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Highly abundant proteins present in biological fluids and tissues significantly interfere with low-abundance protein identification by mass spectrometry (MS), limiting proteomic depth and hindering protein biomarker discovery. Herein, to enhance the coverage of tissue proteomics, we developed a nanoparticle–protein corona (NP-PC)–based method for the aging mouse proteome atlas. Based on this method, we investigated the complexity of life process of 5 major organs, including the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, and kidneys, from 4 groups of mice at different ages. Compared with the conventional strategy, NP-PC–based proteomics significantly increased the number of identified protein groups in the heart (from 3007 to 3927; increase of 30.6%), liver (from 2982 to 4610; increase of 54.6%), spleen (from 5047 to 7351; increase of 45.7%), lungs (from 4984 to 6903; increase of 38.5%), and kidneys (from 3550 to 5739; increase of 61.7%), and we identified a total of 10 104 protein groups. The overall data indicated that 3-week-old mice showed more differences compared with the other three age groups. The proteins of amino acid–related metabolism were increased in aged mice compared with those in the 3-week-old mice. Protein-related infections were increased in the spleen of the aged mice. Interestingly, the spliceosome-related pathway significantly changed from youth to elders in the liver, spleen, and lungs, indicating the vital role of the spliceosome during the aging process. Our established aging mouse organ proteome atlas provides comprehensive insights into understanding the aging process, and it may help in prevention and treatment of age-related diseases.

The basic pore structure characteristics and poro-perm properties of the clayey silt reservoirs play an important role in understanding the accumulation mechanism of gas hydrates in the Shenhu area, South China Sea (SCS). In this work, the nonhydrate and hydrate-bearing reservoir samples from depths of 97.32 to 194.46 m in the Shenhu area, SCS, were comprehensively analyzed using total organic carbon (TOC) testing, Rock-Eval analysis, X-ray diffraction, porous-perm capacities, nitrogen (N2) adsorption, and focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). The experimental results suggest that the hydrate-bearing reservoirs contain relatively lower quartz and higher clay contents, indicative of an abundant plate-like pore network system. In addition, the hydrate-bearing reservoirs tend to have more meso- and macropores, suggesting that gas hydrates can easily occur in those large pores, especially the foraminifera-rich pore network system. Permeabilities of the nonhydrate reservoirs are much higher than that of the hydrate-bearing reservoirs. In addition, the total pore volumes of hydrate-bearing reservoirs are 27% higher than that of the nonhydrate reservoir, indicating a relatively higher original porosity, which can provide sufficient pore space for hydrate growth. A simple conceptual model for gas hydrate accumulation is proposed owing to the detailed research on those two reservoirs. The outcomes of this study, can shed more light on underlying mechanisms involved in the exploration and exploitation of the clayey silt gas hydrates, specifically in the Shenhu area, SCS.

Hydrate-based CO2sequestration (HBCS) technology is one promising method for reducing the CO2level in the atmosphere for climate mitigation. However, the sluggish kinetics and low conversion rate of the CO2hydrate hindered its practical applications. This study presents an innovative approach by coupling magnesium (Mg) with an amino acid l-leucine (l-Leu) to speed up the CO2hydrate nucleation and realize the ultrarapid CO2growth in the static system. The addition of a Mg sheet speeds up CO2hydrate nucleation, resulting in an induction time less than 10 s compared with traditional ∼10 h in a static system. The coupling Mg sheet with l-Leu (1.0 wt %) shows optimal synergistic promotion effects on both CO2hydrate nucleation and growth. The resulting final CO2gas uptake is 78.9 Vg/Vwcompared with 67.8 Vg/Vwwithout Mg. However, the t90used is significantly shortened to 1.4 h compared with a t90of 13.0 h without Mg. We further analyzed the possible promotion mechanism of Mg using a series of analytical methods, including Mg sheet surface morphology observation with element composition analysis, gas phase compositions analysis by GC and Mg2+concentration in aqueous phase by ICP-MS. Corrosion of the Mg sheet surface is observed based on SEM images. A significant reduction of Mg is identified in the element composition analysis with additional C and N after corrosion. A small trace of hydrogen (∼1%) is identified in the gas phase with the Mg2+in solution reaching 68 mg/L. Based on the experimental evidence, we propose that the abundant H2bubbles released from the surface of the Mg sheet due to corrosion in the acidic environment of CO2solution are one critical factor explaining the ultrarapid nucleation observed. Our study demonstrated that employing Mg corrosion to assist the nucleation of CO2hydrate is effective in the static system and the coupling of amino acid can further enhance CO2hydrate kinetics. The developed method can also be utilized for other hydrate-based technologies, such as flue gas separation and hydrogen storage, by coupling Mg with suitable promoters.

