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We report here the synthesis of tricyclic nucleoside analogues via acid-catalyzed cyclization of guanine with 1,1,3,3-tetramethoxypropane. The method enables the use of hydroxyl-unprotected antiviral drugs (acyclovir, ganciclovir, and penciclovir), guanosines, oligonucleotide, and triazole-linked nucleoside dimers as substrates. Nucleoside trimer and tetramer were synthesized by derivatization reactions.

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), a representative plant virus, is widely known and causes severe crop losses worldwide. In order to ensure the demand for crop and food security, the exploration of novel antiviral agents with outstanding activity and unique mechanisms of action is necessary. Herein, 40 new azole–quinolinone molecules were elaborately designed and systematically evaluated for their anti-TMV activity. Notably, compound A21had significant therapeutic activity against TMV (EC50value = 200 μg/mL), which was superior to commercial ningnanmycin (280 μg/mL). Studies on the anti-TMV mechanism showed that compound A21could suppress the expression level of important TMV genes and affect the assembly of TMV viral particles by disrupting the self-assembly process of TMV coat protein (TMV-CP). In-depth antiviral behaviors were verified by molecular docking, fluorescence titration analysis, and TMV assembly assays, suggesting that compound A21strongly interacted with TMV coat protein through various interactions. Overall, this promising work discloses a new paradigm for the exploitation of 2-quinolinone-based virucidal agents for hindering plant viral infection through triggering versatile antiviral behavior.

In this article, a fast and parameter-intensive loss minimization algorithm (LMA) is proposed for the surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM). The algorithm utilizes ripple correlation control to steer the operating point toward the optimal solution by evaluating the correlation between the injected ripple on the control variable and its effect on the input power. Unlike model-based LMAs, this method does not rely on the motor loss model, its parameters, or precomputed information. Instead, it employs a high-speed search-based procedure to minimize the input power directly. The theoretical analysis includes a design procedure and a method for determining the upper bound of the injected ripple frequency based on the principles underlying loss minimization of PMSMs. Since the d-axis current does not contribute to torque production in surface-mounted PMSMs, the artificial perturbation introduced by the algorithm does not result in undesirable torque ripple. The analysis is supported by simulations and experimental tests. The results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm enables the system to converge to the optimum point within around 1.5 s, making it suitable for high-dynamic applications.

In this study, deformation behaviors of gallium-based liquid metals in acidified cupric sulfate or cupric chloride solutions with varying concentrations of chloride anion or sulfate anion were investigated to explore their potential applications in soft machines and electronics. Gallium-based liquid metals are known for their unique deformability, making them promising materials for various fields. Previous research has shown that deformation of the liquid metal can be achieved in the presence of acidified cupric or ferric salts. However, the specific influence of different anions on the deformation process remains unclear. Our findings indicate that the deformation rate of the liquid metal increases with higher concentrations of chloride ions and decreases with higher concentrations of sulfate ions in the solution. UV–vis absorbance spectra of the solutions were analyzed to identify the formation of hydrated cupric cations. It was observed that increasing the concentration of Cl–ions promotes the formation of cupric-chloro complexes, thereby reducing the concentration of hydrated cupric ions in the solution. Furthermore, the addition of sulfate ions to the solution enhances the ionic strength of the medium, leading to the dissociation of cupric-chloro complexes. Additionally, sulfate ions can form insoluble layers with gallium ions, which impede the deformation of the liquid metal. The deformation rate of the liquid metal was found to be inversely correlated with the concentration of cupric ions in the solution. These results provide valuable insights into the deformable behavior of gallium-based liquid metals and their potential applications in liquid metal-based soft robots. This study highlights the importance of understanding the role of different anions in the deformation process of liquid metals, shedding light on the design and optimization of soft machines and electronics utilizing these materials.

