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With the rapid development of the lithium ion battery industry, emerging lithium (Li) enrichment in nature has attracted ever-growing attention due to the biotoxicity of high Li levels. To date, fast lithium ion (Li+) detection remains urgent but is limited by the selectivity, sensitivity, and stability of conventional technologies based on passive response processes. In nature, archaeal plasma membrane ion exchangers (NCLX_Mj) exhibit Li+-gated multi/monovalent ion transport behavior, activated by different stimuli. Inspired by NCLX_Mj, we design a pH-controlled biomimetic Li+-responsive solid-state nanochannel system for on-demand Li+detection using 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole (HPBO) units as Li+recognition groups. Pristine HPBO is not reactive to Li+, whereas negatively charged HPBO enables specific Li+coordination under alkaline conditions to decrease the ion exchange capacity of nanochannels. On-demand Li+detection is achieved by monitoring the decline in currents, thereby ensuring precise and stable Li+recognition (>0.1 mM) in the toxic range of Li+concentration (>1.5 mM) for human beings. This work provides a new approach to constructing Li+detection nanodevices and has potential for applications of Li-related industries and medical services.

The Longmenshan thrust belt (LMTB) is one of the best natural laboratories for thin-skinned tectonics and has developed a series of NE-SW trending fold-and-thrust structures represented by a series of nappes and klippes, exemplified by the Tangbazi and Bailuding klippe. However, the timing and emplacement mechanism of these klippes are still in dispute. Three possible mechanisms have been proposed: (1) a Mesozoic-Cenozoic southeastward thrusting, (2) a Cenozoic gravity gliding, and (3) glacial deposition. Almost all of these klippes are tectonic and overlaid on folded Late Triassic sandstone except the Tangbazi klippe, which is located in the center of the LMTB and has a narrow tail extending southeastward and covering Jurassic-Quaternary rocks. This geometric relationship is considered the most important stratigraphic evidence to support the post-Cenozoic emplacement of the Longmenshan klippe. Our structural and petrological observations show that the rocks at the front of the Tangbazi and Bailuding structures are brecciated limestone, which is assumed to have been generated by a gravitational collapse and is not characteristic of the massive Permian strata. Artemisiapollen, which has been exclusively recognized in post-Late Eocene strata in Central Asia, was found in the matrix of this brecciated limestone. Therefore, our discovery indicates that the brecciated limestone was deposited after the Late Eocene rather than during the Permian as annotated on the geological map. In contrast, unbrecciated, massive Permian limestone overlaid on the folded Late Triassic rocks. Hence, the anomalous relationship of Permian strata overlaying Late Triassic rocks cannot be evidence of Cenozoic emplacement. According to currently recognized bulk strata relationships, we can only be sure that the klippe was emplaced in the post Late Triassic. The petrological characteristics of the brecciated limestone show that it was crumbled before the re-sedimentation of the breccia, implying that the LMTB might have experienced a rapid uplift during the Late Eocene.

The application of drilling fluids and additives plays an important role in drilling operations. Additionally, one of the most crucial ways to increase drilling efficiency since environmental rules were passed is by finding an inexpensive and ecologically acceptable drilling fluid additive. Pomegranate peel extract (PP) and PP modified by AlCl3(PPA) were created in this study. Their effects on inhibiting clay swelling were evaluated by linear swelling test, mud ball test, anti-swelling test and drilling fluid performance evaluation. The performance of the modified pomegranate peel extract on inhibiting clay swelling was compared with that of KCl. The swelling rate of bentonite was effectively reduced by 1.20% PP, which represented a substantial improvement above 4% KCl. The results of this study indicated that PPA has excellent performance in inhibiting clay swelling compared to known inhibitors. PP was modified by 0.06% AlCl3(named as PPA-1). The YP/PV remained basically stable after the addition of PPA-1 to the drilling fluid in the 100°C hot rolling experiment. Thus the drilling fluid showed good rheological properties. And the drilling fluid prepared with PPA-1 has a high shale recovery rate. Finally, the correlation between the molecular structure of PP and PPA-1 and its inhibition mechanism was assessed by XRD and IR. This study provides a pathway for converting low-cost agricultural by-products into high value-added industrial materials.