Detection of serum protein biomarkers is extremely challenging owing to the superior complexity of serum. Here, we report a method of proteome fishing from the serum. It uses a magnetic nanoparticle–protein corona and a multiplexed aptamer panel, which we incubated with the nanoparticle–protein corona for biomarker recognition. To transfer protein biomarker detection to aptamer detection, we established a CRISPR/Cas12a-based orthogonal multiplex aptamer sensing (COMPASS) platform by profiling the aptamers of protein corona with clinical nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) serum samples. Furthermore, we determined the four out of nine (FOON) panel (including HE4, NSE, AFP, and VEGF165) to be the most cost-effective and accurate panel for COMPASS in NSCLC diagnosis. The diagnostic accuracy of NSCLC by the FOON panel with internal and external cohorts was 95.56% (ROC-AUC = 99.40%) and 89.58% (ROC-AUC = 95.41%), respectively. Our developed COMPASS technology circumvents the otherwise challenging multiplexed serum protein amplification problem and avoids aptamer degradation in serum. Therefore, this novel COMPASS could lead to the development of a facile, cost-effective, intelligent, and high-throughput diagnostic platform for large-cohort cancer screening.

In recent field investigations and laboratory experiments, the coexistence of natural gas and gas hydrate in an electrolyte solution has been observed. The intrinsic mechanism for the coexistence of natural gas in gas hydrate stability zones in sediment is crucial for comprehending the physical and chemical properties and gas production potential in a reservoir but has not yet been thoroughly elucidated yet. In this study, the dissociation process of hydrates formed in fine marine sediments from the Shenhu area in the South China Sea was observed across a temperature range of ∼6–12 °C. It was found that the hydrates formed in the sediment pores exhibit varying stability, and their stability boundaries can be further defined by two equilibrium curves in this study. The results obtained can be the basis for the explanation of the stable coexistence of natural gas and hydrate in the gas hydrate stability zone, which can result from the stability difference of hydrate in the sediment pores with different sizes.

Diagnosis of benign and malignant small nodules of the lung remains an unmet clinical problem which is leading to serious false positive diagnosis and overtreatment. Here, we developed a serum protein fishing-based spectral library (ProteoFish) for data independent acquisition analysis and a machine learning-boosted protein panel for diagnosis of early Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) and classification of benign and malignant small nodules. We established an extensive NSCLC protein bank consisting of 297 clinical subjects. After testing 5 feature extraction algorithms and six machine learning models, the Lasso algorithm for a 15-key protein panel selection and Random Forest was chosen for diagnostic classification. Our random forest classifier achieved 91.38% accuracy in benign and malignant small nodule diagnosis, which is superior to the existing clinical assays. By integrating with machine learning, the 15-key protein panel may provide insights to multiplexed protein biomarker fishing from serum for facile cancer screening and tackling the current clinical challenge in prospective diagnostic classification of small nodules of the lung.