Fringe projection profilometry (FPP) is widely used in the field of 3-D shape measurement with the advantages of noncontact, high speed, and nondestructive. However, measuring the complex reflective surface is a severe challenge for the FPP system. In this article, an active optimization method based on the reflection characteristics of the surface is proposed. We first design an ultrasonic atomization optimization measurement (UAOM) device. It is capable of uniformly and stably covering the measured surface with a microscopic water mist layer. The water mist layer is used to change the reflection characteristics, thereby reducing the impact of overexposure and underexposure on the measurement results. Apart from that, a bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) model and projector-object–camera radiation transfer model are established, which could be used to quantitatively describe the changes in reflection characteristics caused by the microscopic water mist layer. Comparative experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method yields improved measurements of complex reflective surfaces without the need for intricate algorithms. The final 3-D result of the points cloud based on our method is more complete and accurate, which improves the efficiency and versatility of 3-D measurement.

Temperature, as a crucial parameter in the fields of oil and gas, aerospace, and infrastructure condition monitoring, is commonly required for its prompt and accurate detection. In this article, a microwave photonics concept of optical carrier-based microwave interferometry (OCMI) is utilized for temperature sensing with the aid of the artificial neural network (ANN), which effectively improves performance. Different from the traditional dip frequency tracking demodulation method, the ANN-based demodulation method directly maps the microwave interferogram to the temperature, simplifying the demodulation process. With simple training, satisfactory temperature prediction accuracy can be obtained, which is not inferior to the traditional method. More importantly, the ANN-based demodulation method exhibits excellent performance in challenging situations such as limited sampling points and narrow microwave frequency bandwidths, significantly improving real-time response and easing equipment burden without compromising accuracy, which cannot be realized by the traditional method. Besides, it is revealed that the ANN-based demodulation method can enhance the performance of individual Fabry-Perot cavities, thereby facilitating the distributed sensing capability of OCMI-based interferometers.

The TIG additive connecting technology has broad application prospects in manufacturing large complex titanium alloy components. The Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V (TA15) alloy fabricated by HIP and CMT technology were connected by unpulsed and pulsed TIG additive connecting technology. The results showed that the macrostructure of fusion zone was epitaxial growth βcolumnar grains. The βcolumnar grains were significantly refined by pulse current. For unpulsed samples, fusion zone was mainly composed of α + β basketweave structure, with a small amount of lamellar α phase and acicular martensite α' phase. The lamellar αphase content in pulsed samples decrease compared with unpulsed samples. The average values of UTS, YS and EL of the pulsed samples were 1038 MPa, 965 MPa and 9.52%, respectively. Compared with the unpulsed samples, it increased by 2.1%, 3.7% and 43.6%, respectively. The fracture mode of the unpulsed and pulsed samples was the combination of ductile fracture and brittle fracture.

The coal-rock reservoir exhibits a dual porous medium characteristic, where fractures are the primary contributor to permeability, while pore structure influences the gas adsorption properties of coal rock. Gas adsorption induces swelling in the coal matrix, leading to a reduction in fracture width and subsequently causing decreased permeability and reduced well production. Investigating the impact of geological characteristics of coal-rock on gas adsorption and desorption properties can enhance our understanding of the patterns governing changes in coal-layer production. This study focused on the 3#coal seam in China's Qinshui Basin as its research subject. It involved an analysis of mineral composition, physical properties, gas content, and pore structure characteristics to explore the adsorption traits of different gases and conduct experimental studies on variations in gas adsorption and desorption capabilities under diverse conditions. The research findings suggest that the coal rock in the study area is primarily characterized by micropores and small pores, with well-developed larger pores and fractures. The pore connectivity is somewhat limited, and the predominant pore size ranges from 100 to 200 nm. The average permeability measures 0.198 × 10–3µm2, while the mean specific gas content stands at 21.7 m3/t. Analysis of the isothermal adsorption curve reveals a substantial increase in adsorption when pressure falls below 3.5 MPa due to a steep slope; as pressure continues to rise, there is a gradual upward trend in adsorption until reaching 8 MPa, after which point adsorption increases slowly and stabilizes. Results from binary gas adsorption–desorption experiments indicate low desorption levels and rates for CO2components compared to relatively higher desorption amounts and rates for CH4components. Furthermore, it was observed that CO2has a displacement effect on CH4; higher CO2concentrations are more conducive to CH4release and CO2storage.

