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The quantum anomalous layer Hall effect (QALHE), characterized by the precise control of the quantum anomalous Hall effect on different layers due to spin-layer-chirality coupling in van der Waals (vdW) layered materials, is of great importance in both fundamental physics and nanodevices. In this work, through the analysis of a low-energy effective model for vdW heterobilayers under biaxial strain, we propose the QALHE in valleytronic materials for the first time. The spin-layer-locked edge states and Chern numbers in heterobilayers give rise to dissipationless currents localized in specific layers, realizing the long-sought QALHE in heterobilayers. The switch of the chirality of edge states and Chern numbers in heterobilayer systems can be achieved by applying a biaxial strain. We have validated this mechanism in a series of realistic valleytronic materials, including VSi2N4/VSiCN4and RuCl2/FeCl2heterobilayers. Our work reveals a new mechanism for achieving the QALHE with promising applications in spintronics and quantum layertronics.

Heating in the ocean has continued in 2024 in response to increased greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, despite the transition from an El Niño to neutral conditions. In 2024, both global sea surface temperature (SST) and upper 2000 m ocean heat content (OHC) reached unprecedented highs in the historical record. The 0–2000 m OHC in 2024 exceeded that of 2023 by 16 ± 8 ZJ (1 Zetta Joules = 1021Joules, with a 95% confidence interval) (IAP/CAS data), which is confirmed by two other data products: 18 ± 7 ZJ (CIGAR-RT reanalysis data) and 40 ± 31 ZJ (Copernicus Marine data, updated to November 2024). The Indian Ocean, tropical Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Southern Ocean also experienced record-high OHC values in 2024. The global SST continued its record-high values from 2023 into the first half of 2024, and declined slightly in the second half of 2024, resulting in an annual mean of 0.61°C ± 0.02°C (IAP/CAS data) above the 1981–2010 baseline, slightly higher than the 2023 annual-mean value (by 0.07°C ± 0.02°C for IAP/CAS, 0.05°C ± 0.02°C for NOAA/NCEI, and 0.06°C ± 0.11°C for Copernicus Marine). The record-high values of 2024 SST and OHC continue to indicate unabated trends of global heating.

With the rapid development of distributed energy, the uncertainty within the energy systems of low-carbon parks is becoming increasingly pronounced, making it difficult for the existing scheduling strategy to meet the requirements of EMS operation. This study addresses the challenges of energy scheduling in low-carbon parks, exacerbated by the uncertainty in distributed energy systems. The proposed PPO-MixClip algorithm, an enhancement of the proximal policy optimization (PPO) approach, incorporates a hybrid clipping mechanism for faster convergence and improved reward outcomes. The algorithm successfully reduces average daily electricity costs by 3.52% compared to the original PPO algorithm. Additionally, the PPO-MixClip achieves a 4.24% daily cost reduction with faster convergence rates. A backup safety control strategy is also implemented to ensure system reliability during training and real-time scheduling.

Microwave Wireless Power Transfer (MWPT) technology is crucial for emergency power supply during natural disasters and powering off-grid equipment. Traditional antenna arrays, however, suffer from low energy capture efficiency, difficult impedance matching, complex synthetic networks, and intricate manufacturing processes. This paper introduces a microwave energy receiver design utilizing Reflective Phase Gradient Metasurfaces (R-PGMs) and surface wave energy convergence technology. The design leverages the effective plane wave-to-surface wave conversion capability of R-PGMs to transform incident microwave energy into a surface wave mode, which is then efficiently harvested using a circular energy convergence array before being output to a coupling port. By optimizing R-PGM parameters, an ideal 60° phase gradient distribution is achieved, facilitating the focus of surface wave energy via dispersion characteristics. These components are integrated into a hybrid antenna array, complemented by a matched energy output port structure. Numerical simulations show that this array can efficiently convert microwave energy from plane waves to surface waves, achieving a conversion efficiency of 85.32% and a collection efficiency of 68.26%. Experimental results corroborate these findings, with peak energy collection efficiency reaching 64.68% at 5.8 GHz and an RF-DC conversion efficiency of 42%, confirming the design’s efficacy. Compared to conventional methods, this design simplifies the system by avoiding complex combining networks and significantly enhances the efficiency of microwave MWPT.

On the basis of a novel umpolung strategy, an efficient l-amino acid ester-mediated in situ reduction of 2-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)malononitrile and sequential nucleophilic addition/cyclization cascade reaction is reported. Various densely substituted cyclopentene bispirooxindoles and dihydrofuran bispirooxindoles with two quaternary spirocenters were constructed in high yields (≤93%) with excellent diastereoselectivities (>20:1 dr). The method has advantages of readily available starting materials, mild reaction conditions, a one-pot process, a metal-free biomimetic reducing agent, a wide substrate scope, and operational simplicity (single filtration without column chromatography).

