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The emerging concept of the metaverse, which blends digital and physical realms to offer immersive user experiences, presents a disruptive opportunity for businesses operating in the hospitality and tourism industry. In this study, 11 barriers to metaverse adoption in the hospitality and tourism industry are explored through literature reviews and expert opinions, supplemented by news and industry reports. An integrated interpretative structural modeling-decision making trial and evaluation laboratory (ISM-DEMATEL) approach is used to model these barriers, identifying the hierarchical relationships and the strength of interrelationships between them. Moreover, cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification (MICMAC) analysis clusters these barriers. The results of this study indicate that immature infrastructure (MB8) is the foundational barrier to metaverse adoption, while the fusion of different technologies (MB2) significantly impacts the entire system. This study provides a comprehensive framework to guide stakeholders in overcoming these barriers and unlocking the transformative potential of the metaverse. It also conceptualizes the interaction of barriers for governments and related agencies, enabling the formulation of policies and strategies to increase the adoption and penetration of the metaverse in the hospitality and tourism industry.

Achieving both high efficiency and long-term stability is the key to the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs)1,2. However, the diversity of perovskite (ABX3) compositions and phases makes it challenging to fabricate high-quality films3–5. Perovskite formation relies on the reaction between AX and BX2, whereas most conventional methods for film-growth regulation are based solely on the interaction with the BX2component. Herein, we demonstrate an alternative approach to modulate reaction kinetics by anion–π interaction between AX and hexafluorobenzene (HFB). Notably, these two approaches are independent but work together to establish ‘dual-site regulation’, which achieves a delicate control over the reaction between AX and BX2without unwanted intermediates. The resultant formamidinium lead halides (FAPbI3) films exhibit fewer defects, redshifted absorption and high phase purity without detectable nanoscale δ phase. Consequently, we achieved PSCs with power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 26.07% for a 0.08-cm2device (25.8% certified) and 24.63% for a 1-cm2device. The device also kept 94% of its initial PCE after maximum power point (MPP) tracking for 1,258 h under full-spectrum AM 1.5 G sunlight at 50 ± 5 °C. This method expands the range of chemical interactions that occur in perovskite precursors by exploring anion–π interactions and highlights the importance of the AX component as a new and effective working site to improved photovoltaic devices with high quality and phase purity.