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ABSTRACTIntroductionThe sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are FDA-approved class of drugs for diabetes management. They improve glycemic control by inducing glucosuria. Notwithstanding with potent anti-hyperglycemic activity, SGLT2 inhibitors are emerging as drugs with multifaceted therapeutic potential, evidenced for cardioprotective, renoprotective, antihypertensive, and neuroprotective activities. Continuous attempts are being accomplished through structural modification, development of new formulation, or combination with other drugs, to enhance the bioactivity spectrum of SGLT2 inhibitors for better management of diabetes and related complications.Areas coveredThis review comprises a summary of patent applications, acquired using the Espacenet Patent Search database, concerning SGLT2 inhibitors from 2019 to 2023, with focus on improving therapeutic potentials in management of diabetes and metabolic complications.Expert opinionSGLT2 inhibitors have provided an exciting treatment option for diabetes. Originally developed as anti-hyperglycemic agents, SGLT2 inhibitors exert pleiotropic metabolic responses and have emerged as promising antidiabetic agents with cardio-protective and reno-protective activities. Given their distinct therapeutic profile, SGLT2 inhibitors have revolutionized the management of diabetes and associated complications. Emerging evidences on their therapeutic potential against cancer, male reproductive dysfunctions, and neurodegenerative diseases indicate that further research in this field may unfold novel prospective on their plausible use in the management of other chronic conditions.

Slope failure during or immediately after slope-cutting can cause fatal accidents. This study analyses the characteristics of labour accidents caused by slope failure during slope-cutting in Japan and presents a countermeasure to prevent accidents caused by slope failure, such as the implementation of a slope guideline by MHLW. A case history conducted during slope-cutting and nailing was presented as an example of the application of the slope guideline to ensure safety. Furthermore, monitoring methods were implemented to gain a quantitative understanding of slope deformation. Geological conditions other than those assumed prior to excavation and small collapses attributed to groundwater are indications of landslide risk. The guideline's quick checklist reflects the slope condition or deformation, allowing the client, designer and contractor to discuss and agree on a quick solution to a problem. The case study confirmed the effectiveness of the slope guideline as a tool for sharing information during construction.

In this paper, we defined multivalued contraction mappings in the setting of modular metric space and non-Archimedean modular metric space endowed with a directed graph and obtain the existence and uniqueness of a fixed point for such contractions. Also, an application for multivalued fractals is obtained, and at last, some examples are given to show the efficiency of our results.

This article describes intracellular zinc-induced excimer emission and tuning of self-assembly from l-tryptophan-pyrene conjugate (1). The zinc-guided excimer formation is due to the interaction of the pyrene moiety in an excited state. AFM studies show the structural modification in the supramolecular nano-assembly of 1from dome-shaped to porous surface after complexation with zinc ions. Further, the interaction of 1with Zn(ii) ion is also studied using DFT, Job's plot, NMR titration and HRMS. The results of Zn(ii) ion determination in natural water samples and RAW 264.7 cells demonstrate the practical utility of 1.

Since the aggregation-based emission (AIE) phenomenon emerged in 2001, numerous chemical designs have been built around the AIE concept, displaying its utility for diverse applications, including optics, electronics, energy, and biosciences. The present review critically evaluates the broad applicability of AIEgen-based chemical models towards sensing small analytes and the structural design strategies adjusting the mode of action reported since the last decade. Various AIEgen models have been discussed, providing qualitative and quantitative estimation of cationic metal ions and anionic species, as well as biomolecular, cellular, and organelle-specific probes. A systematic overview of the reported structural design and the underlying working mode will pave the way for designing and developing the next generation of AIEgens for specific applications.

