing, is the first documented case in Australia, and the Southern Hemisphere. This species is part of R. argillacea complex, which is an emerging concern in immunocompromised human and veterinary patients. Intraventricular brain hemorrhage, noted on MRI, has not been reported previously in a dog with fungal encephalitis. The patient was euthanized due to progression of clinical signs before a final diagnosis was made, so no treatment was attempted in this case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 6-y-old, 3.5-kg, spayed female Toy Poodle was presented with left forelimb lameness of 2-d duration. Two months before the initial presentation, radiography showed osteolysis of the medial epicondyle of the left humerus, and the left forelimb was amputated. Grossly, the articular villi of the elbow joint were markedly thickened, and the articular cartilage surfaces of the distal humerus and proximal radius had partial erosion. Histologically, granulomatous arthritis and osteomyelitis characterized by the presence of abundant macrophages containing numerous fungi were observed. ITS and β-tubulin sequences amplified from the isolate from the specimen were 100% and 99% identical to type strain UTHSC D16-145T of Talaromyces georgiensis, respectively. Canine osteoarthritis caused by T. georgiensis has not been reported previously, to our knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xylanase B, a member of subfamily 7 of the GH30 (glycoside hydrolase family 30) from Talaromyces cellulolyticus (TcXyn30B), is a bifunctional enzyme with glucuronoxylanase and xylobiohydrolase activities. In the present study, crystal structures of the native enzyme and the enzyme–product complex of TcXyn30B expressed in Pichia pastoris were determined at resolutions of 1.60 and 1.65 Å, respectively. The enzyme complexed with 22‐(4‐O‐methyl‐α‐d‐glucuronyl)‐xylobiose (U4m2X) revealed that TcXyn30B strictly recognizes both the C‐6 carboxyl group and the 4‐O‐methyl group of the 4‐O‐methyl‐α‐d‐glucuronyl side chain by the conserved residues in GH30‐7 endoxylanases. The crystal structure and site‐directed mutagenesis indicated that Asn‐93 on the β2‐α2‐loop interacts with the non‐reducing end of the xylose residue at subsite‐2 and is likely to be involved in xylobiohydrolase activity. These findings provide structural insight into the mechanisms of substrate recognition of GH30‐7 glucuronoxylanase and xylobiohydrolase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Talaromyces marneffei (T. marneffei) is a thermal dimorphic fungus, which can cause lung or blood stream infection in patients, often life-threatening. However, endocarditis caused by T. marneffei has not been reported. For elderly patients with implanted cardiac devices or artificial valves, the prevention and treatment of infective endocarditis should not be ignored. This is a descriptive study of a T. marneffei endocarditis by joint detection of cardiac ultrasound examination, peripheral blood DNA metagenomics Next Generation Sequencing (mNGS), and in vitro culture. We describe an 80-year-old female patient with an unusual infection of T. marneffei endocarditis. After intravenous drip of 0.2 g voriconazole twice a day for antifungal treatment, the patient showed no signs of improvement and their family refused further treatment. Infective endocarditis is becoming more and more common in the elderly due to the widely use of invasive surgical procedures and implantation of intracardiac devices. The diagnosis and treatment of T. marneffei endocarditis is challenging because of its rarity. Here, we discussed a case of T. marneffei endocarditis, and emphasized the role of mNGS in early diagnosis, which is of great significance for treatment and survival rate of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary The pathological and molecular findings associated with Talaromyces marneffei -induced pneumonia with concomitant infection by canine distemper virus (CDV) are described in a dog. The principal pathological alteration occurred in the lungs. Histopathology confirmed multifocal granulomatous pneumonia associated with numerous intralesional and intracellular septate fission cells consistent with T. marneffei . A molecular assay designed to amplify a partial fragment of the 18S rRNA gene of T. marneffei provided positive results from two fungal cultures derived from the lung. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses confirmed the results of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Furthermore, antigens of the CDV N protein were identified within the bronchial epithelium by immunohistochemistry and a PCR assay amplified the CDV N gene from hepatic and pulmonary fragments. Collectively, the pathological and molecular techniques confirmed a diagnosis of T. marneffei -induced pneumonia with concomitant infection by CDV. These findings represent the first description of pulmonary penicilliosis in the dog and extend the geographical niche of this emerging infectious pathogen. In this case, infection by CDV may have induced immunosuppression, which facilitated the development of pulmonary penicilliosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ratification of appointment of repositories by the International Mycological Congress is reported. The following two family names are recommended for conservation: Chrysotrichaceae against Pulverariaceae; and the teleomorph-typified Erysiphaceae against the anamorph-typified Oidiaceae. The following family name is not recommended for conservation: Dothioraceae against Saccotheciaceae. The following 10 generic names are recommended for conservation: the teleomorph-typified name Blumeria against the conserved anamorph-typified name Oidium; Catenaria Sorokīn (Fungi) against Catenaria Roussel (Algae); Chrysothrix, nom. cons., against an additional name, Alysphaeria; Flammula (Fr. : Fr.) P. Kumm. (Fungi) against Flammula (Webb ex Spach) Fourr. (Spermatophyta) with a conserved type; Fuscopannaria against Moelleropsis; Geastrum with a conserved type; Hebeloma with a conserved type; Polycaryum with that spelling; Pseudocyphellaria with a conserved type; and Talaromyces against Lasioderma. Conservation of Detonia Freng. (Algae) against Detonia Sacc. (Fungi) is not opposed. The following generic name is not recommended for conservation: Catillaria with a conserved type. The proposal to conserve the generic name Wickerhamomyces against Hansenula was withdrawn. The following 17 species names are recommended for conservation: Agaricus laterinus (Hebeloma laterinum) against the sanctioned A. fastibilis (H. fastibile); Agaricus tabescens against A. socialis; Alectoria fuscescens (Bryoria fuscescens) against Lichen chalybeiformis and A. subcana; Armillariella ostoyae (Armillaria ostoyae) against Agaricus obscurus, A. occultans, and Armillaria solidipes; Ganoderma camphoratum with a conserved type; Hebeloma fragilipes against Hebelomina domardiana (Hebeloma domardianum); Helminthosporium maydis Y. Nisik. & C. Miyake (Bipolaris maydis) against H. maydis Brond. and Ophiobolus heterostrophus; Lecidea oederi (Rhizocarpon oederi) against L. koenigii; Lichen fuscatus Schrad. (Acarospora fuscata) against L. fuscatus Lam. with a conserved type; Lichen leucomelos (Heterodermia leucomelos) with that spelling; Lichen muralis (Lecanora muralis, Protoparmeliopsis muralis) with a conserved type; Lichen vulgatus (Opegrapha vulgata) with a conserved type; Morchella semilibera against Phallus crassipes, P. gigas and P. undosus; Peziza ammophila Durieu & Lév. against P. ammophila Saut.; Polycaryum branchipodianum with that spelling; Stereocaulon pileatum with a conserved type; and Torula stilbospora with a conserved type. The following 22 species names (teleomorph-typified) are recom- mended for conservation against anamorph-typified names: Erysiphe arcuata against Oidium carpini; Erisyphe biocellata against Oidium erysiphoides; Erysiphe buhrii against Oidium dianthi; Erysiphe catalpae against Oidium bignoniae; Erysiphe celosiae against Oidium amaranthi; Erisyphe magnicellulata against O. drummondii; Erysiphe quercicola against Oidium anacardii; Erisyphe verbasci against Oidium balsamii; Golovinomyces sonchicola against Oidium sonchi-arvensis; Leveillula rutae against Oidium haplophylli; Microsphaera azaleae against O. ericinum; Microsphaera oehrensii against Oidium robustum; Phyllactinia alni against Ovulariopsis alni-formosanae; Phyllactinia ampelopsidis against Ovulariopsis ampelopsidis-heterophyllae; Phyllactinia chubutiana against Oidium insolitum; Phyllactinia dalbergiae against P. subspiralis; Phyllactinia gmelinae against Ovulariopsis gmelinae-arboreae; Phyllactinia populi against Ovulariopsis salicis-warburgii; Podosphaera solanacearum against Oidium saeforthiani; Sphaerotheca euphorbiae-hirtae against Oidium pedilanthi; Sphaerotheca filipendulae against Torula botryoides; and Sphaerotheca leucotricha against Oidium farinosum. The following two species names are not recommended for conservation: Cylindrocladium buxicola against C. pseudonaviculatum; and Verrucaria subcerasi (Arthopyrenia subcerasi) against A. subalbicans. It is recommended that the generic name Aspidelia and the species name Lichen quisquiliaris not be rejected under Art. 56. The following two species names are recommended for rejection under Art. 56: Botrytis farinosa (Peronospora farinosa) and Saccharomyces sphaericus. As a result of reference under Art. 53.5, it is recommended that the following two pairs of names are not to be treated as homonyms: Bertia De Not. and Bertya Planch.; and Otidea (Pers.) Bonord. and Otidia Sweet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four interesting sequoiatones stereoisomers ( 1 – 4 ) were isolated from a wetland soil-derived fungus Talaromyces flavus by chiral HPLC. On the basis of comprehensive NMR and mass analyses, their planar structures were elucidated as the same as that of sequoiatone B. Among them, 1 and 3 (or 2 and 4 ) were a pair of enantiomers, and 