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Eight healthy multiparous Saanen dairy goats (41.50 ± 1.84 kg) were assigned to a double 4 × 4 Latin square design. The four treatment diets were: (i) negative control, rice straw (NC); (ii) first positive control, sticky corn stover silage (PC1); (iii) second positive control, PC1 with 1 g/d commercial purple corn pigment (PC2); and (iv) anthocyanin-rich purple corn stover silage (PSS; AR). DMI did not differ (P > 0.05) among the treatments. Goats receiving the NC tended (P < 0.05) to reduce nutrient apparent digestibility, nitrogen (N) absorption, N retention, and volatile fatty acid production relative to the other groups. The levels of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in plasma were greater (P < 0.05) in goats fed PC2 and AR compared with NC and PC1. The inclusion of PC2 and AR increased (P < 0.05) the abundance of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NFE2L2), but decreased (P < 0.05) the level of tumor necrosis factor in the mammary gland. Moreover, goats receiving AR tended to increase (P < 0.05) the levels of SOD2, GPX1, and GPX2 mRNA expression in the mammary gland. There were significant (P < 0.05) positive correlations between DPPH scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity, SOD, catalase enzymes in plasma, and the abundance of NFE2L2 in the mammary gland. In addition, stronger (P < 0.05) positive correlations were noted between the expression of several inflammation related and antioxidant genes. Collectively, the results from the current study indicated that the consumption of anthocyanin-rich PSS by dairy goats had the potential to enhance antioxidant potential by improving antioxidant capacity in plasma and by modulating the abundance of several inflammation related and antioxidant genes in the mammary gland.

In this paper, the combined techniques of macroporous resin column chromatography and high speed counter‐current chromatography were applied for preparative separation of flavonoid triglycosides from the leaves of Actinidia valvataDunn, a famous Chinese medicinal herb. Twelve kinds of macroporous resins were investigated by adsorption and desorption tests. HPD‐300 resin showed the maximum effectiveness and thus was selected for the first cleaning‐up, in which 20% ethanol was used to remove the undesired constituents and 60% ethanol to elute the targets. The crude extract was then purified by high speed counter‐current chromatography with the solvent system composed of ethyl acetate‒n‐butanol‒water (2:1:3 and 4:1:5, v/v). Three flavonoid triglycosides, namely, kaempferol 3‐O‐α‐l‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→3)‐α‐l‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→6)‐β‐d‐galactopyranoside, kaempferol 3‐O‐α‐l‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→3)‐(4‐O‐acetyl‐α‐l‐rhamnopyranosyl)‐(1→6)‐β‐d‐galactopyranoside and kaempferol 3‐O‐α‐l‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→3)‐(2,4‐di‐O‐acetyl‐α‐l‐rhamnopyranosyl)‐(1→6)‐β‐d‐galactopyranoside, were obtained. The purities of the separated compounds were all over 95% as determined by HPLCarea normalization method. Their chemical structures were confirmed by UV, MS, NMR, and the standards.