The study of gas hydrate researched by the ice powder method is helpful for us to understand the storage, separation, transportation and transformation of gas on the solid surface. In this work, the change regulation has been studied that temperature, pressure, hydrate saturation, and conversion rate in the formation process of methane-ethylene mixed hydrate, which exploring the internal action mode of the methane-ethylene mixed hydrate. The experimental results show that under the condition of −4.0 °C and 4 MPa, the conversion rates of methane, methane-ethylene (with mole ratios 2, 1, and 0.5), and ethylene hydrate are 5.30%, 11.95%, 16.57%, 19.93%, and 26.84%, respectively. And more, the conversion efficiencies of hydrate are 0.36, 0.81, 0.96, 1.58, and 6.58, respectively. The above data show that with the increase of ethylene content, the formation of hydrate is easier, which proves that ethylene can promote the formation efficiency of methane hydrate. These results have reference value for understanding the formation of natural gas hydrates, so as to promote the development and application of gas hydrate.

Direct visualization of single-nucleotide variation (SNV) in single cells is of great importance for understanding the spatial organization of genomes and their relationship with cell phenotypes. Herein, we developed a new strategy for visualizing SNVs in a nuclear genome using colocalization of dual-engineered CRISPR probes (CoDEC). By engineering the structure of sgRNA, we incorporated a hairpin in the spacer domain for improving SNV recognition specificity and a loop in the nonfunctional domain for localized signal amplification. Using guide probe-based colocalization strategy, we can successfully distinguish on-target true positive signals from the off-target false positives with high accuracy. Comparing with a proximity ligation-based assay (CasPLA), the probe colocalization strategy extended applicable target gene sites (the distance between two designed probes can be extended to around 200nt) and improved detection efficiency. This newly developed method provides a facile way for studying in situ information on SNVs in individual cells for basic research and clinical applications with single-molecule and single-nucleotide resolutions.

•A new promoter for CO2hydrate forming from gaseous and liquid CO2is presented.•The optimal concentration of sodium lignosulfonate is assessed to be 1.0 wt.%.•The kinetic promotion is evidenced by visualizing CO2hydrate morphology evolution.•A new promotion mechanism based on the origination of micelle aggregates is proposed.

The air-sensitivity of transition metal oxide cathode materials (NaxTMO2, TM: transition metal) is a challenge for their practical application in sodium-ion batteries for large-scale energy storage. However, the deterioration mechanism of NaxTMO2under ambient air is unclear, which hinders the precise design of air-stable NaxTMO2. Here, we revealed the origin of NaxTMO2degradation by capturing the initial degradation status and microstructural evolution under ambient atmospheres with optimal humidity. It was found that the insertion of CO2into Na layers along (003) planes of NaxTMO2led to initial growth of Na2CO3nanoseeds between TM layers, which initiated fast structure degradation with surface cracks and extrusion of Na2CO3out of NaxTMO2. The degradation extents and pathways for NaxTMO2could be highly associated with crystal orientation, particle morphology, and ambient humidity. Interestingly, the deteriorated NaxTMO2could be completely healed through optimal recalcination, showing even improved air-stability and electrochemical performance. This work provides a helpful perspective on the interfacical structure design of high-performance NaxTMO2cathodes for sodium-ion batteries.

Multicluster wells are critical for the commercialization of natural gas hydrate (NGH). Based on the on-site data of the first natural gas hydrate trial production in the South China Sea, a numerical model was constructed. The key parameters, including well spacing and well-net patterns, were investigated. Under the preconditions of a fixed well-net pattern of four wells and continuous production for 1080 days, the results show that as well spacing increases from 20 to 60, 100, 140, and 180 m, respectively, productivity increases to 136.3, 169.7, 190.3, and 198.4% with a pressure difference of 2 MPa and 128.4, 158.6, 185.2, and 198.6% with a pressure difference of 6 MPa. The rate of production rise does not increase linearly, and the free gas tends to be trapped in the middle of the multicluster well, causing the “blind zone” phenomenon with increasing well spacing. Under the preconditions of fixed well spacing (60m) and pressure difference (6 MPa), with the number of wellbores increased from 2 to 9 in the well-net patterns, the productivity increases to 124.2, 131.8, 148.2, 158.1, 177.3, 201.9, 208.3, 244.4, and 250.3%, respectively, and the productivity increase is synchronized but not linear, and the increase ratio becomes smaller. Under the CVW15 well-net patterns, when the well spacing is set to 180m, it is estimated that 18 groups of well net can achieve commercial production, which provides a reference for well-net pattern selection and parameter setting for NGH production.

Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) are widely recognized as the most effective technology for reducing CO2emissions and mitigating global climate change. Hydrate-based CO2sequestration (HBCS) has emerged as a promising technology for long-term and stable CO2storage. There are growing interests in employing hydrophobic amino acids to enhance CO2hydrate formation kinetics recently. However, there is still a lack of understanding of how amino acids promote CO2hydrate effectively. In this study, we systematically investigate an environmental-benign kinetic promoter (L-leucine, L-Leu) varying from 0.05 to 2.00 wt% to enhance CO2hydrate formation at an initial pressure of 5.5 MPa and temperature of 275.2 K. The results show that varying L-Leu concentration has limited effect on tind. The kickoff concentration of L-Leu in promoting CO2hydrate kinetics is 0.30 wt%. 2.00 wt% L-Leu yields the optimal CO2gas uptake of 62.17 ± 0.78 mmol/mol with CO2partition in the hydrate phase of 66 %. CO2hydrate forms a layer at the gas-liquid interface and turns to be porous at CL-Leuabove 0.30 wt% followed by a significant wall-climbing growth with rapid CO2gas uptake. L-Leu precipitation occurs at CL-Leuabove 1.00 wt% and leads to a decrease in final CO2gas uptake in repeated experiments at CL-Leu= 2.00 wt%. A mechanism of L-Leu in promoting CO2hydrate kinetics by adsorption on the surface at CL-Leuabove 1.00 wt% is proposed. L-Leu is evaluated to be effective in improving CO2hydrate kinetics. These findings provide insights for a novel environmental-benign CO2hydrate kinetic promoter in HBCS application, which requires rapid CO2hydrate formation and high CO2gas uptake.

The utilization of beam-carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) for free-space optical (FSO) communication can increase channel capacity. However, the misalignment of the beam is an effect that must be mitigated in FSO communication systems. Due to the robustness of deep learning technology in pattern recognition, a neural network structure is proposed and improved to mitigate the effect of misalignment error. First, compared with the simple convolutional neural network proposed, data augmentation is adopted in the training. Then, a view-pooling layer is added after the convolutional layer. This layer can longitudinally compress feature maps from multiple receiving angles. In order to verify the performance of the proposed method, related experiments are reported in this paper. It can be seen from the results that when the tilt angle is less than 35°, the accuracy of OAM mode detection is above 99%, 93%, and 88%, respectively, corresponding to the condition of weak (Cn2=1×10^−15  m^−2/3), medium (Cn2=1×10^−14  m^−2/3) and strong (Cn2=1×10^−13  m^−2/3) turbulence.

Nucleic acid drug has many advantages in tumor treatment, but the characteristic of difficult delivery limits the development of this therapy. In this study, we used 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(polyethylene glycol)2000 (DSPE-PEG) modified with glucose (DSPE-PEG-Glucose) and polyethyleneimine-poly (d, l-lactide) (PEI-PDLLA) to construct small interfering RNA CCAT1 (siCCAT1) and microRNA-218 (miR-218) co-delivery nanocomplex with glucose transporter type 1 (Glut1) targeting effects (GDCMNP). GDCMNP could be rapidly enriched at the tumor site and sequentially release two types of RNAs. The anti-tumor effect of GDCMNP was mainly due to the co-regulation of the proto-oncogene B-cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1 (Bmi1) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by siCCAT1 and miR-218, which improved apoptosis and reduced the ability to migrate and invade. It was worth mentioning that GDCMNP played a long-term effect against colorectal cancer (CRC) in both subcutaneous and orthotopic CRC tumor models. In summary, we constructed a promising approach for the treatment of CRC by nucleic acids.

