Search

•Using the GGA-PBE method, we looked at the Ca, Sr and (Ca/Sr) doping effects on barium titanate.•The negative formation energy tolerance factor ensures thermodynamic and structural stability.•Phase changed; cubic to tetragonal, nature; change brittle to ductile.•Thermal properties and acoustic behavior are studied.•Doping in barium titanate predicts a promising practical approach with potential applications in solar cells.

Rare earth(III) β-diketonates are highly remarkable luminophores in the visible spectral region among the rare earth compounds, owing to the efficient contribution from the 4f–4f intraconfigurational transitions. To get detailed structural insight into the RE3+sites (RE = Eu, Gd, and Sm), X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) can be very potent in probing the local chemical environment around the RE3+ion. In this work, a PyFitIt machine learning approach was employed as a new strategy to simulate the Eu, Gd, and Sm L3-edge XANES and thereby determine the local atomic structure of the luminescence RE3+β-diketonate complexes, [Eu(tta)3(H2O)2], [C4mim][Eu(dbm)4], [Gd(tta)3(H2O)2], and [Sm(dbm)3(phen)] (tta, 3-thenoyltrifluoroacetonate; dbm, dibenzoylmethane; phen, phenanthroline; and C4mim, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide). Continuous Cauchy wavelet transform validated the PyFitIt calculated XANES by visualizing very efficiently the coordination geometries, composed of O and O/N backscatterers around the RE3+(RE = Eu and Gd) and Sm3+ions, respectively, as a pinkish-red color map in the two-dimensional images of the corresponding complexes. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure fit in Artemis also corroborated the three-dimensional structures generated by PyFitIt XANES simulation for all the compounds. Though, relatively slightly higher bond distance values for the Sm3+complex are due to the higher atomic radius of the Sm3+ion when compared to the Eu3+and Gd3+complexes. Meanwhile, higher Debye–Waller factor (σ2) values for the [C4mim][Eu(dbm)4] when compared to the [Eu(tta)3(H2O)2] indicated the structure disorder, owing to the distortion in the local geometry. It is noteworthy that the optical properties, described mainly by the Ωλ(λ = 2 and 4) 4f–4f intensity parameters, are very sensitive to the local coordination environment around the Eu3+ion. Thus, a close agreement between the experimental and theoretically calculated Ωλparameter values confirmed that the PyFitIt calculated square antiprismatic structures are precisely similar to the real structures of the Eu3+complexes.