1 and 2 (or 3 and 4 ) were a pair of stereoisomers with epimerization at C-12, which indicated that sequoiatione-type metabolites exist as enantiomers rather than as optically pure compounds in some strains. With the quantum chemical ECD calculations, the absolute configurations of C-8 in 1 – 4 were determined, which is the first report to establish the absolute configuration of C-8 in sequoiatones. However, the absolute configurations of C-12 in sequoiatones are still unsolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We obtained strains with the xylanase regulator gene,xlnR, overexpressed (HXlnR) and disrupted (DXlnR) derived fromTalaromyces cellulolyticusstrain C-1, which is a cellulase hyperproducing mutant. Filter paper degrading enzyme activity and cellobiohydrolase I gene expression was the highest in HXlnR, followed by C-1 and DXlnR. These results indicate that the enhancement of cellulase productivity was succeeded byxlnRoverexpression. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Fungal antagonist, Talaromyces flavus, is one of the most important biological agents of soil-borne fungal diseases including Verticillium and Fusarium wilt. In this study, to increase the effectiveness of T. flavus isolates obtained from greenhouse cucumbers and field grown tomatoes five chemical stabilizers were evaluated. Based on the results of previous studies, the most effective substrate for the growth, sporulation and stability of T. flavus isolates related to the above-mentioned plants was a mix of rice bran and peatmoss. Different chemical stabilizers were mixed with the above-mentioned substrate containing spore suspensions of various T. flavus isolates. For each plant, a completely randomized experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions with seven treatments and three replications. The results of this study indicated that treatments containing sodium nitrate and D-cycloserine were more effective than those containing other stabilizers. The overall results of this study suggest that the use of some chemical stabilizers may enhance the biocontrol potential of fungal antagonists in controlling different plant diseases including Verticillium and Fusarium wilt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial remediation is a potential remediation method for petroleum-contaminated soil. In order to explore the petroleum degradation mechanism by microorganisms, the oilfield soil was remedied by Acinetobacter baumannii combined with Talaromyces sp. The degradation mechanism was studied by analyzing soil microbial community and functional genes through metagenomics during the degradation process. The result showed the degradation rate of petroleum was 65.6% after 28 days. The concentration of petroleum decreased from 1220 mg/kg to 420 mg/kg. In the co-culture group, Acinetobacter baumannii became the dominant species, the annotated genes of it at the species level accounted for 7.34% while that of Talaromyces sp. accounted for only 0.34%. Meanwhile, the annotated genes of Bacillus , Halomonas , and Nitriliruptor at the genus level were up-regulated by 1.83%, 0.90%, and 0.71%, respectively. In addition, large functional genes were significantly up-regulated, including the peroxisome, P450 enzyme (CYP53, CYP116, CYP102, CYP645), and biofilm formulation, promoting the oxidation and hydroxylation, and catalyzing the epoxidation of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons. Meanwhile, the degrading genes of alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons were expressed promotionally, and degradation pathways were deduced. In conclusion, the inoculation of Acinetobacter baumannii combined with Talaromyces sp. accelerated the degradation of petroleum in oilfield soil and improved the growth of indigenous petroleum-degrading bacteria. Many functional genes related to petroleum degradation were promoted significantly. These results proved the co-culture of bacteria-fungi consortium contributes to the bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil. [Display omitted] • The petroleum removal was enhanced obviously by the co-culture of bacteria and fungi. • Acinetobacter baumannii and Talaromyces sp. were great synergistic in oil remediation. • The relative genes of petroleum degradation were up-regulated significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhizomania is one of the most important diseases of sugar beet around the world -- including in Iran. The disease causes a severe decrease in sugar yield and is a limiting factor in sugar beet cultivation. Control of the disease is very difficult due to the long-term survival of its fungal vector (Polymyxa betae) in the soil. In this study, we investigated the effects of antagonistic fungal isolates on the population of the resting structure (cystosorus) of P. betae, under greenhouse conditions. Antagonistic fungi, including Trichoderma harzianum and Talaromyces flavus, were isolated from soil samples collected from sugar