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Accurate classification of tumor cells is of importance for cancer diagnosis and further therapy. In this study, we develop multimolecular marker-activated transmembrane DNA computing systems (MTD). Employing the cell membrane as a native gate, the MTD system enables direct signal output following simple spatial events of “transmembrane” and “in-cell target encounter”, bypassing the need of multistep signal conversion. The MTD system comprises two intelligent nanorobots capable of independently sensing three molecular markers (MUC1, EpCAM, and miR-21), resulting in comprehensive analysis. Our AND–AND logic-gated system (MTDAND–AND) demonstrates exceptional specificity, allowing targeted release of drug–DNA specifically in MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, the transformed OR–AND logic-gated system (MTDOR–AND) exhibits broader adaptability, facilitating the release of drug–DNA in three positive cancer cell lines (MCF-7, HeLa, and HepG2). Importantly, MTDAND–ANDand MTDOR–AND, while possessing distinct personalized therapeutic potential, share the ability of outputting three imaging signals without any intermediate conversion steps. This feature ensures precise classification cross diverse cells (MCF-7, HeLa, HepG2, and MCF-10A), even in mixed populations. This study provides a straightforward yet effective solution to augment the versatility and precision of DNA computing systems, advancing their potential applications in biomedical diagnostic and therapeutic research.

Inflammation is considered to be the main target of the development of new stroke therapies. There are three key issues in the treatment of stroke inflammation: the first one is how to overcome the blood–brain barrier (BBB) to achieve drug delivery, the second one is how to select drugs to treat stroke inflammation, and the third one is how to achieve targeted drug delivery. In this study, we constructed hydrocortisone-phosphatidylserine microbubbles and combined them with ultrasound (US)-targeted microbubble destruction technology to successfully open the BBB to achieve targeted drug delivery. Phosphatidylserine on the microbubbles was used for its “eat me” effect to increase the targeting of the microvesicles. In addition, we found that hydrocortisone can accelerate the closure of the BBB, achieving efficient drug delivery while reducing the entry of peripheral toxins into the brain. In the treatment of stroke inflammation, it was found that hydrocortisone itself has anti-inflammatory effects and can also change the polarization of microglia from the harmful pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype to the beneficial anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, thus achieving dual anti-inflammatory effects and enhancing the anti-inflammatory effects in ischemic areas after stroke, well reducing the cerebellar infarction volume by inhibiting the inflammatory response after cerebral ischemia. A confocal microendoscope was used to directly observe the polarization of microglial cells in living animal models for dynamic microscopic visualization detection showing the advantage of being closer to clinical work. Taken together, this study constructed a multifunctional targeted US contrast agent with the function of “one-stone-two-birds”, which can not only “on–off” the BBB but also have “two” anti-inflammatory functions, providing a new strategy of integrated anti-inflammatory targeted delivery and imaging monitoring for ischemic stroke treatment.

Photocatalytic CH4coupling into high-valued C2H6is highly attractive, whereas the photosynthetic rate, especially under oxygen-free system, is still unsatisfying. Here, we designed the negatively charged metal supported on metal oxide nanosheets to activate the inert C–H bond in CH4and hence accelerate CH4coupling performance. As an example, the synthetic Au/ZnO porous nanosheets exhibit the C2H6photosynthetic rate of 1,121.6 µmol gcat−1h−1and the CH4conversion rate of 2,374.6 µmol gcat−1h−1under oxygen-free system, 2 orders of magnitude higher than those of previously reported photocatalysts. By virtue of several in situspectroscopic techniques, it is established that the generated Auδ−and O−species together polarized the C–H bond, while the Auδ−and O−species jointly stabilized the CH3intermediates, which favored the coupling of CH3intermediate to photosynthesize C2H6instead of overoxidation into COx. Thus, the design of dual active species is beneficial for achieving high-efficient CH4-to-C2H6photoconversion.

This article explores the requirements for filing a consumer public interest litigation (CPIL) in China. The legal provisions surrounding consumer public interest litigation were reviewed to understand how these requirements are applied and understood differently and how they lead to different consequences for cases before the courts. Therefore, this study's main research question is, to what extent would the scope and interpretation of the conditions for applying for CPIL in China affect the court's filing and acceptance? China has enacted a clear and effective law that may be a bit restrictive for interpretation and theoretical advice by the courts. Moreover, the concept of 'public interest' is relatively large. Clarifying the requirements for consumers to file lawsuits in the public interest can help claimants make the right arguments and protect consumers' interests as much as possible.