Crystalline orientation control is of great importance for the optoelectronic applications of perovskite single crystals due to their structural anisotropy. Herein, we develop an ionic liquid, named methylammonium difluoroacetate (MA2FAc), as a growth solvent to fabricate multifarious methylammonium-based perovskite single crystals. Typically, it can easily achieve preferably oriented growth of high-quality MAPbI3single crystals with (002) facet exposition. Benefiting from the superior charge carrier properties along the [001] direction, a bias-modulating broadband/narrowband switchable photodetector is proposed, which exhibits a broadband specific detectivity D* of 1.1 × 1011Jones under 0.1 V and a narrowband D* of 9.0 × 109Jones with a full width at half-maximum (fwhm) of 31 at 810 nm merely under 0.25 mV, respectively. Theoretical calculations and experimental analysis reveal that the difluoromethyl substitution can simultaneously regulate solvation characteristics of the acetate anion as well as crystallization kinetics of perovskite single crystals. In light of the universal solvent utilization of MA2FAc, this work provides a new perspective in the solution growth process of high-quality methylammonium based perovskite single crystals.

With the increasing exploration of unconventional wells, such as horizontal wells and complex wells, and the increasingly strict national environmental protection regulations, drilling fluid lubricants are in increasing demand. High-performance and environment-friendly lubricants for water-based drilling fluids are urgently needed. In this work, Chinese yam (Dioscorea oppositifoliaL.) was investigated as a drilling fluid lubricant; the effects of Chinese yam slurry on drilling fluid lubricating properties at different temperatures were investigated and the compatibility and inhibitory properties of Chinese yam slurry were studied. The results show that the viscosity coefficient of the mud cake is reduced by 44.5% as 1.5% Chinese yam slurry was added to water-based drilling fluids. Chinese yam also has certain temperature resistance in drilling fluids, and it can inhibit the swelling of clay. Chinese yam slurry is competitively compatible with other drilling fluid additives, and the lubricity of modified drilling fluids can also be improved effectively. The lubrication mechanism of Chinese yam slurry was investigated through thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and contact angle tests.

We demonstrate a compact and efficient Ho:YLF slab laser that is pumped by a self-made Tm:YAP slab laser. The maximum output power of 125 W at 2064 nm was obtained with the incident pump power of 245 W. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report for an Ho:YLF laser oscillator to reach hundred-watts-level output power. The slope efficiency with respect to the incident pump power was 62.5%, and the optical-to-optical conversion efficiency was 51%. The RMS instability of the maximum output power was measured to be 0.24% in 30 min. The beam quality factors M^2 were 475 and 1.59 in the x and y directions, respectively.

As epoxy resin curing agents, ionic liquids can help improve mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and wear and tear self-healing and extend the pot life of epoxy compositions. The functional design of ionic-liquid curing agents may significantly improve the overall performance of epoxy resins. In this paper, a series of dual-functionalized ionic liquids, e.g., 1-(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-3-propynyl-imidazolium, 1-(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-3-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-imidazolium, and 1-allyl-3-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-imidazolium combined with dicyanamide (N(CN)2–) or bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (NTf2–) anions, were synthesized and characterized as curing agents for diglycidyl-4,5-epoxy-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (TDE-85). The results showed that the obtained bifunctional ionic liquids can be used as a medium or high-temperature curing agents for TDE-85 with the curing temperature range of 130–208 °C and the best mass ratio range of 15:100–40:100. Thermosets obtained from the bifunctional ionic liquid and TDE-85 curing system exhibit better heat resistance with the glass transition temperature of 187–212 °C and the decomposition temperature at 10% weight loss of 282–357 °C. The curing reaction mechanism of the 1-(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-3-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-imidazolium NTf2–/TDE-85 system mainly has three processes.

The first construct of a multi-field-coupled synergistic ion transport system (MSITS) in Li+extraction is proposed.Effectively suppress the ion concentration polarization effect of the ion-enrichment zone at the membrane interface.The MSITS equipped with heterogeneous membrane exhibited outstanding separation performance with Li+flux of 367.4 mmol m−2h−1and Li+/Co2+selectivity of 216,412, outperforming previous reports.

