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INTRODUCTION: Clinical understanding of primary progressive aphasia (PPA) has been primarily derived from Indo‐European languages. Generalizing certain linguistic findings across languages is unfitting due to contrasting linguistic structures. While PPA patients showed noun classes impairments, Chinese languages lack noun classes. Instead, Chinese languages are classifier language, and how PPA patients manipulate classifiers is unknown. METHODS: We included 74 native Chinese speakers (22 controls, 52 PPA). For classifier production task, participants were asked to produce the classifiers of high‐frequency items. In a classifier recognition task, participants were asked to choose the correct classifier. RESULTS: Both semantic variant (sv) PPA and logopenic variant (lv) PPA scored significantly lower in classifier production task. In classifier recognition task, lvPPA patients outperformed svPPA patients. The classifier production scores were correlated to cortical volume over left temporal and visual association cortices. DISCUSSION: This study highlights noun classifiers as linguistic markers to discriminate PPA syndromes in Chinese speakers. Highlights: Noun classifier processing varies in the different primary progressive aphasia (PPA) variants. Specifically, semantic variant PPA (svPPA) and logopenic variant PPA (lvPPA) patients showed significantly lower ability in producing specific classifiers. Compared to lvPPA, svPPA patients were less able to choose the accurate classifiers when presented with choices.In svPPA, classifier production score was positively correlated with gray matter volume over bilateral temporal and left visual association cortices in svPPA. Conversely, classifier production performance was correlated with volumetric changes over left ventral temporal and bilateral frontal regions in lvPPA.Comparable performance of mass and count classifier were noted in Chinese PPA patients, suggesting a common cognitive process between mass and count classifiers in Chinese languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung ultrasound has become an essential tool for rapid bedside assessment in critically unwell patients, proving helpful in assessment of COVID-19 due to logistics of cross-sectional imaging. Contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) further characterizes sonographic features of COVID-19 as multiple areas of infarction, a finding not reproducible on other widely available imaging modalities. CEUS also has the benefit of being cheap, radiation-free, without risk of nephrotoxicity, and can be performed at the bedside. It is predicted that lung CEUS in COVID-19 may help guide prognosis and management. We describe three cases of CEUS in COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Subjects with MS and NMOSD have higher sNfL levels as compared to HCs. • Higher sNfL levels during an MS or NMOSD attack. • Lower levels among subjects treated with immunosuppressants for NMOSD subjects. • sNfL levels were not significantly different between CSF OCB-positive and negative patients. Serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL) is a promising biomarker for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) and multiple sclerosis (MS), but there is limited validation data in specific ethnic and disease groups. To investigate the levels of sNfL in a cohort of Chinese patients with NMOSD and compare sNfL levels in patients with different disease courses and treatments. We analysed sNfL levels in 153 Chinese patients with NMOSD (n = 51) and MS (n = 102) using single-molecule array (Simoa) technology. The sNfL levels were compared with those of 71 healthy controls from two centres in southern China. For each disease, we assessed correlations between sNfL and disease phases and treatments. Higher levels of sNfL were found in the patients with NMOSD [17.97 (10.55–27.94) pg/mL] and MS [15.83 (8.92–25.67) pg/mL] compared to healthy controls [10.09 (7.19–13.29) pg/mL, p < 0.001]. No significant differences were found between the AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD group and OCB-positive MS group. sNfL measured by Simoa technology is a potential candidate blood biomarker for the diagnosis and disease monitoring of NMOSD in Chinese patients, warranting further prospective and multicentre studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is still not clear about the clinical risk factors of cognitive impairment in community elderlies. Although many studies have investigated the association of imaging features with cognitive impairment, none has applied location‐specific information for the prediction. Method: We included 609 stroke‐ and dementia‐free elderlies with comprehensive clinical information collected (Table 1). T1‐weighted (T1W) images, T2‐weighted images, FLAIR and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were acquired. T1W images were processed with AccuBrain to quantify brain volumes of