CRISPR/Cas9 systems have great potential to achieve sophisticated gene therapy and cell engineering by editing multiple genomic loci. However, to achieve efficient multiplex gene editing, the delivery system needs adequate capacity to transfect all CRISPR/Cas9 RNA species at the required stoichiometry into the cytosol of each individual cell. Herein, inspired by biomineralization in nature, we develop an all-in-one biomimetic mineralized CRISPR/Cas9 RNA delivery system. This system allows for precise control over the coencapsulation ratio between Cas9 mRNA and multiple sgRNAs, while also exhibiting a high RNA loading capacity. In addition, it enhances the storage stability of RNA at 4 °C for up to one month, and the surface of the nanoparticles can be easily functionalized for precise targeting of RNA nanoparticles in vivoat nonliver sites. Based on the above characteristics, as a proof-of-concept, our system was able to achieve significant gene-editing at each target gene (Survivin: 31.9%, PLK1: 24.41%, HPV: 23.2%) and promote apoptosis of HeLacells in the mouse model, inhibiting tumor growth without obvious off-target effects in liver tissue. This system addresses various challenges associated with multicomponent RNA delivery in vivo, providing an innovative strategy for the RNA-based CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing.

The reaction kinetics, reversibility and long-term stability of Zn anodes are crucial for rechargeable aqueous Zn batteries. Polymer electrolyte additives are low cost and effective to modify the deposition behavior of Zn anodes. Here, an interesting phenomenon appears that cycling stability and Coulombic efficiency of Zn anodes are improved by PEO additive in dilute aqueous electrolytes with different Zn salts, while the overpotential and long-term stability of Zn anodes vary significantly with different anions. Systematic electrochemical analysis coupled with NMR and MD simulation was performed to reveal the crucial role of salt anion in tuning the specific solvation structures and hydrogen bonding network of aqueous electrolytes with PEO additive, and interfacial double layer capacitance structures. The reaction kinetics and stability of Zn anodes were, therefore, intensively tuned by salt anions in aqueous electrolytes with PEO additives. The cycle life of Zn anode can be improved by 7–10 times with significantly reduced overpotential in bulky anion such as TFSI-based aqueous electrolyte than compact anion such as SO42-in PEO containing aqueous electrolytes. This work provides useful and low-cost concepts to effectively improve Zn anodes reaction dynamics and cycle life by choosing optimal electrolyte salts and additives.

Reception diversity laser communication can improve the channel capacity as well as weaken light intensity scintillation caused by atmospheric turbulence. However, it can't reduce the wave front distortion. Wave front distortion is usually corrected by adaptive optics system, because that reception diversity laser communication has more than one receiver, it would take much more time as well as resources to correct the distortion of different receivers. Based on the analysis of wave front distortion of different receivers, we set the best correcting voltage of one receiver as the initial correcting voltage of the other receiver, it can be concluded from the simulation that using the method we propose need less iteration times than the traditional methods when achieving same correcting effect and it can also achieve higher correcting effect when setting same iteration times.

An increase in the number of publications in recent years indicates that besides ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) may play an important role in nitrogen removal from wastewater, gaining wide attention in the wastewater engineering field. This paper reviews the current knowledge on AOA and AOB involved in wastewater treatment systems and summarises the environmental factors affecting AOA and AOB. Current findings reveal that AOA have stronger environmental adaptability compared with AOB under extreme environmental conditions (such as low temperature and low oxygen level). However, there is still little information on the cooperation and competition relationship between AOA and AOB, and other microbes related to nitrogen removal, which needs further exploration. Furthermore, future studies are proposed to develop novel nitrogen removal processes dominated by AOA by parameter optimization.