This work first presents field structural analysis, anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) measurements, and kinematic and microstructural studies on the Neoproterozoic Pengguan complex located in the middle segment of the Longmenshan thrust belt (LMTB), NE Tibet. These investigations indicate that the Pengguan complex is a heterogeneous unit with a ductilely deformed NW domain and an undeformed SE domain, rather than a single homogeneous body as previously thought. The NW part of the Pengguan complex is constrained by top‐to‐the‐NW shearing along its NW boundary and top‐to‐the‐SE shearing along its SE boundary, where it imbricates and overrides the SE domain. Two orogen‐perpendicular gravity models not only support the imbricated shape of the Pengguan complex but also reveal an imbrication of high‐density material hidden below the Paleozoic rocks on the west of the LMTB. Regionally, this suggests a basement‐slice‐imbricated structure that developed along the margin of the Yangtze Block, as shown by the regional gravity anomaly map, together with the published nearby seismic profile and the distribution of orogen‐parallel Neoproterozoic complexes. Integrating the previously published ages of the NW normal faulting and of the SE directed thrusting, the locally fast exhumation rate, and the lithological characteristics of the sediments in the LMTB front, we interpret the basement‐slice‐imbricated structure as the result of southeastward thrusting of the basement slices during the Late Jurassic‐Early Cretaceous. This architecture makes a significant contribution to the crustal thickening of the LMTB during the Mesozoic, and therefore, the Cenozoic thickening of the Longmenshan belt might be less important than often suggested. Contemporaneous NW shearing and SE thrusting facilitate the extrusion of the basement slicesTwo parallel belts of basement slices imbricated southeastward constitute the bulk architecture of the Longmenshan thrust belt and adjacent areasThe imbricated basement slices have already thickened the crust of the Longmenshan area in Mesozoic times

The cause of magmatic tempo in an active plate margin remains controversial, partly due to lack of structural analysis. During 130–105 Ma, the magmatism in the South China Block (SCB) was significantly reduced (lull) and restricted around the Changle‐Nan'ao Belt (CNB) while the magmatism was highly active (flare‐up) in North China. For unveiling the tectonic role on magmatism, a multidisciplinary study including field and microscopic structural observations, magnetic fabric measurement (AMS), and zircon/monazite dating was conducted on the plutons with oriented minerals in the CNB. Structural analysis and AMS results show a highly clustered NE‐striking vertical foliation developed during the emplacement indicating a syn‐emplacement NW‐SE shortening regime. The geochronology results confirm that the emplacement occurred during 130–105 Ma. Regional geologic correlation indicates that the collision between the Dangerous Grounds‐West Philippines Block and SCB was responsible for this shortening regime. The collected depleted zircon εHf(t) data suggest that a possible collision‐triggered slab break‐off caused the syn‐collisional magmatic activity around the CNB. This study shows that the magmatic lull in the SCB was coeval with a crustal shortening regime due to the arrival of a microcontinent carried by the subduction slab, while the magmatic flare‐up was coeval with an extensional regime due to the subduction roll‐back and retreat as evidenced by the Cretaceous evolution of the SCB before and after the collision and that of North China which is unaffected by the collision. The cause of magmatic tempo in the continental margin is largely due to the tectonic evolution of underlain subduction slabs. Magmatic activity is closely connected to human life as it provides us with useful metals, releases greenhouse gases, triggers natural hazards. It is necessary to explore what controls a magmatic activity. Several previous studies considered that a shortening regime with thickened crust causes strong magmatism (flare‐up). The South China Block (SCB) featured by alternating magmatic flare‐up and lulls, provides an appropriate research target to test this hypothesis. During the Cretaceous, the SCB was dominated by an extensional regime caused by the Paleo‐Pacific oceanic slab subduction. However, our structural analyses on the SCB document a shortening regime caused by the collision between the SCB and a microcontinent carried by the Paleo‐Pacific oceanic slab in the period of the Cretaceous. During the collision, the SCB was generally featured by a magmatic lull, although magmatic activity was only observed around the Changle‐Nan'ao Belt, probably caused by the break‐off of the subducted Paleo‐Pacific oceanic slab. Before and after the collision, the extensional regime caused by Paleo‐Pacific oceanic slab subduction was coeval with magmatic flare‐up. This study questions the previous claims and proposes that the tectonic evolution of the subducting slab may control the magmatic flare‐up and lull in the overlain active continental margin. The 130–105 Ma syn‐tectonic plutons intruded the Changle‐Nan'ao Belt in a NW‐SE shortening regime caused by a microcontinent collisionThe shortening/extension regimes were coeval with magmatic lull/flare‐up in the East Asia Continental Margin during the CretaceousThe collision causing break‐off can account for the plutonism in the Changle‐Nan'ao Belt during the magmatic lull of the South China Block The 130–105 Ma syn‐tectonic plutons intruded the Changle‐Nan'ao Belt in a NW‐SE shortening regime caused by a microcontinent collision The shortening/extension regimes were coeval with magmatic lull/flare‐up in the East Asia Continental Margin during the Cretaceous The collision causing break‐off can account for the plutonism in the Changle‐Nan'ao Belt during the magmatic lull of the South China Block