anatomical structures (Table 2). White matter hyperintensities (WMHs) were automatically segmented using AccuBrain and normalized to standard space for the quantification of regional burden. Other small vessel disease features, including lacunes, cerebral microbleed and enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS) were visually rated (Table 2). Peak width of skeletonized mean diffusivity (PSMD) was calculated on DTI sequence. These vascular imaging features and clinical variables were used predict Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) with support vector regression (SVR). We compared three prediction models here: (1) with clinical variables as predictors, (2) imaging features as predictors, and (3) the combination of clinical and imaging features as predictors. Different feature selection methods were attempted. Further statistical inference was performed with permutations to investigate independent contributing factors. Result: Participant characteristics were shown in Table 3. When predicting MoCA or SDMT (Figure 1), Model 3 performed no better than Model 2 or 1, and Model 1 performed better than Model 2 (p<0.001). In addition to age and education level, only average sitting systolic blood pressure presented significant independent contribution to MoCA, while for SDMT, no clinical variables had significant independent contribution (Table 4 and 5). The imaging features that had significant independent contribution included EPVS in basal ganglia, WMH volume in left superior corona radiata, and atrophy of right parietal lobe and insular for MoCA, and right insular atrophy for SDMT. Conclusion: Combining clinical variables and MRI‐based features did not achieve better prediction of cognitive impairment than using either type of features alone. The highlighted predictors that presented independent contribution to MoCA or SDMT may help to understand the cognitive risk factors in community elderlies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The contributing factors of depressive symptoms in elderlies are not known quite well. This study aims to investigate the clinical and neuroimaging risk factors of depression in community elderlies. Method: Clinical risk factors (Table 1) and MRI scans (including T1‐weighted (T1W), T2‐weighted, FLAIR, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)) were acquired from 609 stroke‐ and dementia‐free elderlies. T1W images were processed with AccuBrain to quantify volumes of brain anatomical structures (Table 2). White matter hyperintensities (WMHs) were automatically delineated using AccuBrain with manual correction when needed. The generated WMH masks were projected to standard space to calculate regional WMH volumes (Table 2). Other small vessel disease features, including lacunes, cerebral microbleed and enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS) were visually rated (Table 2). Peak width of skeletonized mean diffusivity (PSMD) was calculated on DTI sequence. These imaging features and clinical variables were used to predict geriatric depression scale (GDS) with support vector regression (SVR). We compared three prediction models here: (1) with clinical variables as predictors, (2) with imaging features as predictors, and (3) with the combination of clinical and imaging features as predictors. Different feature selection methods were attempted. Statistical inference was performed with permutations to investigate the significance of individual contributing factors. Result: Representative characteristics of the participants were shown in Table 3. For the prediction of GDS, Model 2 with imaging features was inferior to Model 1 with clinical variables (p<0.001), and Model 3 that combined both types of features did no better than Model 1 (p=0.031). In the statistical inference for Model 1 and Model 2, the significant individual risk factors (p<0.01) included clinical variables such as disturbance of gait, hypertension and frequent urine (Table 4), and imaging features such as the WMH volumes within right superior cerebellar peduncle, retrolenticular part of internal capsule and cingulum (Table 5). Conclusion: Combining clinical variables and MRI‐based features did not achieve better prediction of GDS than using either type of features alone. WMH in specific regions may have more independent contribution to depression than other MRI‐based imaging features. These findings may help to understand the risk factors of depression in community elderlies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have provided an overview on the profound impact of COVID‐19 upon older people with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias and the challenges encountered in our management of dementia in different health‐care settings, including hospital, out‐patient, care homes, and the community during the COVID‐19 pandemic. We have also proposed a conceptual framework and practical suggestions for health‐care providers in tackling these challenges, which can also apply