A self-supported NiSe2-Ce2(CO3)2O with unique rice-granular morphology was synthesized through an accessible two-step hydrothermal method. Detailed electrochemical studies show the designed catalyst exhibits attractive OER activity (268/304 mV@50/100 mA cm−2) and overall water splitting performance.

The tethered molecule exhibits characteristics of both free and fixed states, with the electrodynamics involved in its diffusion, electrophoresis, and stretching processes still not fully understood. We developed a Single-Molecule Manipulation, Identification, and Length Examination (SMILE) system by integrating piezoelectric devices with nanopipettes. This system enabled successful capture and stretching of tethered double-stranded DNA within the nanopore. Our research unveiled distinct capture (rcapture) and stretch radii (rstretch) surrounding the DNA’s anchor point. Notably, consistent ratios of capture radius for DNA of varying lengths (2k, 4k, and 6k base pairs) were observed across different capturing voltages, approximately 1:1.4:1.83, showing a resemblance to their gyration radius ratios. However, the ratios of stretch radius are consistent to their contour length (L0), with the stretching ratio (rstretch/L0) increasing from 70 to 90% as the voltage rose from 100 to 1000 mV. Additionally, through numerical simulations, we identified the origin of capture and stretch radii, determined by the entropic elasticity-induced capture barrier and the electric field-dominant escape barrier. This research introduces an innovative methodology and outlines research perspectives for a comprehensive exploration of the conformational, electrical, and diffusion characteristics of tethered molecules.

Our institution developed the subspecialized medical team (SMT) mode in radiology reporting workflows in July 2022 to strengthen professionalism in radiology residency training. This study aimed to investigate whether adopting the SMT mode facilitated radiology resident training. This observational study was conducted in October 2022. An online questionnaire was distributed among first‐to third‐year radiology residents to determine their levels of perceived stress, anxiety, competency in image interpretation, and learning effectiveness in using the SMT mode and other approaches. Responses were on 4 or 5 point Likert scales, and multiple‐choice responses were used for semi‐open questions. The turnaround time for radiology reports was measured for both residents and senior radiologists. Statistical significance (p< 0.05) was determined using chi‐square or Fisher's exact tests, one‐way analysis of variance, pairwise t‐tests, and the Kruskal‒Wallis Htest. In total, 71 residents completed the questionnaire survey. The turnaround times for radiology reports were collected for these residents and 23 senior radiologists. Residents' stress and anxiety scores, perceived levels of competency in image interpretation, and time spent writing reports were significantly increased in the SMT mode. In contrast, the time senior radiologists spent reviewing a single report was decreased for the majority of report types after 1 year of implementing the SMT mode. These findings suggest adopting the SMT mode could facilitate the training of radiology residents. However, residents' mental health and well‐being should also be considered. The subspecialized medical team (SMT) mode was perceived as the most effective approach to improve diagnostic skills among radiology residents. Residents' stress and anxiety scores, perceived levels of competency in image interpretation, and time spent writing reports were significantly increased in the SMT mode. The time senior radiologists spent reviewing a single report was decreased for the majority of report types after 1 year of implementing the SMT mode.

Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) textiles hold substantial potential for localized outdoor cooling of the human body without additional energy consumption, but their limited multifunctional integration severely hinders their practical application. Herein, aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) nanoparticles were purposefully introduced into poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) nanofibers via a facile electrospinning process, forming a large-scale and flexible PDRC textile with the desired antibacterial, UV-shielding, and self-cleaning capabilities. These prepared PDRC textiles present a weighted sunlight reflection rate of 92.3% and a weighted emissivity of 89.5% in the mid-infrared region. Furthermore, outdoor tests with an average solar intensity of ∼715 W/m2demonstrated that a skin simulator temperature could be cooled by ∼16.1 °C below the ambient temperature, outperforming cotton fabric by ∼6.3 °C. Owing to the outstanding photocatalytic properties of the AZO nanoparticles, these prepared PVDF textiles exhibit antibacterial properties (Escherichia coli: 99.99%), UV-shielding performance (UPF > 50+), and superior self-cleaning capabilities, providing a cost-effective and eco-friendly avenue for daytime personal thermal management.