The Xianshuihe fault is a major tectonic boundary between the Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic and Bayanhar blocks in Southwest China. With an average left-lateral strike-slip movement of 10–15 mm/yr, it is a fast-moving strike-slip continental fault. On September 5, 2022, the Ms6.8 Luding earthquake occurred along the Moxi segment of the Xianshuihe fault, reaching a maximum intensity of IX and resulting in a significant number of casualties and severe property damage. This earthquake broke the long-standing seismic quiescence of the Xianshuihe fault, which lasted for more than 40 years, and was followed by a significant number of aftershocks. An outstanding question is how the behavior of the Xianshuihe fault and major earthquakes changed following this mainshock. In this study, we examined the changes in regional seismicity following the Luding earthquake and identified the potential for future strong earthquakes along the Xianshuihe fault. We used a finite element numerical method to simulate the environment of the seismogenic fault and its adjacent areas. In addition, we used the coseismic slip model of the Luding earthquake with the split-node method to calculate how the stress and strain fields in the surrounding area were affected by the 2022 mainshock. Coulomb stress changes were resolved in the main faults, and the seismicity of adjacent faults was analyzed in conjunction with the observed seismic data. The results indicate that regional tectonic movement primarily occurred to the southeast along the Moxi segment. The stress field is approximately north-south in tension and east-west in compression. Variation in the stress field in the epicentral region of the Luding earthquake exceeded 1 MPa. The maximum displacement of the coseismic deformation field was concentrated between Moxi town and Tuanjie village, and the Coulomb stress of the fault zone in this region experienced the largest decrease. However, the b-value of the Gutenberg-Richter magnitude-frequency relationship at the epicenter and the surrounding area exhibited an abnormal pattern of decrease-decrease-increase, indicating that the regional stress may not be fully released. This earthquake increased the Coulomb stress in other segments of the Xianshuihe, Anninghe, and Daliangshan faults, whereas the Coulomb stress in the Longmenshan and Xiaojinhe fault zones decreased. In addition, it triggered a series of normal-fault, moderate-sized earthquakes in nearby areas. The Dagangshan reservoir, located ∼20 km from the epicenter of the Luding earthquake, received an increase of ∼5.3 MPa in the tensile stress along the NWW-SEE direction. The Xiluodu Reservoir, located approximately 225 km from the epicenter, was less affected by this earthquake, and the seismic activity near the reservoir remained relatively unchanged. In this study, post-earthquake seismicity in the vicinity of the Ms6.8 Luding earthquake was analyzed and predicted by numerical simulation, providing a scientific basis for earthquake prediction and disaster reduction.

The precise decomposition of P/S waves in multicomponent seismic data is critical for seismic imaging. Inaccuracies in this decomposition can result in migration images with biased amplitudes and undesirable crosstalk artifacts. Although vector decomposition (VD) methods are effective, they rely on the availability of elastic parameters at the acquisition surface. Therefore, we propose a data-driven deep-learning (DL)-P/S-VD method that eliminates the need for prior elastic parameter information. We used publicly available elastic models to generate training datasets by simulating multicomponent data and their amplitude-preserving P-/S-wave components using the decoupled elastic wave equation. Our analysis explores the impact of the loss function type, output channel quantity, and direct wave removal on the generalization ability of DL-PSVD. The critical insights from the numerical experiments include the superior generalization ability of DL-PSVD using two channels when the P-/S-wave energy distribution is highly unbalanced. Moreover, DL-PSVD exhibits improved generalization ability using four channels for observed data with removed direct waves. Finally, the L1 loss function is more effective for DL-PSVD’s generalization ability than the L2 loss function. Overall, the proposed DL-PSVD is a promising method for automatic P-/S-wave VD without requiring prior elastic parameter information.

This study constructed a high-resolution seismic catalog of 1,623 earthquakes that had occurred within 32 days in the Wulong Yinpan Reservoir area by using the deep-learning picking algorithm PhaseNet and the earthquake-location procedure Loc-Flow. A hidden fault extending up to approximately 20 km within the reservoir area was identified through analysis of precise earthquake locations and geological strata. We proposed that the increase in pore pressure caused by the intrusion of reservoir water in the sealed limestone layer results in induced seismicity along the hidden fault. Our finding sheds new insight on the importance of fluid pathways and fluid pressure in reservoir-induced seismicity and can facilitate seismic risk assessment in reservoir regions.