The CN bond isomerization/modulation as a fluorescence signalling mechanism was explored by studying the photophysical properties of conformationally restricted molecules. From the beginning, the CN bond isomerization method has attracted the attention of researchers owing to its simplicity, high selectivity, and sensitivity in fluorescence evaluation. Continuous developments in the field of sensing using CN bond-containing compounds have been achieved viathe customization of the isomerization process around the CN bond in numerous ways, and the results were obtained in the form of specific discrete photophysical changes. CN isomerization causes significant fluorescence enhancement in response to detected metal cations and other reactive species (Cys, Hys, ClO−, etc.) straightforwardly and effectively. This review sheds light on the process of CN bond isomerization/modulation as a signalling mechanism depending on fluorescence changes viaconformational restriction. In addition, CN bond isomerization-based fluorescent sensors have yet to be well reviewed, although several fluorescent sensors based on this signalling mechanism have been reported. Therefore, CN-based fluorescent sensors are summarized in this review.

Rapid industrial activity is causing environmental contamination, which has a negative influence on plant and soil health in particular. In this paper, concentrations of Pb, Cr, As, Cu, Cd, and Ni in agricultural topsoil were evaluated from ten distinct areas of the Kanker district, Northern Bastar area of Chhattisgarh of India, by using an Atomic Absorption spectrometer. The quality of soil samples from different sites was assessed in terms of geoaccumulation index values, contamination factor, pollution load index and slight metal contamination was found in soil samples. Although all samples' HI and Hazard Quotient values were lower than 1.0, demonstrating non-carcinogenetic threats, the carcinogenetic threat in the agricultural soil of Kanker District was beyond the safe reference, i.e., 10−6–10−4. It shows the significant carcinogenetic threat of these toxic elements in the soil of this research area. The findings of this study indicate that, in order to safeguard human health, emphasis should be given to heavy metal remediation in polluted soil.

The presented research article shows the mathematical and simulative analysis of a Dual-Drive Dual Parallel Mach Zehnder Modulator (DD–DPMZM)-based RoF link. A comparative analysis has been drawn between conventional MZM and DD–DPMZM-based RoF links. Two RF input signals, representing Tone-1 and Tone-2 at 7 and 8 GHz, respectively, are applied at the used RoF link. Third-Order Intermodulation Distortions (IMD3) components act as the major degradation component in the analysis of the RoF link and they must be eliminated or suppressed to get the distortion-free RoF link design. In the proposed article the major contributor of IMD3 is the third-order spurious component, which has been completely eliminated in the presented mathematical and simulative analysis. A 53.93-dB suppression in IMD3 components and 32 dB Hz2/3SFDR enhancement have been founded for the DD-DPMZM-based RoF link as compared to the conventional MZM-based RoF link.

In this paper, cantilever beams with different slot designs are studied for power scavenging through the piezoelectric patch. The slots of various dimensions are incorporated to study the strain distribution in the beams, as maximum strain distribution contributes to maximum power output through piezoelectric energy harvesting. Numerical finite element method (FEM) simulation is performed using COMSOL software to get the stress, strain, resonant frequency, and voltage generated through L-shaped lead zirconate titanate (PZT-5A) patch for different beams. Experimental work is performed by providing harmonic excitation to the slotted beam with an L-shaped PZT patch for verifying the resonant frequency and maximum voltage. The power output from various beams with multi-slots and beams with a single slot is compared with the power output from beams without slots used by researchers in the past. This research concludes that a cantilever beam with slots can harvest energy from vibration sources with low frequency. Moreover, the beam with a single slot provided larger power output than the beam with multiple slots. The power density output is found to be increased by around 70% by inducing a single slot in the beam.