The latest development in perovskite solar cell (PSC) technology has been significantly influenced by advanced techniques aimed at passivating surface defects. This work presents a new approach called thermal imprinting-assisted ion exchange passivation (TIAIEP), which delivers a different approach to conventional solution-based methods. TIAIEP focuses on addressing surface imperfections in solid-state films by using a passivator that promotes ion exchange specifically at the defect sites within the perovskite layer. By adjusting the time and temperature of the TIAIEP process, we achieve substantial enhancement in the creation of a compositional gradient within the films. This optimization slows the cooling rate of hot carriers, leading to minimizing charge recombination and improving the device performance. Remarkably, devices treated with TIAIEP achieve a 22.29% power conversion efficiency and show outstanding stability, with unencapsulated PSCs maintaining 91% of their original efficiency after over 2000 h of storage and 90% efficiency after 1200 h of constant illumination. These results highlight TIAIEP’s effectiveness in mitigating surface defects, improving both the photoelectric and stability performance of PSCs, and indicating significant potential for large-scale application in perovskite film passivation, promoting the widespread adoption of this technology.

Pyrrolocarbazole skeletons are well known to possess a variety of biological activities that might be therapeutically useful in the treatment of cancers. Herein, an acid-catalyzed stereoselective hydroarylation/Diels–Alder cycloaddition/aromatization of ynamide–indoles is described. We newly designed and synthesized a variety of piperazine-fused pyrrolocarbazole derivatives that could be further applied to the synthesis of potent Wee1 inhibitors.

Video Abstract1_w9pk15ynKaltura

The endoscopic treatment of esophagogastric varices is challenging, and the nationwide application of endoscopic therapies for various types of esophagogastric varices and different clinical scenarios remains unclear. This study investigated the use of endoscopic therapy for portal hypertension in China. This study used a questionnaire survey initiated by the Liver Health Consortium in China to investigate the use of endoscopic therapies for portal hypertension. Questionnaires were released online from January 30, 2023 to February 28, 2023 and filled out by chief physicians or senior instructors responsible for endoscopic therapies in participating hospitals across 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China. Comparisons of guideline adherence between primary and referral medical centers were performed using the chi‐square test or Fisher's exact test. In total, 836 hospitals participated in the survey. For primary and secondary prophylaxis of esophagogastric variceal bleeding (EGVB), adherence to the national guidelines was 72.5% (606/836) and 39.2% (328/836), respectively. Significant differences were observed in the rate of adherence between the primary and referral centers for primary (79.9% [111/139] vs. 71.0% [495/697], p= 0.033) and secondary prophylaxis (27.3% [38/139] vs. 41.6% [290/697], p= 0.002). Of the hospitals, 78.2% (654/836) preferred endoscopic therapies for acute EGVB, and the timing of endoscopy was usually within 12 h (48.5%, 317/654) and 12–24 h (36.9%, 241/654) after bleeding. Endoscopic therapy was more likely to be the first choice of treatment for acute EGVB in referral centers than in primary centers (82.6% [576/697] vs. 56.1% [78/139], p< 0.001). Regarding the management of gastroesophageal varices type 2 and isolated gastric varices type 1, the most prevalent procedures were cyanoacrylate injection combined with sclerotherapy (48.2% [403/836] and 29.9% [250/836], respectively); however, substantial hospitals preferred clip‐assisted therapies (12.4% [104/836] and 26.4% [221/836], respectively). Nonselective beta‐blockers were routinely used in 73.4% (614/836) of hospitals during the perioperative period of EGVB management, and propranolol (88.8%, 545/614) and carvedilol (37.5%, 230/614) were the most widely used nonselective beta‐blockers. This survey clarified that various endoscopic procedures have been implemented nationwide in China. Participating hospitals have actively performed emergent endoscopy for acute EGVB; however, these hospitals do not adequately follow recommendations regarding primary and secondary prophylaxis of EGVB. In the future, standardizing the selection of endoscopic procedures and improving compliance with guidelines is crucial. Various endoscopic procedures of esophagogastric varices have been implemented nationwide in China. Participating hospitals have actively performed emergent endoscopy for acute esophagogastric variceal bleeding, but do not adequately follow guideline recommendations regarding primary and secondary prophylaxis. Significant findings of the studyVarious endoscopic procedures were widely performed at different medical institution levels in China. Compliance with the guidelines for esophagogastric variceal bleeding on primary and secondary prophylaxis is unsatisfactory. Treatment options for gastric varices differ among hospitals and require further standardization. Various endoscopic procedures were widely performed at different medical institution levels in China. Compliance with the guidelines for esophagogastric variceal bleeding on primary and secondary prophylaxis is unsatisfactory. Treatment options for gastric varices differ among hospitals and require further standardization. What this study addsThis study is the first nationwide and systematic description of the status of endoscopic management of esophagogastric varices for portal hypertension in China, and comprehensively understanding the current situation lays a good foundation for future large‐scale cooperation in this field. This study is the first nationwide and systematic description of the status of endoscopic management of esophagogastric varices for portal hypertension in China, and comprehensively understanding the current situation lays a good foundation for future large‐scale cooperation in this field.

