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Negative association was found between the frontal theta/beta ratio and mind wandering in participants with high schizotypal traits, while no such association was found in participants with low schizotypal traits. These findings provide insights into the neural mechanism of mind wandering in individuals with high schizotypal traits.

Mental time travel (MTT) is the ability to project oneself to the past or future through mental simulation. Moreover, MTT can involve self‐related or other‐related information. This study aimed to compare MTT in individuals with high levels of schizotypy and that in their counterparts with low levels of schizotypy. Participants with high (n= 37) and low (n= 37) levels of schizotypy completed an MTT task with four conditions [2 (Condition: self vs. other) × 2 (Time orientation: past vs. future)]. They were required to recall past events that had happened to themselves or to a non‐intimate person, and to imagine possible future events that might happen to themselves or to a non‐intimate person, related to cue words. Outcome measures included specificity, vividness, sense of experience, emotional valence, emotional intensity, proportion of first‐person visual perspective in events, and difficulty in event generation. A 2 (Group: high vs. low levels of schizotypy) × 2 (Condition) × 2 (Time orientation) mixed analysis of variance was conducted on each index. Results showed that self‐related MTT was more specific than other‐related MTT in low levels of schizotypy participants but not in high levels of schizotypy participants. Participants with a high level of schizotypy reported fewer specific events, and reported events with lower vividness and positive emotion than did those with a low level of schizotypy. Self‐related MTT showed higher levels of phenomenological characteristics than did other‐related MTT. In conclusion, individuals with a high level of schizotypy have altered MTT, and cannot benefit from the self‐advantage effect on the specificity of MTT.

To increase the water solubility of resveratrol (RES) and explore the possibility of solid-phase preparation technology as an alternative to traditional spray drying technology. In this study, herein, three resveratrol-stevia glycoside-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (RES-STE-HP-β-CD) complexes were prepared by jet milling, ball milling and spray drying. The three complexes were subjected to saturation solubility determination, characterization (SEM, XRD, FT-IR and 1H NMR), antioxidant activity evaluation and in vitro cytotoxicity assay. The results demonstrated that RES was successfully complexed with STE and HP-β-CD, and the crystalline state of RES was changed after the complexation. The water solubility of RES increased about 30 times, and the saturated solubility of the complexes prepared by jet milling reached the highest of 993.32 μg/mL. Meanwhile, RES could interact with STE through hydrogen bonding, and also could be probably inserted into the cavities of HP-β-CD. Moreover, the complexes prepared by different methods possessed good antioxidant activity and did not exhibit significant cytotoxicity. In conclusion, STE&HP-β-CD can effectively solubilize RES, and solid-phase preparation technologies (e.g., jet milling) have the potential to prepare water-soluble complexes. The complex powders can be used as raw materials for nutraceuticals or pharmaceuticals.

It is important for positive well‐being and social engagement to understand how people predict future emotions, an ability known as affective forecasting. However, mechanisms underpinning the change to affective forecasting are not well understood in people with subclinical psychiatric symptoms. The current study differentiated components that comprise affective forecasting and investigated how non‐clinical features relate to these. We recruited 319 participants to complete the social affective forecasting task and respond to questionnaires that captured schizotypal and autistic traits as well as depressive symptoms. Associations between affective forecasting and subclinical features were investigated using correlations, regression, and structure equation modeling. Results showed that interpersonal features of schizotypal traits negatively predicted anticipated emotions in positive social conditions via in‐the‐moment feelings but not via mental simulation. Findings highlight that in‐the‐moment feelings may be an intervention target to help people who have difficulties with social interactions to anticipate more pleasure for future social events.

This study aimed to explore the relationships among clinical insight, subjective memory complaints, and objective memory performance in patients with schizophrenia. We recruited 205 patients with schizophrenia and 221 healthy controls in this study. The participants were administered a subjective‐report scale on memory (the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire), and several objective memory tasks measuring verbal memory, visual memory, and working memory. Clinical insight was measured with an item in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. We found that when patients with schizophrenia were divided into subgroups with good and poor insight, both subgroups showed impairment in memory performance compared with controls. The schizophrenia patients with good insight reported similar memory complaints as controls whereas patients with poor insight reported less memory complaints than did the controls. These findings suggest that clinical insight may be related to subjective memory complaints, but not objective memory performance.