ABSTRACTTyphoid fever is a significant public health concern with most of the sufferers between 15 and 25 y of age in Nepal. We undertook this study to demonstrate Vi polysaccharide conjugated with diphtheria toxoid (Vi-DT) conjugate vaccine which is non-inferior to Typbar typhoid conjugate vaccine, a Vi polysaccharide vaccine conjugated with tetanus toxoid (Vi-TT) with a focus on the adult population from Dhulikhel Hospital which was one of the total four sites in Nepal. In this study, we assigned the eligible participants in 1:1:1:1 ratio by block randomization, and stratified into three age groups (6 months to less than 2 y, 2 y to less than 18 y, and 18 y to 45 y), allotted to Group A, B, C, and D. Group A, B, and C received 25 μg (0.5 mL) of Vi-DT study vaccine and participants in Group D received 25 μg (0.5 mL) Vi-TT vaccine. We descriptively analyzed safety in all the participants receiving one dose of the investigational vaccine. The anti-Vi-IgG seroconversion rate in Vi-DT recipients was 99.71% (97.5% CI 98.04–99.96; 344 of 345 participants) and 99.13% (94.27–99.87; 114 of 115) in Vi-TT recipients which indicates that Vi-DT vaccine is non-inferior to Vi-TT vaccine. In safety aspect, 16.81% of total subject had at least one solicited adverse reaction and 22.61% of the Vi-TT participants experienced at least one solicited adverse reaction with most of them being local adverse reactions. None of the enrolled participants reported serious adverse events. Our study shows that a single dose of the Vi-DT vaccine is immunogenic, safe to administer and non-inferior to the Vi-TT vaccine four weeks after vaccination.

Solution combustion synthesis method was imployed to synthesize Y2O3codoped with Er3+and Gd3+phosphors. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the phosphor confirms presence of cubic phase with crystal size of around 12 nm. Electron microscopic techniques were used for further confirming the morphology and size of the phosphor. It was characterized for optical behaviour by recording the emission spectra under 275 nm UV excitation. The spectra have strong emission peak centred at 546 nm along with small peaks in red region centred at 611 and 617 nm. After doping of Gd3+no variation in peak position was observed it alters the emission intensity. This increase in emission intensity is due to energy transfer between Gd3+and Er3+ion. The mechanism of photoluminescence behaviour has also been discussed. The proposed model can be extended (or applicable) to explain the fluorescence dynamics in other nanomaterial doped with Er3+and Gd3+under UV excitation.

This article presents a new class of power amplifier (PA), designated as Class-iF−1, that utilizes input harmonics to achieve high efficiency with enhanced linearity performance beyond the conventional Class-F−1 PA. The amplitude-to-amplitude modulation (AM/AM) profile of the conventional Class-F−1 PA is mathematically modeled as a function of the input drive level, such that the occurrence of inflection points can be investigated. Theoretical derivation shows that the appropriate utilization of input nonlinearity poses a solution to rectify the double inflection characteristics of the conventional Class-F−1 PA, which, consequently, can be realized by proper manipulation of second harmonic source impedance ( $Z_{2S}$ ). The theoretical findings were validated with load—pull results at 2.3 GHz with a 2-mm gallium nitride (GaN) device, presenting enhanced linearizable output power and efficiency for the Class-iF−1 PA, with a broad second harmonic design space over the open-circuit region. As proof of concept, a Class-iF−1 PA was designed and fabricated, obtaining 40.1–40.8 dBm output power and 71.2%–77.3% drain efficiency (DE) performance at 3-dB gain compression level operating over 2.0–2.6-GHz frequency range. When tested with a 20-MHz 8.5-dB peak-to-average-power-ratio (PAPR) long-term evolution (LTE) signal, around 32.01-dBm average output power was attained at 2.3 GHz with an average DE of 34.59% and −56.05 dBc adjacent channel power ratios (ACPRs) after digital predistortion (DPD) correction.