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the association between CDK4/6 inhibitors and QT interval prolongation (QTp) and Torsades de Pointes (TdP) in breast cancer patients.MethodThe cases with breast cancer from 2015 to 2022 were extracted from the FDA adverse event database (FARES) and further divided into a CDK4/6 inhibitor group and a positive control group. The associations between CDK4/6 inhibitors and QTp and TdP adverse events were evaluated using the reporting odds ratio (ROR) and the information component (IC).ResultsA total of 172,266 breast cancer patients were included. A total of 234 QTp/TdP events occurred in the CDK4/6 inhibitor group. Disproportionality analysis revealed that ribociclib was related to QTp/TdP. The ROR was 10.10 (95% 8.56–11.92), and the IC was 2.84 (95% 2.28–3.32). Palbociclib and abemaciclib had no correlation with QTP/TDP events.ConclusionBased on this real-world pharmacovigilance analysis, this study demonstrated a significant association between ribociclib and QTp/TdP events, which should attract clinical attention. The QT interval was monitored before and after medication. Attention should be given to adjusting the drugson time.

This research delves into an upscale, personalised packaging paradigm employing 3D printing and a bio-composite derived from esteemed rosewood. The study incorporates a design for additive manufacturing, enhancing designers’ flexibility, and fostering innovation. To address global sustainability imperatives, including efficiency, energy conservation, a low carbon footprint and ecological compatibility, a premium and sustainable rosewood/polyethersulfone (PES) composite is developed. Laser sintering (LS), renowned for its processing flexibility, is applied for crafting intricate packages. A weight ratio of 1:4 of rosewood to PES is highly suitable for LS processing. The resultant custom carton, embodying natural rosewood aesthetics and fragrance, exhibits commendable mechanical robustness and precision. Tensile and bending strengths reach peaks of 4.880 MPa and 7.870 MPa, respectively, under a 9-W laser power. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis confirms the favourable dispersion of rosewood fibres in LS specimens, providing insights into the microstructure of the composite powder.

Cost-efficient multi-objective synchronous ranging solutions are highly desired in many fields such as manufacturing and infrastructure. However, traditional laser ranging methods have limitations in absolute ranging and multi-channel expansion. In this paper, a multi-channel absolute distance measurement method based on optical carrier-based microwave scanning interferometry (OCMSI) is proposed. After microwave scanning and synchronous demodulation, the amplitude spectrums and phase spectrums of interference signals are established. The transmission signals of each channel can be separated and reconstructed by using the discrete Fourier inverse transform. Additionally, it is demonstrated that the designed global optimization algorithm for extracting free spectral range can effectively reduce the impact of detection errors and channel interference. Existing interferometers can achieve multi-channel parallel absolute distance measurement without the need for additional modulation, demodulation, and optoelectronic detection devices. Experimental results have shown that the system structure is simple, and the ranging accuracy of for 3 channels is higher than ±60 μm within at least 35 m optical path.