The 12-phase rectifier circuit has been widely used in ships, subways, and other systems due to its advantages of high voltage level and high power capacity. As the voltage and current levels, the power capacity increases, leading to higher levels of ${{dv}/ {dt}}$ and ${{di} / {dt}}$, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) becoming increasingly significant. Therefore, it is pivotal to study the mechanism of conducted EMI in the 12-phase rectifier circuit to establish the foundation for the targeted EMI suppression. At present, there is scarce literature on the generation mechanism of conducted EMI in the rectifier circuit with more than three phases. In addition, there is no existing prediction method for conducted EMI in a 12-phase rectifier circuit combined with the actual switching waveform. Therefore, this article proposes a conducted EMI modeling method for arbitrary 12-phase rectifier circuits with the actual switching waveform based on state transition. This method can not only give the theoretical calculation model of differential mode (DM) and common mode (CM) conducted EMI but also achieve the quantitative prediction of DM and CM conducted EMI combined with the actual switching process. A 12-phase rectifier module is taken as an example to validate the proposed method through circuit simulation and experiment. Furthermore, the influence of unbalanced impedance and the unbalanced power supply on the EMI of the 12-phase rectifier circuit is analyzed. Unbalanced impedance will result in more high-frequency harmonics for the DM, and the unbalanced power supply voltage will result in more high-frequency harmonics for both the DM and CM.

Studying the statistical characteristics of primary reflection coefficients is crucial for gaining a deeper understanding of the structure of the Earth’s rock layers. In this study, we collected 686 logging data from scientific ocean drilling sites worldwide, and after careful data cleaning, 328 logging data remained. Using a data-driven approach, we constructed an overall score index to measure the quality of the fit for various distribution models. This index comprised metrics, including the residual sum of squares (RSSs), Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) statistics, Wasserstein distance, and energy distance. From 80 distribution models, top 5 with the best overall fitting performance were the Johnson SU (Johnsonsu), $T$ , Tukey lambda, generalized normal, and double Weibull distributions. Further comparison of goodness-of-fit metrics that revealed the Johnsonsu distribution demonstrated the optimal fit for the primary probability distribution of reflection coefficients. In addition, logging data from three onshore wells in China’s Dongying Shengli Oilfield provided validation support for the Johnsonsu distribution. Our results illustrated the advantages of the Johnsonsu distribution for simulating primary reflection coefficients and provided approximate parameter ranges for fitting the distribution.

This paper investigates a nonlinear axisymmetric magneto-heat coupling problem described by the quasi-static Maxwell’s equations and a heat equation. The coupling between them is provided through the temperature-dependent electric conductivity. The behavior of the material is defined by an anhysteretic 𝑯-𝑩 curve. The magnetic flux across a meridian section of the medium gives rise to the magnetic field equation with the unknown nonlocal boundary condition. We present a variational formulation for this coupling problem and prove its solvability in terms of the Rothe method. The nonlinearity is handled by the theory of monotone operators. We also suggest a discrete decoupled scheme to solve this problem by employing the finite element method and show some numerical results in the final section.

A series of large strike-slip and thrust faults have developed in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau since the Late Cenozoic, with strong and active tectonic activity and frequent occurrences of large earthquakes. Modulation of regional tectonic stress distribution, strain fields, and seismic hazards has not been well studied. This study introduces a three-dimensional viscoelastic finite element numerical model to calculate crustal stress and strain rate fields under current tectonic loading. The preliminary results show that the direction of the horizontal principal compressive stress rate and compressive horizontal principal strain rate in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau rotate clockwise as a whole, and this rotation is more significant in the southeast direction because of the block of the Alxa and the Ordos blocks. The NE-SW horizontal principal compressive stress rate and SE horizontal tensile stress rate dominate the entire study region. The maximum value of the horizontal principal compressive strain rate at a depth of 0 km in the model is approximately 4×10 −8yr −1near the East Kunlun fault and is smaller in the stable Alxa and Ordos blocks at approximately 1×10 −8yr −1. The calculated regional stress state is in good agreement with the actual focal mechanism solution, indicating that strike slip and thrust stress fields dominate the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. The Altyn Tagh, East Kunlun, and Haiyuan faults demonstrate that the maximum shear strain rate gradually decreases eastward, and the decrease in the maximum shear strain rate value is absorbed by orogenic uplift and crustal shortening at its boundaries. The western section of the Altyn Tagh fault, west to middle sections of the East Kunlun fault, and west to middle sections of the Haiyuan fault will have high seismic hazards in the future.