beet infested fields in the Semnan Province of Iran. In the next step, their inocula were prepared through reproduction on rice bran. For evaluation of the efficacy of antagonists in greenhouse conditions, a split plot trial was conducted and performed. The main factor was three different methods of application of T. flavus as the soil treatment, seed treatment, and a combination of both methods. The sub-factor was the use of different fungal isolates. To determine the cystosorus population of the fungal vector, seedling roots in all treatments were stained with lactic acid and fuchsine (lactofushine), 60 days after sowing. The number of cystosorus in one gram of root was counted using a light microscope and hemocytometer. At the end of the study, average root weight in different treatments was also measured to select and introduce the best treatments in regard to their effects on root weight. According to the results, the number of cystosorus in 1 g of root was different in various treatments and those treatments containing TF-Su-M-1, TF-Su-M-2, TH-Su-M-1, and TH-Su-M-2 used as a soil application method were more effective in the reduction of the cystosorus population and root weight increase. Among the above-mentioned treatments, maximum reduction of cystosori population and the increase in root weight were observed in TH-Su-M-1 and TF-Su-M-2 through the soil application method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The aims of this study were to develop new bioformulations using Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma asperellum, and Talaromyces flavus and some organic and inorganic carriers and evaluate their effects against Rhizoctonia solani, the fungal causal agent of sugar beet seedling damping-off disease. Selected fungal isolates were first re-cultured and maintained on potato dextrose agar (PDA) culture medium. Antagonistic effects of eight isolates of the above-mentioned antagonistic fungi were then evaluated against R. solani, through volatile metabolites and non-volatile metabolites production mechanisms under laboratory conditions. In volatile and non-volatile metabolite experiments, five and seven isolates caused significant reduction in R. solani growth respectively. Based on the results of laboratory experiments, the most effective antagonistic isolates (one isolate from each species) were selected for development of nine bioformulations using peat, rice bran and talc as carriers. The effectiveness of developed bioformulations was then evaluated in controlling sugar beet damping-off disease in a greenhouse experiment where sugar beet seeds were coated with bioformulations and were sown in pasteurized field soil pre-inoculated with R. solani. Results of the greenhouse experiment 60 days after sowing showed that all bioformulations increased the number of healthy seedlings significantly (compared to the untreated control) with different rates. According to the results, the most effective bioformulation was Talc-T. harzianum followed by Peat-T. flavus, Talc-T. flavus and Rice bran-T. harzianum. In general, in both laboratory and greenhouse experiments, T. flavus was the most effective fungal antagonist followed by T. harzianum and T. asperellum. Based on the results of this study it is concluded that Trichoderma and Talaromyces employing different mechanisms might be potential biocontrol agents for controlling R. solani-induced sugar beet damping-off disease. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Monapinones A (1) to E (5), half parts of dinapinones, were produced by fermentation of Talaromyces pinophilus FKI-3864 in seawater-containing medium and have a common dihydronaphthopyranone skeleton with a different long alkyl chain. The relative stereochemistries of 3–5 were elucidated by various NMR experiments including analysis of 1H NMR coupling constants, ROESY and the dihedral angles. The absolute stereochemistries of 3–5 at C-3 were determined by the circular dichroism spectra in comparison to the data of (R)- and (S)-semivioxanthins (6 and 7). Accordingly, total absolute stereochemistries of 3–5 were concluded to be 3S,13R,15R,17R,19R,3S,13R,15R,17R and 3S,13R,15R, respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article focuses on a study related to the production of new meroterpenoid known as chrodrimanin D-H from Talaromyces species. As per the study, chrodrimanins A, B and C shows insecticidal activity against silk worms. The study mentions that YO-2 strain of Talaromyces sp. was cultured on okara and okara mould. The study further concludes that chrodrimanins showed insecticidal activity against silkworms.

The article cites a research study that isolates the new meroterpenoid, chrodrimanin C (3), together with chrodrimanins A and B from okara that had been fermented with strain YO-2 of Talaromyces sp. Spectroscopic methods were used here to elucidate their structures. was used to analyze the partial structures of 1 essential for exhibiting insecticidal activity.