The proposed research article demonstrates the mathematical and simulative analysis of Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM)-based radio over fiber (RoF) link. This link consists of applied RF signal at 10 GHz with photonic carrier frequency 193.414 THz. The performance of the proposed link is demonstrated into two categories. In the first way, SNR penalty has been investigated for the used conventional RoF link using the combined effect of RF source linewidth and carrier source linewidth. Once we are observing the SNR penalty as a function of the RF source linewidth in association with the carrier source linewidth, approximately 20 dB SNR penalty has been founded for each optical carrier linewidth 15, 125, and 512 MHz, over the 5, 15, 20, and 30 km optical fiber impairments. Also, we have observed that SNR penalty as a function of the carrier source linewidth in association with the optical fiber impairments. Simulative outcomes shows that approximately 0.21, 1.9 and 7.4 dB, SNR penalty occurs for, 1.0, 8.0, and 24.0 km fiber length, respectively, while approximately 1.0, 4.9 and 11.2 dB, SNR penalty occurs for, 5.0, 15.0, and 27.0 km fiber length, respectively. It is showing that lowest SNR penalties have been demanded, while opting carrier source linewidth rather than RF source linewidth. In the second way, the Q-factor has been analyzed for the proposed link. The measured Q-factor is 73.65, 20.42, 14.82, 7.11 and 1.77 for optical fiber impairment’s 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, and 5 km, respectively, using RZ scheme, while measured Q-factor is 27.26 for 5 km fiber impairment using NRZ scheme. Simulative outcomes shows that the proposed RoF link using RZ scheme is providing enhanced Q-factor with better eye opening in the desired electrical spectrum.

A series of benzofuran-based chromenochalcones (16–35) were synthesized and evaluated for in vitroand in vivoantidiabetic activities in L-6 skeletal muscle cells and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat models, respectively, and further in vivodyslipidemia activity of the compounds was evaluated in a Triton-induced hyperlipidemic hamster model. Among them, compounds 16, 18, 21, 22, 24, 31, and 35showed significant glucose uptake stimulatory effects in skeletal muscle cells and were further evaluated for in vivoefficacy. Compounds 21, 22, and 24showed a significant reduction in blood glucose levels in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Compounds 16, 20, 21, 24, 28, 29, 34, 35, and 36were found active in antidyslipidemic studies. Furthermore, compound 24effectively improved the postprandial and fasting blood glucose levels, oral glucose tolerance, serum lipid profile, serum insulin level, and the HOMA-index of db/db mice, following 15 days of successive treatment.

This research describes a simple and straightforward combustion synthesis for SrY2O4:Dy3+nanoparticles. The synthesis of SrY2O4:Dy3+was carried out with the use of urea as a fuel. Characterization techniques including as X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the effect of the synthesis procedure on the structural behaviour of the phosphor. The existence of orthorhombic structure is indicated by XRD. X-ray widening, Williamson–Hall (W–H) analysis, and a size–strain plot were used to examine the effect of crystallite sizes and lattice strain on the peak broadening of SrY2O4:Dy3+. Uniform deformation model (UDM), uniform stress deformation model (USDM), and uniform deformation energy density model (UDEDM), as well as the size–strain plot method, were used to determine strain, stress, and energy density parameters for all XRD peaks (SSP). W–H analysis, SSP, and TEM results all agreed on the mean particle sizes. To quantify visual properties, a photoluminescence spectroscopic method was implemented. Intense emission at 553 nm, characteristic of emission generated by the energy level transition of the Dy3+ion, was detected in the emission spectra.

In this paper, a systematic description of the artificial intelligence (AI)-based channel estimation track of the 2nd Wireless Communication AI Competition (WAIC) is provided, which is hosted by IMT-2020(5G) Promotion Group 5G+AI Work Group. Firstly, the system model of demodulation reference signal (DMRS) based channel estimation problem and its corresponding dataset are introduced. Then the potential approaches for enhancing the performance of AI based channel estimation are discussed from the viewpoints of data analysis, pre-processing, key components and backbone network structures. At last, the final competition results composed of different solutions are concluded. It is expected that the AI-based channel estimation track of the 2nd WAIC could provide insightful guidance for both the academia and industry.