Purpose: To explore modified parameters of the American College of Radiology Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) for evaluating contralateral nodules based on preoperative ultrasound features of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in the suspected lobe, thus guiding the management of bilateral PTC. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 389 consecutive patients with PTC (272 in training set, 117 in validation set) who underwent total thyroidectomy from March 2020 to March 2022. According to their postoperative pathological data, the patients were divided into unilateral and bilateral PTC groups. The clinicopathological features and sonographic characteristics of suspected nodules were compared between the groups, and further ultrasonic characteristics of TI-RADS grade (TR grade)-underestimated nodules were analyzed. Results: Patients with a body mass index of ≥25 kg/m2(P< 0.001), multifocality in the suspected lobe (P< 0.001), and TR > 3 isthmus nodules (P= 0.003) tended to have bilateral PTC. After modifying the TI-RADS classification for contralateral nodules using these three parameters, the area under the curve for diagnosing contralateral lesions increased from 0.79 (95% confidence interval, 0.74–0.84) to 0.83 (0.78–0.87) in the training set. The missed diagnosis rate of contralateral PTC decreased in both the training set [21.1% (28/133) to 4.5% (6/133)] and validation set [11.4% (8/70) to 2.9% (2/70)]. Preoperative ultrasound tended to underestimate the contralateral nodules with the presence of cystic components [100% (6/6)] and halo sign [73.3% (11/15)]. Conclusion: The modified TI-RADS classification based on the suspected lobe may facilitate effective preoperative malignant risk stratification of contralateral nodules in bilateral PTC.

Eldecalcitol is a novel active vitamin D31,25(OH)2D3derivative used in the treatment of osteoporosis. To investigate and compare the pharmacokinetic and bioequivalent profiles of two eldecalcitol soft capsule formulations at a single dose of 0.75 µg in healthy Chinese volunteers, we conducted a randomized single‐dose, open‐label, two‐period crossover study under fasting and fed conditions. Eligible subjects were randomly assigned to receive reference eldecalcitol soft capsules or test capsules in the first treatment period and to receive another formulation in the second period. Serial blood samples were collected for pharmacokinetic analysis. Adverse events were recorded. In total, 28 healthy subjects were enrolled in the fasting trial and 30 subjects were enrolled in the fed trial. The geometric mean ratios of the test formulation to the reference formulation for Cmax, AUC0‐t, and AUC0‐∞were 94.2%, 94.0%, and 103.3%, respectively, under fasting conditions and 100.1%, 97.3%, and 96.0%, respectively, under fed conditions. No severe adverse events were observed. The results showed that the test and reference eldecalcitol formulations were bioequivalent and well tolerated in healthy Chinese subjects under fasting and fed conditions.

Linezolid, an oxazolidinone antibacterial agent with several formulations, has been widely used for over 20 years. This study aimed to compare the bioequivalence, pharmacokinetics, and safety of test and reference linezolid tablets after a single oral dose under fasting/fed conditions. In this open‐label, randomized, two‐period, crossover, bioequivalence study, 48 healthy volunteers were enrolled equally to fasting or fed groups to receive one 600‐mg test or reference linezolid tablet in each period. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using noncompartmental methods. Adverse events (AEs) were recorded to assess safety. The geometric mean terminal half‐lives of test and reference formulations were 3.8 and 3.6 hours, respectively, under both fasting and fed conditions. The median time to reach the maximum observed concentration was 1.0 hour (both formulations) in the fasting group, and 2.0 hours (test formulation) and 2.5 hours (reference formulation) in the fed group. No substantial differences were observed in the area under plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) from time 0 to the last sampling time (AUC0‐t) and the maximum observed concentration (Cmax) between formulations. Geometric least square mean ratios for Cmax, AUC0‐t, and AUC from time 0 to infinity were approximately 100%, and the corresponding 90% confidence intervals for bioequivalence were within 80%–125%. Ten participants reported 11 AEs; AEs were mild, except for one pregnancy event with an outcome of induced absorption. Bioequivalence between the two linezolid formulations was demonstrated under fasting and fed conditions, and a similar safety profile was observed among healthy Chinese volunteers.

Misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 derivative that has been used to treat duodenal and gastric ulcers, and to prevent ulcers caused by nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in many countries. Misoprostol can also be used for medical abortion. This study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetic profiles of misoprostol tablets (test product) by comparing them with Cytotec (200 μg) (reference product). To assess the bioequivalence between test and reference products, a two‐sequence, two‐period crossover study was conducted with 48 healthy Chinese subjects enrolled under fasting conditions. A validated liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) assay was used to determine the concentration of misoprostol acid in plasma. A mixed model analysis of variance was used to calculate the bioequivalence of pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters. The point estimate of geometric mean ratios with 90% confidence intervals for the maximum observed concentration (Cmax) and the area under the concentration‐time curve (AUC0‐t) for misoprostol acid in reference and test products were 107.8% and 106.5%, respectively (range 80%–125%). Additionally, none of the secondary PK parameters presented significant differences. No severe or more than moderate adverse events were detected in the 48 subjects. However, one subject discontinued the treatment due to drug‐related gastrointestinal reactions. All adverse events were mild with rates of 19.2% and 22.9% after the administration test and reference products, respectively. Overall, the bioequivalence between the two misoprostol products was demonstrated in fasting conditions, and all subjects tolerated both treatments.

The huge challenge for CH4photooxidation into CH3OH lies in the activation of the inert C–H bond and the inhibition of CH3OH overoxidation. Herein, we design two-dimensional in-plane Z-scheme heterostructures composed of two different metal oxides, with efforts to polarize the symmetrical CH4molecules and strengthen the O–H bond in CH3OH. As a prototype, we first fabricate ZnO/Fe2O3porous nanosheets, where high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and in situX-ray photoelectron spectroscopy affirm their in-plane Z-scheme heterostructure. In situFourier transform infrared spectra and in situelectron paramagnetic resonance spectra demonstrate their higher amount of ·CH3radicals relative to the pristine ZnO porous nanosheets, in which density functional theory calculations validate that the high local charge accumulation on Fe sites lowers the CH4adsorption energy from 0.14 to 0.06 eV. Moreover, the charge-accumulated Fe sites strengthen the polarity of the O–H bond in CH3OH through transferring electrons to the O atoms, confirmed by the increased barrier from 0.30 to 2.63 eV for *CH3O formation, which inhibits the homolytic O–H bond cleavage and thus suppresses CH3OH overoxidation. Accordingly, the CH3OH selectivity over ZnO/Fe2O3porous nanosheets reaches up to nearly 100% with an activity of 178.3 μmol–1gcat–1, outperforming previously reported photocatalysts without adding any oxidants under room temperature and ambient pressure.

CO2electroreduction to high-energy-density C2+products is highly attractive, whereas the C2+selectivity under industrial current densities is still unsatisfying. Here, an anti-swelling anion exchange ionomer (AEI) was first proposed to optimize the local environment for promoting industrial-current-density CO2-to-C2+electroreduction. Taking the anti-swelling AEI-modified oxide-derived Cu nanosheets as an example, in situRaman spectroscopy and contact angle measurements revealed that the OH–-accumulated -N(CH3)3+groups and anti-swelling backbone of AEI could synergistically regulate the local pH level and water content. In situFourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and theoretical calculations demonstrated that the higher local pH value could lower the energy barrier for the rate-limiting COCO* hydrogenated to COCOH* from 0.08 to 0.04 eV, thereby boosting the generation of C2+products. Owing to the anti-swelling backbone, the optimized water content of 3.5% could suppress the competing H2evolution and hence facilitate the proton-electron transfer step for C2+production. As a result, the anti-swelling AEI-modified oxide-derived Cu nanosheets achieved a C2+Faradaic efficiency of 85.1% at a current density up to 800 mA cm–2with a half-cell power conversion efficiency exceeding 50%, outperforming most reported powder catalysts.

In this study, potassium-intercalated manganese sulfide (K2MnS2) is prepared on nickel foam (NF) using the electrochemical deposition method successfully by directly introducing potassium ions into manganese sulfide (MnS2). The electrochemical behavior of K2MnS2involving the release and insertion of potassium-ion during charging and charging in 1 M KOH electrolyte, differs substantially from the reaction mechanism of MnS2. Comparative analysis of the electrochemical performance of K2MnS2/NF and MnS2/NF electrode materials is conducted in 1 M LiOH, 1 M NaOH and 1 M KOH electrolytes. The results indicate that K2MnS2/NF exhibits a higher mass specific capacitance than MnS2/NF in 1 M KOH electrolyte, confirming the effectiveness of potassium ion-embedding and disembedding. Furthermore, an asymmetric aqueous supercapacitor is assembled using K2MnS2/NF as the positive electrode and graphene (G)/NF as the negative electrode. The aqueous supercapacitor demonstrates a notable energy density of 22.0 Wh kg−1at a power density of 2.7 kW kg−1, coupled with excellent cycling performance (159.3 % over 5, 000 cycles). The synthesis of K2MnS2holds significant implications for the development of potassium-ion supercapacitors with enhanced energy densities.