Network alignment aims at detecting the corresponding entities across multiple networks, which is an essential basis for the fusion and analysis of multiple network information. Moreover, embedding-based network alignment has gradually become one of the promising methods. However, existing methods ignore the confusing selection problem caused by the similarity-orientated principle of network embedding and over-dependence on the hypothesis of structural consistency. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end Graph Alignment Neural Network (GANN) model with graph-to-sequence learning. GANN mainly consists of two modules: Graph encoder and Sequence decoder. In graph encoder module, we present a restricted network embedding method, which can not only capture the local structure and attribute information of nodes but also realize the constraint of node embedding and space reconciliation. In sequence decoder module, we propose a graph-to-sequence learning model to address large graphs’ structural consistency hypothesis problem. In this model, an attention-based LSTM mechanism is introduced to infer a node in the source network corresponding to the candidate node sequence in target networks. In this candidate sequence, the correct aligned node is placed at the top. We demonstrate that GANN outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in network alignment tasks on various real-world datasets.

To transmit high power very-low-frequency signals with low harmonic content, the high-frequency cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter (HF-MLI) usually has large number of levels and uses the selective harmonic elimination (SHE) technique for modulation. However, when the number of levels exceeds 25, the conventional SHE switching angle computation methods have a problem since the computed switching angles tend to be located at 0 and π/2, which makes the harmonic suppression effect worse. To realize a good harmonic suppression effect for HF-MLIs with a large number of levels, an interior-point-method-based switching angle computation method is proposed in this paper. With the aid of the interior point method (IPM), the constraints of switching angles are combined with the harmonic function in the objective function through a penalty function. The iteration is divided into the inner loop and the outer loop. The switching angles are computed in the inner loop and the weight of the penalty function is updated in the outer loop. The penalty function can keep the switching angles away from constraints. When compared with conventional methods, the proposed method has a higher accuracy, a shorter execution time and better harmonic suppression effect when computing the switching angles of MLIs with more than 25 levels. The harmonics from 9 to 19th-order of the proposed method are suppressed to less than 0.1%, which is experimentally verified on a single-phase 49-level HF-MLI.

Marine gravity survey is of great significance to the fields of geophysics research, marine geological mapping, and so on. Usually, accuracy calibration is required since the gravity measurements remain relative at present. For this application, the absolute gravity reference point is necessary, which can be established with classical optical absolute gravimeters. In this article, an absolute gravity benchmark is constructed through a gravity measurement system based on a homemade atomic gravimeter at the quay of Zhoushan Archipelago. Even in the rugged environment of seaboard, a measurement sensitivity of 0.76 mGal $/\sqrt {\text {Hz}}$ is obtained. Besides, the estimated absolute accuracy of gravity is better than $30~\mu $ Gal. Interestingly, it is found that the accuracy has been affected greatly by the ocean tidal loading (OTL) effect, especially the absence of an accurate OTL model in the observation region. To further investigate the OTL effect, the continuous absolute gravity observations are carried out for seven days, collecting tidal heights as well. Notably, a peak-to-peak amplitude of approximately $170~\mu $ Gal is obtained even when the gravity variations caused by solid tide effect have been corrected. However, the calculated values with the existing OTL models seem much smaller than the actual gravity variation data. To solve this problem, an optimized OTL model for offshore gravity measurement has been proposed through an analysis of the existing models. With the improved model of OTL, the calculated results agree well with the experimental data. These findings offer valuable insights for the high-precision calibration of marine gravimeters.

The modulation of circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) has become an increasingly prominent area of research. In this study, we propose a unique “one-excitation-to-three-emissions” CPL system through the co-assembly of an upconversion system, incorporating one sensitizer (Pt(II) mesotetraphenyl tetrabenzoporphyrine, PtTPBP) and two annihilators (R/S-DPA and R/S-BDP) within liquid crystals. The chiral nature of the annihilators induces a transformation of the nematic liquid crystal into chiral nematic liquid crystals (N*LC), establishing an excellent chiral matrix. Upon the incorporation of the sensitizer PtTPBP and subsequent excitation at 635 nm, the system demonstrates two independent triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA-UC) with the emission in blue and yellow, aided by thermally activated triplet-triplet energy transfer (TTET). This is accompanied by the simultaneous generation of upconverting circularly polarized luminescence (UC-CPL) and downshifting near-infrared circularly polarized luminescence (DS-CPL) originating from the residual luminescence of PtTPBP. Remarkably, fine-tuning the ratio between the two annihilators allows the TTA-UC system to exhibit multicolor CPL emission with an amplified luminescence dissymmetry factor (glum, reaching up to 0.6). Our study unveils a previously unreported “one-excitation-to-three-emissions” system and provides a versatile strategy for modulating CPL emissions, surpassing conventional methodologies.