With the increase in penetration of renewable energy sources (RES), traditional inertia estimation techniques based purely on the number of online synchronous generators are increasingly unsuitable, ultimately leading towards suboptimal frequency control in the electric power grid. The stochastic nature of RES additionally makes the system inertia a time-varying quantity. Furthermore, the frequency and inertial response of power systems change drastically in multiarea power systems with interconnected tie-lines. Hence, it is important for state/parameter estimation (e.g., inertia) in multiarea systems, while ensuring communication between each of the areas. In this article, a client–server-based federated learning framework is used to estimate power system inertia in a multiarea system. Federated learning is a machine learning technique where multiple decentralized devices are trained with local data, and a global model is updated and redistributed by a central server by aggregating the trained weights of the decentralized devices, without exchanging the local data. Using local frequency measurements, obtained from the phase-locked loop of an energy storage system, the inertia at each of the areas can be estimated locally via offline training using convolutional neural networks (CNNs), whereas the CNN weights update in an online fashion. The framework, tested on a two-area power system, accurately estimated the inertia constant for both independent and identically distributed (IID) and non-IID data. Furthermore, the CNN-based method outperformed conventional neural network-based estimation techniques in terms of number of communication rounds and estimation accuracy.

ABSTRACTThe present article analyses an infinite buffer batch size-dependent bulk service queue with multiple working vacation (MWV). The customer's arrival pattern follows the Poisson process, and they get the service in batches according to the general bulk service (GBS) rule in regular period (RP) as well as in working vacation period (WVP). After one service in RP, if the queue size is greater or equal to the lower threshold of the GBS rule, then the server performs the service in RP, otherwise, it starts the working vacation (WV) following exponential vacation time distribution. During the WVP, the server serves the customers in batches (if any) at a lower service rate than the usual service rate. The service time in the RP as well as in WVP is generally distributed. At an arbitrary epoch, the joint probabilities of the queue size and batch size with the server in RP as well as in WVP have been obtained using the supplementary variable technique (SVT) and the bivariate generating function method. Finally, some numerical observations are presented to enhance the applicability of the analytical results.

A full-scale unsurfaced test section was constructed to evaluate the performance of two recently developed innovative geogrids, referred to as NX-1 and NX-2, having a unique combination of hexagonal, trapezoidal, and triangular aperture shapes, rib aspect ratios greater than 1.0, and a coextruded, composite polymer sheet designed to improve aggregate and geogrid interaction. The test section consisted of a 25-cm-thick crushed aggregate surface layer placed over a weak clay subgrade. Simulated truck traffic was applied using a load cart outfitted with a single-axle dual-wheel truck gear. Rutting performance and instrumentation response data gathered from earth pressure cells and single-depth deflectometers were monitored at multiple traffic intervals. It was found that the geogrids improved rutting performance when compared with an unstabilized test item, and NX-1 was found to be the best performer of the two geogrids. Calculated traffic benefit ratios ranged from approximately 1.2 at low levels of rutting up to approximately 13.0 at higher levels of rutting. Instrumentation response data indicated that the geogrids reduced measured pressure and deflection near the surface of the subgrade layer. Pressure response data in the aggregate layer suggested that the geogrids redistributed applied pressure higher in the aggregate layer, effectively changing the measured stress profile with depth.

Purpose: Innate immune components participate in obesity-induced inflammation, which can contribute to endocrine dysfunction during metabolic diseases. However, the chronological activation of specific immune proteins such as Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1) and relevance to cellular crosstalk during the progression of obesity-associated insulin resistance (IR) is not known. Methods: The NOD1 signaling in various insulin-sensitive metabolic tissues during the progression of diet-insulin resistance was assessed in C57BL/6J mice fed with 60% high-fat diet (HFD) for 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks. Intestinal permeability was measured using FITC-dextran. NOD1 activating potential was analyzed using HEK-Blue mNOD1 cells. Results: HFD-fed mice showed progressive induction of glucose intolerance and impairment of insulin signaling in key metabolic tissues. We found a time-dependent increase in intestinal permeability coupled with transport and accumulation of NOD1 activating ligand in the serum of HFD-fed mice. We also observed a progressive accumulation of γ-D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid (DAP), a microbial peptidoglycan ligand known to activate NOD1, in serum samples of the HFD-fed mice. There was also a progressive increase in transcripts levels of NOD1 in bone marrow-derived macrophages during HFD-feeding. In addition, skeletal muscle, adipose and liver, the key insulin sensitive metabolic tissues also had a time-dependent increase in transcripts of NOD1 and Rip2 and a corresponding activation of pro-inflammatory responses in these tissues. Conclusion: These data highlight the correlation of inflammation and insulin resistance to NOD1 activation in the bone marrow derived macrophages and insulin responsive metabolic tissues during high fat diet feeding in mice.