to the care of older people in general, with or without other neurological diseases, such as stroke or parkinsonism. We believe this review will provide strategic directions and set standards for health‐care leaders in dementia, including governmental bodies around the world in coordinating emergency response plans for protecting and caring for older people with dementia amid the COIVD‐19 outbreak, which is likely to continue at varying severity in different regions around the world in the medium term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To describe and appraise contrast agent allergy documentation in the electronic health record (EHR).Methods: We systematically identified medical imaging drugs and class terms in an integrated EHR allergy repository for patients seen at a large health care system between 2000 and 2013. Structured and free-text contrast allergy records were normalized and categorized by inciting agent and nature of adverse reaction. Allergen records were evaluated by their level of specificity. Reaction records were evaluated by whether the reaction was known or unknown and whether known reactions would be categorized as allergic-like or physiologic.Results: Among 2.7 million patients, we identified 36,144 patients (1.3%) with at least one of 40,669 contrast allergy records associated with 49,000 reactions. Contrast allergens were more likely than other allergens to be entered as free text (15.2% versus 6.3%; odds ratio 2.69, 95% confidence interval 2.61-2.76). There were 1,305 unique contrast allergen records, which we grouped into 141 concepts. Most contrast allergen records were ambiguous contrast concepts (69.1%), rather than imaging modality-specific class terms (19.4%) or specific contrast agents (11.5%). Contrast reactions were occasionally entered as free text (24.8%), which together with structured entries were grouped into 183 concepts. A known reaction was documented in 71.8% of cases; however, 12.2% were non-allergic-like reactions.Conclusion: Contrast allergy records in EHRs are diverse and commonly low quality. Continued EHR enhancements and training are needed to support contrast allergy documentation to facilitate improved patient care and medical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of dementia in Tanzania, as in other developing countries is progressively increasing.1 Yet the screening instruments for the pre‐clinical stage of the diseases are lacking. This study examined the diagnostic accuracy of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment‐5‐minutes protocol (MoCA‐5‐min) among older adult in the rural Tanzania. Methods: After cultural adaptation following Brislin's approach,2 the MoCA‐5‐min and the IDEA cognitive screening were concurrently administered to community‐dwelling older adults (n=202) in Chamwino district and 40 re‐evaluated at 6 weeks. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using principal component method and oblique rotation was performed to determine the underlying factor structure of the scale. The concurrent and the diagnostic accuracy of the MoCA‐5‐min were examined by comparing its score with IDEA cognitive screening and the psychiatrist's diagnosis using DSM‐V criteria respectively. Results: The EFA found that all the MoCA‐5‐min items highly loaded into one component, with factor loading ranging from 0.550 to 0.879. The intraclass correlation coefficient for 6 weeks test‐retest reliability was 0.85. Its strong significant correlation with the IDEA screening (Pearson's r = 0.614, p < 0.001) demonstrated a good concurrent validity. Using the psychiatrist's rating as a gold standard, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.861, (95% CI = 0.799 – 0.922) (Figure 1). With the optimal cut‐off score for MCI at 22, the sensitivity was 80% and specificity was 74%. As for dementia, at a score of 16 the sensitivity was 90% and specificity was 80%, whereas the AUC was 0.910, (95%CI = 0.852 – 0.967) (Figure 2). Upon stratifying the sample into different age groups, the optimal cut‐off scores tended to decrease with the increase in age (Table 1). Conclusion: The MoCA‐5‐min is reliable and provides a valid and accurate measure of cognitive decline among older population in the rural settings of Tanzania. The use of varying cut‐off scores across age groups may ensure a more precise discriminatory power of the MoCA‐5‐min. References: 1. WHO. Dementia: Key facts [Internet]. World Health Organization ‐ Fact Sheets. 2019 [cited 2019 Nov 11]. p. 1–5. Available from: https://www.who.int/news‐room/fact‐sheets/detail/dementia. 2. Brislin RW. Back‐translation for cross‐cultural research. J Crosss Cult Psychol. 1970;1(3):185–216. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Past research on Primary Progressive Aphasia(PPA) has been centered around English language, thus there is limited knowledge to the presentations of linguistic features that differ from the English language. Chinese language possesses numerous linguistic features that contrast significantly from the English language. Chinese language is a tonal and numeral classifier language; hence tones are lexically contrastive and numeral cannot quantify a noun without classifiers. As more than 40% and 20% of living languages worldwide are tonal and numeral classifier languages, investigating these idiosyncratic neurolinguistics features in non‐English speaking PPA individuals may refine the clinical practice paradigm to be more adaptable worldwide. Method: The CLAP (Chinese Language Assessment for PPA) project aims to investigate the neurolinguistics features of Chinese speaking PPA individuals. The CLAP battery consists of fourteen speech and language tasks and this presentation focuses on the tonal and numeral classifier performances as they are idiosyncratic traits of the Chinese language. The tonal perception function is assessed via tonal identification, tonal discrimination, tone‐picture matching, and tone‐word matching tasks. The tonal production performance is evaluated through serial tone reading, repetition of tonal tongue‐twisters, and multi‐tone multi‐repetition tasks. To illustrate classifier function, participants are tasked with producing the accurate classifiers after visual and auditory stimuli of the nouns. Result: The CLAP project recruited 13 healthy controls and 20 PPA individuals (5 nfvPPA, 6 svPPA, and 9 lvPPA) that are native Chinese speakers. Individuals with svPPA were noted to perform significantly lower in the tone‐picture matching task (p=0.024) and classifier task (p<0.0001). Volumes in left inferior temporal and bilateral temporal poles were significantly correlated with the performance in the tone‐picture matching and classifier task respectively. Conversely, individuals with nfvPPA scored substantially lower than healthy controls in all three tone production tasks (p<0.0001, p=0.024, p<0.0001) and lower than other PPA variants in tonal tongue‐twisters tasks. Performance in tonal tongue‐twister tasks was found to correlate with the degree of atrophy in left inferior and superior frontal regions. Conclusion: Tone and classifier tasks can potentially serve as diagnostic and classification tools for PPA individuals that speaks Chinese language and other tonal and numeral classifier languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Past research on Primary Progressive Aphasia(PPA) has been centered around English language, thus there is limited knowledge to the presentations of linguistic features that differ from the English language. Chinese language possesses numerous linguistic features that contrast significantly from the English language. Chinese language is a tonal and numeral classifier language; hence tones are lexically contrastive and numeral cannot quantify a noun without classifiers. As more than 40% and 20% of living languages worldwide are tonal and numeral classifier languages, investigating these idiosyncratic neurolinguistics features in non‐English speaking PPA individuals may refine the clinical practice paradigm to be more adaptable worldwide. Method: The CLAP (Chinese Language Assessment for PPA) project aims to investigate the neurolinguistics features of Chinese speaking PPA individuals. The CLAP battery consists of fourteen speech and language tasks and this presentation focuses on the tonal and numeral classifier performances as they are idiosyncratic traits of the Chinese language. The tonal perception function is assessed via tonal identification, tonal discrimination, tone‐picture matching, and tone‐word matching tasks. The tonal production performance is evaluated through serial tone reading, repetition of tonal tongue‐twisters, and multi‐tone multi‐repetition tasks. To illustrate classifier function, participants are tasked with producing the accurate classifiers after visual and auditory stimuli of the nouns. Result: The CLAP project recruited 13 healthy controls and 20 PPA individuals (5 nfvPPA, 6 svPPA, and 9 lvPPA) that are native Chinese speakers. Individuals with svPPA were noted to perform significantly lower in the tone‐picture matching task (p=0.024) and classifier task (p<0.0001). Volumes in left inferior temporal and bilateral temporal poles were significantly correlated with the performance in the tone‐picture matching and classifier task respectively. Conversely, individuals with nfvPPA scored substantially lower than healthy controls in all three tone production tasks (p<0.0001, p=0.024, p<0.0001) and lower than other PPA variants in tonal tongue‐twisters tasks. Performance in tonal tongue‐twister tasks was found to correlate with the degree of atrophy in left inferior and superior frontal regions. Conclusion: Tone and classifier tasks can potentially serve as diagnostic and classification tools for PPA individuals that speaks Chinese language and other tonal and numeral classifier languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of dementia in Tanzania, as in other developing countries is progressively increasing.1 Yet the screening instruments for the pre‐clinical stage of the diseases are lacking. This study examined the diagnostic accuracy of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment‐5‐minutes protocol (MoCA‐5‐min) among older adult in the rural Tanzania. Methods: After cultural adaptation following Brislin's approach,2 the MoCA‐5‐min and the IDEA cognitive screening were concurrently administered to community‐dwelling older adults (n=202) in Chamwino district and 40 re‐evaluated at 6 weeks. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using principal component method and oblique rotation was performed to determine the underlying factor structure of the scale. The concurrent and the diagnostic accuracy of the MoCA‐5‐min were examined by comparing its score with IDEA cognitive screening and the psychiatrist's diagnosis using DSM‐V criteria respectively. Results: The EFA found that all the MoCA‐5‐min items highly loaded into one component, with factor loading ranging from 0.550 to 0.879. The intraclass correlation coefficient for 6 weeks test‐retest reliability was 0.85. Its strong significant correlation with the IDEA screening (Pearson's r = 0.614, p < 0.001) demonstrated a good concurrent validity. Using the psychiatrist's rating as a gold standard, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.861, (95% CI = 0.799 – 0.922) (Figure 1). With the optimal cut‐off score for MCI at 22, the sensitivity was 80% and specificity was 74%. As for dementia, at a score of 16 the sensitivity was 90% and specificity was 80%, whereas the AUC was 0.910, (95%CI = 0.852 – 0.967) (Figure 2). Upon stratifying the sample into different age groups, the optimal cut‐off scores tended to decrease with the increase in age (Table 1). Conclusion: The MoCA‐5‐min is reliable and provides a valid and accurate measure of cognitive decline among older population in the rural settings of Tanzania. The use of varying cut‐off scores across age groups may ensure a more precise discriminatory power of the MoCA‐5‐min. References: 1. WHO. Dementia: Key facts [Internet]. World Health Organization ‐ Fact Sheets. 2019 [cited 2019 Nov 11]. p. 1–5. Available from: https://www.who.int/news‐room/fact‐sheets/detail/dementia. 2. Brislin RW. Back‐translation for cross‐cultural research. J Crosss Cult Psychol. 1970;1(3):185–216. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Identify trends in adverse drug reactions (ADRs) reported to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Adverse Event Reporting System in three subpopulations of older adults (ages 55-64, 65-74, 75+) receiving psychotropic medications.Methods: Almost 12 years of ADR reports were compiled for adults over 55 years of age receiving psychotropic medications with known side effect profiles. A comparison of the frequency of ADRs reported, odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between subpopulations to the whole population of patients aged 55+ was conducted.Results: ADRs reported in three subpopulations of older adults differed significantly when receiving the same psychotropic medications. For example, reports of increased blood glucose (OR, 1.8, CI, 1.4-2.2) were all significantly increased in the youngest population (55-64).Conclusion: Current classification of age greater than 65 years when evaluating likely ADRs in older adults using psychotropic medications may be inadequate and require further assessment by subpopulations of older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive impairment is a major factor contributing to poor functional outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by a ruptured cerebral aneurysm (aSAH). Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) has been shown to be superior to the Mini-Mental State Examination in screening for cognitive domain deficit and correlating to functional outcome in aSAH patients. The aim of the current study was to determine the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score change that was associated with change of health in general in an aSAH patient cohort. We recruited aSAH patients from a regional neurosurgical center over a 3-year period. Patient assessments including MoCA and global rating of change (GRoC) were carried out at at 3 and 12 months after aSAH. Anchor-based and distribution-based approaches were adopted to calculate the Minimum Clinically Important Difference (MID). One hundred and seventy-five aSAH patients completed both 3-month and 1-year assessments and consented for participation. Employing the distribution-based approach for the 3-month and 1-year MoCA scores, the MID estimates equated to a change of 2.0 and 1.1 respectively. Employing the anchor-based approach (with GRoC), the MID estimate of MoCA (median, IQR) was 2, 1–4. In conclusion, we found that the MID of MoCA score associated with change of health in general in aSAH patients was 2. The MID provides guidance for future clinical trial design targeting on cognitive dysfunction after aSAH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To examine the relation between neuroticism and fatigue in Chinese patients with stroke. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Acute stroke unit. Participants Survivors of ischemic stroke (N=191) recruited from the acute stroke unit between May 1, 2010, and September 1, 2011. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures The personality trait of neuroticism was measured with the neuroticism subscale of the Chinese version of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory. The level of fatigue was measured with the Fatigue Assessment Scale. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, Geriatric Depression Scale, Barthel Index, and Mini-Mental State Examination were administered to obtain demographic and clinical information. Results Fatigue severity 3 months after stroke positively correlated with Geriatric Depression Scale and NEO Five-Factor Inventory neuroticism scores and negatively correlated with the Barthel Index score. Conclusions Neuroticism, independent of depressive symptoms, is a predictor of fatigue severity 3 months after stroke. Interventions such as psychological screening programs are warranted for early detection of patients at high risk of poststroke depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective:Aggression and agitation are common after a stroke. The association between agitation/aggression following stroke and Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in stroke survivors is unknown. This study aimed to examine the association between agitation/aggression and HRQoL in Chinese stroke survivors. Methods:Three hundred and twenty-four stroke patients entered this cross-sectional study. Agitation/aggression was assessed using the Chinese version of Neuropsychiatric Inventory (CNPI). HRQoL was measured with the Stroke Specific Quality of Life (SSQoL). Results:Three months after the index stroke, agitation/aggression was found in 60 (18.5%) patients. In the agitation/aggression group, 44 patients (73.3%) showedpassiveagitation/aggression, whereas 16 (26.7%) displayedpassive and activeagitation/aggression. No patients showed only active agitation/aggression. Patients with agitation/aggression were more likely to have history of diabetes and greater severity of depression, as well as lower SSQoL total score and Personality Changes and Social Role scores. Controlling for diabetes and depression severity did not alter the above results. The Energy and Thinking scores of the SSQoL were significantly lower in the passive/active agitation/aggression group relative to the passive agitation/aggression group (adjusted for CNPI aggression/agitation score). Conclusion:In this study sample, agitation/aggression was preponderantly of the passive type and was associated with poorer HRQoL independently from depression or medical conditions. Patients with both passive and active agitation/aggression had lower Quality of Life (QoL) than patients with only passive agitation/aggression. The causality of the association between low QoL and agitation/aggression needs to be explored in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Health-related quality of life measurements, are commonly used to quantify burden of disease, to evaluate treatment method, and to facilitate benchmarking. The aim of the current study was to determine the Clinically Important Difference (CID) for a Chinese version of Stroke-specific Quality of Life (SS-QOL) in an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patient cohort. The study recruited SAH patients in a neurosurgical unit in Hong Kong. SAH patients who completed both 3-month and 1-year assessments were included in the analysis. The study received ethical approvals from the joint CUHK-NTEC Clinical Ethics Committee and written informed consent was obtained from all participants or their next of kins. Over a 2-year period, 65 eligible patients were included in the study. Employing the anchor-based approach with global rating of change, the CID estimate of SS-QOL total score was 4.7 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.5–5.3), the CID estimate for SSQOL physical subscore was 2.1 (95% CI: 0.3–2.4), and the CID estimate for SS-QOL psychosocial subscore change was 2.8 (95% CI: 1.8–3.7). In conclusion, our study defined the CID for SS-QOL applied to SAH patients and should be further validated in another SAH patient population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arrhythmias are a common problem in the critically ill and they can have significant effects on patient outcome. They often require immediate and swift action and it is, therefore, essential that clinicians have a structured approach to the recognition and management of arrhythmias. Here, we provide a framework for the appropriate management of the more frequently encountered cardiac arrhythmias in critical care. We include the algorithms from the 2010 Resuscitation Council Guidelines for reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]