The Internet Protocol (IP) is the most fundamental building block of the Internet. However, it provides no explicit notion of packet-level authenticity. Such a weakness allows malicious actors to spoof IP packet headers and launch a wide variety of attacks. Meanwhile, the highly decentralized management of Internet infrastructure makes large-scale source address validation challenging in terms of overhead, validity, and flexibility. This paper presents a practical anti-spoofing approach, Source Address Validation Architecture eXternal (SAVA-X). SAVA-X introduces the concept of Address Domain to enable address validation in finer, prefix-level granularity. The address domains are organized in nested hierarchies to provide higher scalability and lower maintenance costs for partial deployment. We implement SAVA-X on commercial backbone routers and the P4 platform. The experiments indicate that the hardware implementation of SAVA-X can achieve 98% throughput on 100 Gbps links and close to the native IP forwarding in per-packet overhead, with less than 10 microseconds additional processing latency.

Disclosed herein is a rhodium(III)-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization of ynamides with propargyl esters. A variety of highly functionalized 2,5-dihydropyrroles were obtained in moderate to good yields with high E/Zselectivities. Subsequent oxidation of the products gave valuable pyrrole derivatives. Additionally, scale-up reactions and late-stage derivatizations highlight the potential synthetic utility of this methodology.

Extensive land use will cause many environmental problems. It is an urgent task to improve land use efficiency and optimize land use patterns. In recent years, due to the flow decrease, the Guanzhong Basin in Shaanxi Province is confronted with the problem of insufficient water resources reserve. Based on the Coupled Ground-Water and Surface-Water Flow Model (GSFLOW), this paper evaluates the response of water resources in the basin to changes in land use patterns, optimizes the land use pattern, improves the ecological and economic benefits, and the efficiency of various spatial development, providing a reference for ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin. The research shows that the land use pattern in the Guanzhong Basin should be further optimized. Under the condition of considering ecological and economic development, the percentage change of the optimum area of farmland, forest, grassland, water area, and urban area compared with the current land use area ratio is +2.3, +2.4, −6.1, +0.2, and +1.6, respectively. The economic and ecological value of land increases by 14.1% and 3.1%, respectively, and the number of water resources can increase by 2.5%.

The Hot Dry Rock (HDR) is considered as a clean and renewable energy, poised to significantly contribute to the global energy decarbonization agenda. Many HDR projects worldwide have accumulated valuable experience in efficient drilling and completion, reservoir construction, and fracture simulation. In 2019, China Geological Survey (CGS) initiated a demonstration project of HDR exploration and production in the Gonghe Basin, aiming to overcome the setbacks faced by HDR projects. Over the ensuing four years, the Gonghe HDR project achieved the first power generation in 2021, followed by the second power generation test in 2022. After establishing the primary well group in the initial phase, two directional wells and one branch well were drilled. Noteworthy progress was made in successfully constructing the targeted reservoir, realizing inter-well connectivity, power generation and grid connection, implementing of the real-time micro-seismic monitoring. A closed-loop technical validation of the HDR exploration and production was completed. However, many technical challenges remain in the process of HDR industrialization, such as reservoir fracture network characterization, efficient drilling and completion, multiple fracturing treatment, continuous injection and production, as well as mitigation of induced seismicity and numerical simulation technology.

An environmentally sustainable approach for the Hofmann rearrangement was developed. The presence of nanomicelles allows such a transformation to proceed smoothly in mild conditions with water as the sole reaction medium compared to traditional methods, which use significant amounts of organic solvents. A variety of amides containing functional groups have been constructed under these conditions, affording the compounding amine product in good to excellent yields (up to 99%). The process was scaled up and proven to be robust for its implementation in the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant compounds.