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of opioids for analgesic therapy for people with osteoarthritis. Systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised, placebo‐controlled trials of opioid therapies for treating the pain of osteoarthritis. The primary outcome was medium term pain relief (six weeks to less than 12 months). Quality of evidence was assessed with GRADE criteria. MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, PsycINFO, AMED, and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry; trials published to 31 October 2020. We extracted pain, disability, health‐related quality of life, and adverse events data for 36 eligible trials (overall dose range: 10‒210 oral morphine milligram equivalents [MME] per day). Continuous pain and disability outcomes were converted to common 0–100‐point scales; changes of less than ten points were deemed to be very small effects. Differences in dichotomous outcomes were expressed as risk ratios. Data were pooled for meta‐analysis in random effects models. The evidence from 19 trials (8965 participants; dose range, 10–126 MME/day) for very small medium term pain relief (mean difference [MD], –4.59 points; 95% CI, –7.17 to –2.02 points) was low quality, as was that from 16 trials (6882 participants; dose range, 10–126 MME/day) for a very small effect on disability (MD, –4.15 points; 95% CI, –6.94 to –1.35 points). Opioid dose was not statistically significantly associated with either degree of pain relief or incidence of adverse events in a meta‐regression analysis. Evidence that opioid therapy increased the risk of adverse events (risk ratio, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.29‒1.59) was of very low quality. Opioid medications may provide very small pain and disability benefits for people with osteoarthritis, but may also increase the risk of adverse events. CRD42019142813 (prospective).

This paper highlights the analytical and simulative approach of Linearized Radio over Fiber (RoF) Link. In the proposed research article, we perform the comparison between mostly utilized optical modulators as: Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM), dual-drive Mach–Zehnder modulator (DD-MZM), linear electrical absorption modulator (EAM) and phase modulator (PM)-based RoF link. These optical modulators are design based on analog photonic RoF link method. Optical simulator (OptSim), which is versatile commercial simulation software, is used to confirm and validate the proposed results. In the proposed model, we compared the fundamental to distortion component ratio (FDCR) of measured and evaluated electrical spectrums for all used optical modulators-based RoF link. The measured FDCR for used optical modulators as: MZM, DD-MZM, Linear EAM and PM is found as 36.41 dB, 43.50 dB, 13.0 dB and 21.9 dB, respectively. DD-MZM-based RoF link exhibits highest FDCR with measured value 43.50 dB, then all used optical modulator. It shows that the DD-MZM-based RoF link exhibits higher Linearization compared with others used optical modulators-based RoF link. We also proposed a comparatively analysis between MZM and DD-MZM-based Digitized RoF link for different fiber impairments from 2 to 40 km. The measured Q-factor has been found as 22.026 dB and 23.028 dB for MZM and DD-MZM-based Digitize RoF Link, respectively. DD-MZM-based digitized RoF link shows the enhanced eye pattern in terms of signal-to-noise ratio for used fiber impairments.

The use of cellulose has considerable promise in a wide range of industrial applications but is hampered by degradation in mechanical properties due to ambient moisture uptake. Existing models of equilibrium moisture content can predict the impact of these effects, but at present, the dynamical, atomic-scale picture of water ingress into cellulose is lacking. The present work reports nonequilibrium molecular simulations of the interface between cellulose and water aimed at capturing the initial stages of two simultaneous dynamical processes, water ingress into cellulose and cellulose dissolution into water. These simulations demonstrate that the process depends on the temperature and chain length in the amorphous region, where high temperatures can induce more mass exchange and short chains can easily detach from amorphous cellulose. A cooperative mechanism that involves both chemical and physical aspects, namely, hydrogen bonding and chain intertwining, respectively, is proposed to interpret the incipient dual ingress/dissolution process. Outcomes of this work will provide a foundation for cellulose functionalization strategies to impede moisture uptake and preserve the mechanical properties of nanocellulose in applications.