The question of lateral and/or vertical continuity of subducted slabs in active orogens is a hot topic partly due to poorly resolved tomographic data. The complex slab structure beneath the Alpine region is only partly resolved by available geophysical data, leaving many geological and geodynamical issues widely open. Based upon a finite‐frequency kernel method, we present a new high‐resolution tomography model using Pwave data from 527 broadband seismic stations, both from permanent networks and temporary experiments. This model provides an improved image of the slab structure in the Alpine region and fundamental pinpoints for the analysis of Cenozoic magmatism, (U)HP metamorphism, and Alpine topography. Our results document the lateral continuity of the European slab from the Western Alps to the central Alps, and the downdip slab continuity beneath the central Alps, ruling out the hypothesis of slab break off to explain Cenozoic Alpine magmatism. A low‐velocity anomaly is observed in the upper mantle beneath the core of the Western Alps, pointing to dynamic topography effects. A NE dipping Adriatic slab, consistent with Dinaric subduction, is possibly observed beneath the Eastern Alps, whereas the laterally continuous Adriatic slab of the Northern Apennines shows major gaps at the boundary with the Southern Apennines and becomes near vertical in the Alps‐Apennines transition zone. Tear faults accommodating opposite‐dipping subductions during Alpine convergence may represent reactivated lithospheric faults inherited from Tethyan extension. Our results suggest that the interpretations of previous tomography results that include successive slab break offs along the Alpine‐Zagros‐Himalaya orogenic belt might be proficiently reconsidered. Higher‐resolution seismic image of the upper mantle beneath the Alpine and Apenninic regionContinuity of slabs ruling out the hypothesis of slab break off in the study areaPinpoints for analysis of Cenozoic magmatism, (U)HP metamorphism, and Alpine topography

Detrital zircons from Cretaceous micaschist, late Eocene-earliest Oligocene sandstone and early Oligocene siltstone of the Western Alps fall into three main separable age clusters at 610–540?Ma, 490–430?Ma, and 340–280?Ma that correspond to the Cadomian (Neoproterozoic), Ordovician, and Variscan (Carboniferous) events widespread in western and central Europe. Hf isotopic results indicate that these three magmatic and tectonic episodes did not give rise to significant production of juvenile crust. A distinguishable group of Triassic zircons, around 250–200?Ma which is considered to derive from the Southern Alps, has been detected in the early Oligocene “Schistes à Blocs” formation and the Briançonnais “Flysch Noir”. In contrast, this age group is absent in late Eocene to earliest Oligocene sandstones. In agreement with sedimentological studies, our results show that the main source areas of the Eocene sandstone were probably located in the European continent. The arrival of detritus from the Internal Zone occurred in early Oligocene, coeval with the tectonic rotation from northwestward to westward in the propagation of allochthonous units. Based on previous studies and our new data, we argue that the Briançonnais Zone was likely a paleorelief since the middle Eocene that accounts for the lack of detritus from the Adriatic units. Contemporary sediments were accumulated in the foredeep of the Adriatic plate. From Oligocene time onward, the blockage was cut through after a regional uplifting, and thus, the Internal Zone started to provide detritus into the western flexural basins. Detrital zircon age pattern reveals basin history of the Western AlpsThe Briançonnais Zone acted as a barrier blocking the detritus from the eastOligocene tectonic shift is recorded by provenance study

Major, trace and rare earth elements were measured in 27 samples of the Middle to Late Permian limestones from the Tieqiao section located on the marginal zone of an isolated platform (Laibin, South China). Shale-normalized REE+Y patterns of all samples show notably negative Ce anomalies (0.21–0.66, average 0.33), slightly positive Gd anomalies (1.08–1.30, average 1.20), and positive Y anomalies with superchondritic Y/Ho ratios (36–91, average 55), which are consistent with those of modern shallow seawater. Their relative LREEs enrichment with higher NdSN/YbSNratios (0.58–1.80) than those of modern shallow seawater (0.21–0.50) suggests complicated sources of REEs for all samples. Compared with geochemical features of sediments influenced by terrigenous particles and hydrothermal fluids, it is concluded that ambient shallow seawater was the primary source of REEs in these limestones. Comparing the indicators of REE+Y elements (ΣREE, NdSN/YbSN, Ce/Ce*, Gd/Gd*, Eu/Eu* and Y/Ho) in limestones with those in bedded cherts from the Tieqiao section, we consider that limestone and bedded chert have similar sources of REE+Y elements: ambient shallow seawater with more or less hydrothermal fluids. In addition, there is a completely negative correlation between CaCO3and SiO2contents in limestones and bedded cherts. These results imply that precipitation of CaCO3was inhibited by that of SiO2which was derived mainly from hydrothermal fluid, especially in bedded cherts from the Tieqiao section.

