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Multipotent adult resident cardiac stem cells (CSCs) were first identified by the expression of c-kit, the stem cell factor receptor. However, in the adult myocardium c-kit alone cannot distinguish CSCs from other c-kit-expressing (c-kitpos) cells. The adult heart indeed contains a heterogeneous mixture of c-kitposcells, mainly composed of mast and endothelial/progenitor cells. This heterogeneity of cardiac c-kitposcells has generated confusion and controversy about the existence and role of CSCs in the adult heart. Here, to unravel CSC identity within the heterogeneous c-kit-expressing cardiac cell population, c-kitposcardiac cells were separated through CD45-positive or -negative sorting followed by c-kitpossorting. The blood/endothelial lineage-committed (Lineagepos) CD45posc-kitposcardiac cells were compared to CD45neg(Lineageneg/Linneg) c-kitposcardiac cells for stemness and myogenic properties in vitro and in vivo. The majority (~90%) of the resident c-kitposcardiac cells are blood/endothelial lineage-committed CD45posCD31posc-kitposcells. In contrast, the LinnegCD45negc-kitposcardiac cell cohort, which represents ⩽10% of the total c-kitposcells, contain all the cardiac cells with the properties of adult multipotent CSCs. These characteristics are absent from the c-kitnegand the blood/endothelial lineage-committed c-kitposcardiac cells. Single Linnegc-kitposcell-derived clones, which represent only 1–2% of total c-kitposmyocardial cells, when stimulated with TGF-β/Wnt molecules, acquire full transcriptome and protein expression, sarcomere organisation, spontaneous contraction and electrophysiological properties of differentiated cardiomyocytes (CMs). Genetically tagged cloned progeny of one Linnegc-kitposcell when injected into the infarcted myocardium, results in significant regeneration of new CMs, arterioles and capillaries, derived from the injected cells. The CSC’s myogenic regenerative capacity is dependent on commitment to the CM lineage through activation of the SMAD2 pathway. Such regeneration was not apparent when blood/endothelial lineage-committed c-kitposcardiac cells were injected. Thus, among the cardiac c-kitposcell cohort only a very small fraction has the phenotype and the differentiation/regenerative potential characteristics of true multipotent CSCs.

There is considerable increase in the use of left ventricular assist devices for the treatment of severe heart failure. Traditionally viewed as a bridge to transplantation and more recently as a destination therapy, left ventricular assist device support is now recognized to offer potential for myocardial recovery through reverse remodeling, a potential that is further enhanced by combination with pharmacologic therapy. In this study, we examine the molecular changes associated with left ventricular assist device support and how these may contribute to the recovery process.