ABSTRACTClinical trials are complicated, time-consuming and costly. From the initial screening, informed consent and recruitment of the participants’ to study completion, the sponsor must undertake a wide array of complex and closely monitored operations, complying with international standards for human subject research and local requirements. Conducting these studies in an underdeveloped country, with limited resources, infrastructure, and experience with regulated clinical trials adds to this complexity. The initial site selection, set up and preparatory activities for the clinical trial are crucial to minimizing the risks to both participants and to successful completion during the subsequent study execution.In this paper, we describe the experience and lessons learned of building clinical trial site capacity in terms of infrastructure and human resource development for a Phase III vaccine clinical trial. We believe that sharing the experience of setting up a clinical trial in a resource-limited country will enable other entities contemplating clinical research in these countries, to prepare and plan ahead, to minimize the impact of barriers, and to contribute to bringing more studies to the countries where people live with the burden of vaccine-preventable, poverty-associated diseases.

To compare the clinical and radiographic effectiveness of A PRF Plus as an adjuctive material to osseous bone graft in socket preservation and ridge augmentation.

In the above article (Alizadeh and Medi, 2017), the authors have presented the effects of second harmonic gate voltage on the overall performance and behavior of Class J power amplifiers (PAs). However, there is a fundamental error observed in the way the drain current is defined by allowing its normalized maximum value to go above unity causing it to overestimate efficiency and output power performance of Class J PAs. This is because of the reason that the above article does not consider drain current peaking due to second harmonic gate voltage components. This comment elaborates on the root cause of the error in the above article in drain current modeling pointing out its effect towards overestimating Class J PA performance.

In this research article, the radio over fiber (RoF) Architecture using dual-parallel Mach–Zehnder modulator (DP-MZM) is analyzed and simulated. The nonlinearity is the main issues which degrade the performance of the RoF links. Using DP-MZM modulators, the nonlinearity can be reducing in the significant amount by controlling the bias voltages. The DP-MZM consists of two MZM modulators in parallel form with the variations of extinction ratio (ER). The proposed RoF link operated with single tone frequency signal at 10 GHz and the optical signal is transmitted further on Single mode optical fiber. The electrical spectrum at the output of photodetector confirms the quality of received signal while having desired and undesired terms. The proposed structure is designed using Optical Simulator simulation Software to confirm and validate the proposed results. The simulation output shows that the RF power of DP-MZM based RoF link has been found a decrement of 6.95 dB corresponding to undesired components with respect to desired RF signal for the increment in fiber length from 10 to 30 km. The digital transmission RoF link model is proposed and optimized for fiber impairments for 2–30 km, using 10 Gbps digital data string. electrical spectrum analyzer shows that very good eye openings for different fiber impairments, its shoes that proposed RoF model is optimized and having good SNR.

Here we projected a model-based IMRT treatment plan to produce the optimal radiation dosage by considering that the maximum amount of prescribed dose should be delivered to the target without affecting the surrounding healthy tissues especially the OARs. Fluence mapping is used for inverse planning. This suggested method can generate global minima for IMRT plans with reliable plan quality among diverse treatment planners and to provide better safety for significant parallel OARs in an effective way. The whole methodology is having the capability to handles various objectives and to generate effective treatment procedures as validated with illustrations on the CORT dataset. For the validation of our methodology, we have compared our result with the two other approaches for calculating the objectives based on dose-volume bounds and found that in our methodology dose across the prostate and lymph nodes is maximum and the time required for the convergence is minimum.

1. To provide information about the subgingival microbiota around single tooth implants.2. To assess the subgingival microbial flora around the teeth adjacent to single tooth implants.3. To clinically evaluate the gingival health surrounding the single-tooth implants.