Abstract: Lithologically, two kinds of chert can be recognized in the Middle-Upper Permian from the Tieqiao section in Laibin area, Guangxi, i.e., calcic chert occurring mainly in the Maokou Formation and pure chert mainly in the Wujiaping Formation. Geochemical data show that both kinds of chert contain very low Al2O3 (0–0.23%) and TiO2 (0.001%–0.024%) and low ΣREE (0.55–19.94 ppm, averaging 9.97 ppm), as well as high ratio of Fe2O3/TiO2 (17–443, averaging 111) and low ratio of Al2O3/(Al2O3+Fe2O3) (0–0.26, averaging 0.09). Given that the average value Ce anomalies in chert deposited in the ridge-proximal environment is about 0.29, and that in the pelagic environment is about 0.60, the low Ce anomalies in the Tieqiao chert (0.24–0.46, averaging 0.35) imply that they were deposited in an ocean basin with influence of submarine hydrothermal fluid and no input of terrigenous materials. The vertical variation of the silica abundance in strata (SAIS) in the Middle-Upper Permian strata, together with the Eu anomalies and the ratios of σREE/Fe, indicates a relationship between the hydrothermal activity and the Emeishan basalt eruption, and that submarine hydrothermal activity was stronger in the Upper Permian (the Wujiapingian Stage) than in the Middle Permian (the Maokou Stage).

Abstract: Unlike most Precambrian cratons that have thick sub-continental lithospheric roots, the Archean lithosphere beneath the North China Craton is thin (reduced from 200 km to about 80 km), and has been replaced by a geochemically juvenile lithospheric mantle. This is a unique regional geological event, which has attracted worldwide attention. In the North China Block, Late Mesozoic extensional tectonics is evident by low-angle detachment faults, syntectonic plutons bounded by ductile faults, metamorphic core complexes (MCC) and widespread Jurassic to Cretaceous half-grabens filled by continental terrigenous deposits and volcanic rocks. At a regional scale, these structures share the same NW-SE extensional direction, while maintaining their own individual kinematics. In other words, the MCC feature a top-to-the-NW sense of shear, and syntectonic plutons are typified by a top-to-the-SE shearing deformations. Geochronological results indicate that the extensional structures were formed between 130–120 Ma. These extensional events lead to magmatic rock emplacement, distributed at the footwall of the detachment faults. Two different exhumation stages can be identified based on regional structural and magmatic interpretation: a Jurassic slow or negligible exhumation and a Cretaceous fast one assisted by normal faulting. These two cooling stages correspond to distinct geodynamic processes that occurred during the Jurassic and Cretaceous. Extensional tectonics appear to have been insignificant before the Early Cretaceous, and the process may be demonstrated by partial melting of the crust. The second stage, dominated by an extensional regime, developed after ca 120 Ma, and is tentatively correlated with crustal extension caused by lithospheric removal of the North China Craton.

South China could be divided into one stable craton, the Yangtze Craton (YzC), and several orogenic belts in the surrounding region, that is the Triassic Qinling‐Dabie Orogenic Belt (QDOB) in the north, the Songpan‐Garzê Orogenic Belt (SGOB) in the northwest, the Mesozoic‐Cenozoic Three‐river Orogenic Belt (TOB) in the west, the Youjiang Orogenic Belt (YOB) in the southwest, the Middle Paleozoic Huanan Orogenic Belt (HOB) in the southeast, and the Mesozoic‐Cenozoic Maritime Orogenic Belt (MOB) along the coast. Seismic tomographic images reveal that the Moho depth is deeper than 40 km and the lithosphere is about 210 km thick beneath the YzC. The SGOB is characterized by thick crust (>40 km) and thin lithosphere (<150 km). The HOB, YOB and MOB have a thin crust (<40 km) and thin lithosphere (<150 km). Terrestrial heat flow survey revealed a distribution pattern with a low heat flow region in the eastern YzC and western HOB and two high heat flow regions in the TOB and MOB respectively. Such a “high‐low‐high” heat flow distribution pattern could have resulted from Cenozoic asthenosphere upwelling. All oil‐gas fields are concentrated in the central part of the YzC. Remnant oil pools have been discovered along the southern margin of the YzC and its adjacent orogenic belts. From a viewpoint of geological and geophysical structure, regions in South China with thick lithosphere and low heat flow value, as well as weak deformation, might be the ideal region for further petroleum exploration.

South China is not a post-Caledonian platform, but a composite of orogenic belts. This late Proterozoic/Mesozoic orogen is a collage of three continental fragments. The three blocks are Yangzi, Huanan, and Dongnanya, and they are separated by the Banxi-Nanpanjiang (formerly Xianggangzhe) and Gunanhai Suture zones.