Investigating the relationship between anticipatory pleasure deficits and risk features of mental disorders not only theoretically benefits the understanding of anhedonia, but could also facilitate early detection and intervention of mental disorders. Using network analysis, the present study examined the pattern of relationship between anticipatory pleasure and risk features of schizophrenia spectrum, depressive, anxiety, autism spectrum, and obsessive–compulsive disorders in a large sample of college students (n= 2152). It was found that interpersonal features of schizotypal personality traits and poor social skills of autistic traits showed strong correlation with low social anticipatory pleasure. Depressive symptoms severity was weakly associated with reduced abstract anticipatory pleasure, while obsessive–compulsive traits were weakly associated with high contextual anticipatory pleasure. No significant correlation was found between anxiety symptoms severity and anticipatory pleasure. Social anticipatory pleasure had the highest strength centrality among all anticipatory pleasure components, while interpersonal features of schizotypal personality traits had the highest strength centrality in the whole network. Our findings suggest that impaired anticipatory pleasure, especially social anticipatory pleasure, is a particular feature of schizotypal personality traits and autistic traits. Our findings may have implications for intervention in that the social component may be a target to improve anhedonia in individuals with schizotypal and autistic traits, while interpersonal features may be a key treatment target given that it was central to the relationship between anticipatory pleasure and risk features.

Prospective memory(PM) refers to the ability to remember to do something in the future. Implementation intentionrefers to a self‐regulatory strategy in the form of “If …, then …” planning that can improve PM performance. However, the neural basis of the effect of implementation intention on PM remains unclear, as do the phases of PM that are affected by implementation intention. This study aimed to address these issues. Healthy participants were randomly assigned to the implementation intention (n= 18) and typical instruction (n= 20) conditions. All of them underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning when performing a PM task, which differentiated encoding, maintenance, and execution phases. Results demonstrated that participants in the implementation intention group showed different brain activations compared to participants in the typical instruction group. During the encoding phase, the implementation intention group showed increased activations in the inferior frontal gyrus (BA 10) and supramarginal gyrus (BA 40) compared to the typical instruction group; during the maintenance phase, the typical instruction group showed stronger activations in the inferior frontal gyrus (BA 46) than the implementation intention group; during the execution phase, the typical instruction group showed increased activations in the precentral gyrus (BA 6) and middle frontal gyrus (BA 8) than the implementation intention group. These results demonstrated the neural correlates of implementation intention on PM in different phases, and support the conclusion of our previous review based on fMRI evidence that implementation intention's improvement of PM performance is not fully automatic.

Future‐oriented copingis a strategy for coping with events that may happen in the future, including efforts to ensure positive outcome and protection from potential threats. Appropriate future‐oriented coping is essential for well‐being and influences mental health and life satisfaction. However, little is known about the neural mechanism of future‐oriented coping. We examined the neural basis of this coping strategy using resting‐state functional connectivity analysis. Thirty healthy volunteers underwent resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning and completed the Future‐Oriented Coping Inventory. Seed‐based functional connectivity analysis was used to investigate potentially correlated regions, with 11 nodes in the default mode network defined as regions of interest. Multiple regression analysis was performed to measure the correlation between coping behavior and functional connectivity. We found that proactive coping was significantly correlated with the functional connectivity strength between the parahippocampal cortex (PHC) and the claustrum/insula. These novel findings suggest that cooperation between the PHC and the claustrum/insula plays an important role in proactive coping. Moreover, cognitive components, such as future thinking (the PHC) and sensory judgment (the claustrum/insula) could be important process factors in proactive coping.

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the involvement of working memory (WM) in following spoken instructions using concurrent tasks designed to disrupt components of the Baddeley and Hitch WM model [Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (1974). Working memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory(Vol. 8, pp. 47–89). New York, NY: Academic Press]. In each of three experiments, participants were presented with sequences of instructions to be either verbally repeated or physically performed using relevant objects. Backward counting, articulatory suppression, and eye closure during instruction encoding all disrupted recall, and also impaired recall of the linkage between movements and objects. Recall of actions was more accurate when they were physically enacted than repeated verbally, an advantage that was not affected by concurrent tasks. These findings indicate that aspects of the recall of spoken instructions including the binding of constituent movements to objects draw on multiple WM resources. The benefits of physical enactment of the instructed sequence do not appear to depend on the components of WM investigated in these studies.