Abstract: The ability of seventy isolates (comprising 43 species) of Aspergillus and Penicillium, from soil and compost, to grow on sources of carbon and phosphate from plant remains was examined. Only two isolates from compost actively degraded crystalline cellulose, though most others grew on carboxymethyl cellulose. Most isolates produced biomass on cellobiose, and all on glucose, pectin and xylan. All fungi grew on phytic acid and most on DNA. If these data indicate utilisation of carbon and organic phosphorus in nature, then isolates of Trichocomaceae from soil have limited access to cellulose and considerably greater reliance on pectin and hemicellulose. The fungi may also gain their phosphorus from organic sources. The variation within species may indicate the existence of ecotypes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Penicillium marneffei is an endemic mycosis of humans in southeast Asia. Epidemiological data have shown that exposure to soil and season increase the risk of infection, and it is assumed that the main environmental reservoir is in soil. We sampled soils from a P. marneffei - endemic region of Thailand and confirmed by quantitative PCR and sequencing that P. marneffei DNA can be detected, a finding that we replicated over three sampling seasons. P. marneffei-positive and -negative sampling locations can be viewed using a dynamic browser located at www.spatialepidemiology.net/pmarneffei. We subsequently examined the hypothesis that P. marneffei isolates representing the two major phylogeographic clades of this species can grow in: (i) soil and (ii) competition against the closely related species, Talaromyces stipitatus, in a model soil environment. P. marneffei was not detected in non-sterile soil microcosms 14d post inoculation, showing that the pathogen is unable to compete against complete soil fauna under our laboratory conditions. However, both isolates of P. marneffei persisted and increased in biomass when inoculated into sterile soil. P. marneffei stably co-existed with T. stipitatus, and that the main competitive interaction was the inhibition of T. stipitatus growth at low spore application by the ‘Eastern’ isolate of P. marneffei. We conclude that P. marneffei is present in soils within endemic regions, and is able to grow in soil under certain conditions. More research is required to ascertain the specific conditions that regulate the growth of P. marneffei in soils in natural environments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Despite recent progress achieved in the stabilisation of the systematic of thermophilic fungi, a few names remained unassesed. Among the three zygomycetous taxa considered Mucor miehei var. minor and M. thermohyalospora are regarded as possible synonyms of Rhizomucor miehei; Mucor thermoaerospora and its variant name M. thermoaerosporus represent a later synonym of the same. The ascomycete Talaromyces thermocitrinus is regarded as a possible synonym of T. thermophilus, the only obligate heat-tolerant fungus with a Penicillium anamorph. Similarly the synnematous hyphomycete Synnmukerjiomyces thermophilus proved to be a later name of Remersonia thermophila; the former was introduced as the type species of the new genus Synnmukerjiomyces, a generic entity invalidly published due to violation of several articles of the latest International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A potential tannase producing fungus S3-07 was isolated from the tannin-rich soil sample and screened as better tannase producer with 38 ± 3 mm diameter of hydrolysis zone formation. It was identified as T. verruculosus (accession number KX863699) on the basis of the internal transcribed spacer ribosomal DNA (ITS-rDNA) sequence analysis. Tannase was produced with 8.22 ± 0.35 Unit per gram dry substrate (U/gds) activity in the unoptimized condition through solid state fermentation (SSF) using Babul (Acacia nilotica) bark as a solid substrate. Central composite design (CCD) was used to maximize the production and achieved 3.91 fold increments (32.18 ± 1.31 U/gds). Ammonium sulfate precipitation with 70% saturation and DEAE fractionation obtained 13.289 specific activity, 47.489% yield and 6.896 purification fold. SDS-PAGE and zymographic analysis showed two bands of tannase with ∼75 kDa and 58 kDa pH optima of tannase was measured at 8.00, whereas pH stability was recorded between 4.0 and 8.0. Tannase had temperature optima at 60 °C, however, stability was observed between 30 and 60 °C. In presence of ethanol, SDS, Mn2+ ions and gallic acid increased tannase activity, whereas ethyl acetate, tween 20, Ba2+ ion and urea inhibited maximum activity. Most of tannin reduction (93.27%) was measured in case of orange juice after 15 min incubation and 89.36% reduction in pomegranate juice after 30 min, whereas aonla juice was measured with 75.49% tannin reduction after 45 min incubation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the proposal to reject the name Lasioderma (Ascomycota) to conserve the name Talaromyces. The name Talaromyces was described in anamorphic genus Penicillium and was introduced by the researcher C. R. Benjamin. The type of the name is Talaromyces vermiculatus. Talaromyces is associated with penicillium-like anamorphs and is one of two core genera of Trichocomaceae (Eurotiales).