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A turbidimetric analysis of particle interaction of model pH-responsive microgel systems consisting of methacrylic acid−ethyl acrylate cross-linked with diallyl phthalate in colloidal suspensions is described. The structure factor at zero scattering angle, S(0), can be determined with good precision for wavelengths greater than 500 nm, and it measures the dispersion's resistance to particle compression. The structure factor of microgels at various cross-linked densities and ionic strengths falls onto a master curve when plotted against the effective volume fraction, φeff = kc, which clearly suggests that particle interaction potential and osmotic compressibility is a function of effective volume fraction. In addition, the deviation of the structure factor, S(0), of our microgel systems with the structure factor of hard spheres, SPY(0), exhibits a maximum at φeff ~ 0.2. Beyond this point the osmotic de-swelling force exceeds the osmotic pressure inside the soft particles resulting in particle shrinkage. Good agreement was obtained when the structural properties of our microgel systems obtained from turbidimetric analysis and rheology measurements were compared. Therefore, a simple turbidimetric analysis of these model pH-responsive microgel systems permits a quantitative evaluation of factors governing particle osmotic compressibility.

The neutralization behaviors of random and cross-linked methacrylic acid−ethyl acrylate (MAA−EA) copolymers were examined as a function of degree of neutralization (α) using potentiometric titration and laser light scattering techniques. The random MAA−EA copolymers exhibit a conformational transition from a compact latex particle to a swollen randomly coiled aggregate upon neutralization over a certain range of α. With further addition of NaOH, the swollen aggregates dissociate into several smaller clusters. This conformational change is controlled by the balance between electrostatic repulsion within ionized MAA groups and hydrophobic attraction of EA. The cross-linked MAA−EA copolymers do not undergo a drastic conformational change during neutralization. The polymer latex particles swell slightly upon neutralization, and the extent of chain expansion is proportional to MAA molar composition and inversely proportional to cross-linked density. The electrostatic Gibbs energy (ΔGel) obtained from the potentiometric titration data indicates that a higher MAA portion is favorable for the deprotonization of both the random and cross-linked MAA−EA copolymers, suggesting that the dissociation is mainly dominated by polymer structure instead of the electrostatic attraction between H⁺ and −COO^-. Moreover, static and dynamic light scattering results confirmed that the cross-linked latex particle exists as monodispersed hard sphere in the collapsed state, whereas in its swollen state the latex particle possesses a core−shell structure.

The effect of ionic strength on the rheological behavior of model pH-responsive nanocolloidal systems consisting of methacrylic acid−ethyl acrylate (MAA−EA) cross-linked with diallyl phthalate (DAP) was examined. Neutralization of acid groups increases the osmotic pressure exerted by counterions trapped in the polymeric network against ions in bulk solution, which is responsible for the swelling and increase in viscosity. Swelling decreases with increasing salt concentration as a result of reduced osmotic pressure inside the microgels, which is attributed to the charge shielding effect of counterions (salt) on the negatively charged carboxylate groups. Electromotive measurements using ion-selective electrodes confirmed that not all the counterions, that is, K⁺, remain mobile, but a fraction of these ions can penetrate the porous microgel particles to shield the negatively charged carboxylate groups. A consequence of this is that some of the Na⁺ counterions inside the particles are expelled, thus regaining their translational entropy, and become mobile sodium ions in the bulk solution. We successfully developed a new scaling law that relates the swelling ratio, Q, of microgels as a function of neutralization degree, α, cross-linked density, Nx, molar fraction of acidic units, y, and concentration of mobile counterions, CK^{+ and CNa+, represented as (Nx/c0)(CK+ + CNa+)Q + Q2/3 ∝ yNxα. The new scaling law no longer assumes that all the counterions are trapped inside the microgels. The proportionality reduces to the form Q ∝ (yαNx)3/2 in the absence of salt, that is, CK+ + CNa+ ≈ 0. By combining the results from light scattering and rheological measurements, we are able to correlate the microstructural evolution of the colloidal systems with their bulk rheological behavior.}

Analytical methodology has been developed for the simultaneous determination of branched and linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (BAS and LAS) in river water and wastewater samples. The samples were purified and concentrated by solid phase extraction, followed by HPLC separation and quantification using a C18 column. The LAS homologues were well separated with prominent peaks corresponding to the different alkyl groups with carbon chainlengths from C10 to C14. The elution of BAS shows a slightly broadened major peak with the same retention time as the C11 peak of LAS. The C12 peak, with no significant contribution from BAS components, has been chosen for the direct determination of LAS whereas the concentration of BAS can be calculated from the composite peak height of BAS after correcting for the C11 contribution from LAS. The method has been applied for the determination of the levels of specific LAS and BAS in some river water and wastewater samples. Comparison with the anionic surfactant concentrations measured in terms of the standard MBAS (methylene blue active substances) values is presented.