In the tumor microenvironment, macrophages predominately exhibit M2-type functionalities which promote malignant progression and cancer metastasis, thus posing a big hurdle for current anticancer strategies. Different approaches have been exploited to reverse the macrophages towards the M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype; however, it is hard to achieve tumor regression with this macrophage modulation alone. Herein we synthesized photothermal magnetic nanoclusters (MNCs) to test their capability for reprograming M2 macrophages towards the M1 phenotype. We demonstrated that these photothermal MNCs themselves can effectively trigger this desired macrophage repolarization, increase the phagocytosis of macrophages at the tumor site, and cause subsequent T cell activation with enhanced systemic cytokine release, leading to cancer cell killing both in vitroand in vivo. More interestingly, it was found that the photothermal effect can further facilitate this immune activation to a greater extent, inducing much higher level of macrophage repolarization and T cell infiltration into the tumor site as well as eliciting a much more efficient antitumor effect compared with MNCs alone. Our findings demonstrate that MNCs combined with their photothermal effect can reverse the local suppressive environment of the tumor by macrophage and T cell modulation, providing an effective approach to trigger systemic immune responses that contribute to an enhanced overall anticancer outcome and the suppression of cancer metastasis.

Natural bio-enzyme catalysts usually exhibit unexpected performances for many significant reactions, which are worthy of reference. Here we report artificial metal-sulfur-carbon (M-S-C) mimic-enzyme catalysts based on bionic design. The catalysts combine metal centers and functional ligands, which realize the universal fabrication of phase and adjustable dimension. The synthesized catalysts inherit the highly active and selective feature of bio-enzyme catalysts. When directly used for carbon dioxide electroreduction reaction, the Sn-S-C catalyst exhibits high selectivity for formate (Faradaic efficiency >95%), as well as a continuous stability over 120 h at a high current density of 740 mA cm−2, greatly outperforming the reported catalysts for formate formation. The catalytic sites and pathways are probed with in-situFourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, in-situRaman spectra and synchrotron-radiation X-ray photoelectron spectra. These results break the inherent conundrum that it is impossible to simultaneously realize activity and durability under high selectivity. Our findings offer a versatile strategy to inherit from nature and integrate different components, thus designing efficient catalysts for various challenging reactions and energy conversions viaa natural sustainable way.

Selective partial photooxidation of CH4into value-added chemicals under mild conditions still remains a huge bottleneck. Herein, we design positively charged metal clusters anchored on a three-dimensional porous carbon aerogel. With 0.75FeCA800-4 as an example, X-ray photoelectron spectra and Raman spectra disclose that the iron sites are positively charged. In situelectron paramagnetic resonance spectra show that the Feδ+sites could donate electrons to activate CH4into CH4–by virtue of the excited-state carbon atoms; meanwhile, they could convert H2O2into •OH radicals under irradiation. In addition, in situdiffuse Fourier-transform infrared spectra suggest the CH3OOH obtained is derived from CH4oxidation by the hydroxylation of *CH3and *CH3O intermediates. Consequently, 0.75FeCA800-4 displays a CH3OOH selectivity of near 100% and a CH3OOH evolution rate of 13.2 mmol gFe–1h–1, higher than those of most previously reported supported catalysts under similar conditions.

Hypoxia in a solid tumor microenvironment (TME) can lead to the overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which correlates to tumor metastasis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced tumor cell apoptosis is becoming a promising method in tumor treatment. Currently, the ROS generating systems, e.g., photodynamic treatment and sonodynamic treatment, highly depend on oxygen (O2) in the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the level of O2in TME is too low to produce enough ROS. Herein, we developed an ultrasmall DSPE-PEG2000coated barium titanate nanoparticle (P-BTO) for tumor treatment based on ultrasound triggered piezocatalysis and water splitting. Interestingly, irradiated by ultrasound, the surface of ultasmall P-BTO nanoparticles produced imbalance charges, which induced a cascade of redox reaction processes to simultaneously generate ROS and O2, the latter one was hardly generated in large-sized barium titanate nanoparticles. The as-synthesized P-BTO reached the highest accumulation in the tumor site at 4 h after intravenous injection. The results showed that the produced O2significantly alleviated the hypoxia of TME to down-regulate the expression of HIF-1α, and the produced ROS can efficiently kill tumor cells. Moreover, the tumor metastasis was also inhibited, providing a different way to treat triple-negative breast cancer, which was easily metastatic and lacked effective treatments in the clinic.