The detection of electromagnetic power in space is essential for the safe operation of electronic equipment systems. However, as the electromagnetic wave application scenarios become increasingly extensive and complex, it takes a serious challenge to effectively detect the power distribution of fixed-frequency electromagnetic waves over a large area at the same time. This article proposes a metasurface microwave power detector based on a metal resonant disk and load resistors. The detector unit cells can form array of any shape and size, enabling the detection of electromagnetic wave power at arbitrary spatial sizes. The detector unit cell consists of a metal resonant disk, a dielectric layer, a metal backplane, and load resistors. The metal resonant disk converts the received microwave to resonant current by resonance; then, the resonant current flows through the load resistors and is converted as Joule heat, and finally, the microwave power density can be detected by analyzing the heat signal. Simulation results demonstrate that the detector exhibits high absorption efficiency, wide detection angle, and polarization insensitivity. Furthermore, the detector can detect the polarization state of the microwave without any attachments. To verify the proposed method, a $10\times10$ array model is fabricated and measured, and the measured results are found to be consistent with the simulation results. Overall, besides the excellent detection performance and flexibility, the proposed detector also has the advantages of simple structure and low production cost, providing a new solution for large-area microwave power detection.

To reveal the microbial community composition of regional shallow porous brackish groundwater and its response characteristics to groundwater environment, the first and second aquifers in Taocheng District, Hengshui City were selected, and 10 groundwater source samples were collected for hydrochemical analysis and microbial 16S RNA gene V4–V5 regional sequencing. The results showed that the shallow brackish groundwater in the study area is weakly alkaline and has high ion content. The hydrochemical types are SO4·Cl-Na·Mg type and HCO3·Cl-Na·Mg type as a whole. The spatial zonation of the abundance and diversity of groundwater microorganisms is obvious. The number of endemic bacteria in groundwater from upstream, midstream to downstream is 11, 135 and 22 respectively, with a total of 22 bacteria. Proteobacteriais the most dominant in groundwater level (38.82%–86.88%), and there are obvious differences in different sections. At the genus level, the main dominant species in each group and sample are Pseudomonasand Hydrogenophaga. In terms of composition difference, Pseudohongiella, Pseudorhodobacterand Limnohabitansare the representatives of UR, MR and LR. On the whole, the composition of flora in groundwater in the study area is sensitive and closely related to hydrochemical processes. Species abundance is affected by alkaline and high salinity environmental indicators, while species diversity is related to depth and dissolved oxygen in weak reduction environment.

The crystallization experiment of molten rare earth (RE) slag under different cooling rates was carried out. The characteristics of element migration and phase distribution during RE phase crystallization were studied by using different equipment. The experimental results show that there are two RE phases in the RE slag, namely (Ca, Ce, La)5(SiO4)6F and (Ca,Ce,La,Mg)3(Ti,Al,Nb)2O7. During the cooling crystallization process of molten RE slag, Ca and P elements in the RE phase of (Ca,Ce,La)5(SiO4)6F migrate from inside to outside, and finally gather at the outer edge of the phase to form phase Ca3(PO4)2. The RE phase (Ca,Ce,La)5(SiO4)6F is distributed inside the furnace-cooled slag, and the RE phase (Ca,Ce,La,Mg)3(Ti,Al,Nb)2O7is distributed in the surface layer of the furnace-cooled slag. And based on the phase distribution characteristics, the central hollowing method is proposed to realize the preliminary enrichment of valuable elements Ti, Nb and RE in RE slag.

The upper few hundreds of meters of the crust often hosts leaky aquifers. Quantifying leakage is important if those aquifers are used as a water resource. The responses of water level to external forcing such as tides and barometric pressure changes offer the opportunity to measure aquifer hydrogeological properties and monitor possible changes in those properties. Around the Huayingshan faults adjacent to Sichuan and Chongqing provinces, China, inclined fold‐and‐thrust belts form the crust, and frequent earthquakes might impact aquifers in the shallow crust that are used for drinking water. We introduce a new computational approach for continuous modeling of water level changes in response to barometric pressure variations to identify when the signals are reliable and then determine values of aquifer transmissivity and aquitard hydraulic diffusivity. Computed aquifer transmissivity agrees with values from well tests. We obtain horizontal and vertical hydraulic parameters for more than 10 years (from 2008 to 2019). Of the six wells studied, five have aquitard vertical hydraulic diffusivities at least two orders of magnitude greater than aquifer horizontal transmissivity. Although several regional and teleseismic earthquakes caused changes in water levels in one of the wells with relatively low vertical permeability, we do not see clear changes in hydraulic properties in response to the earthquakes. We also identify small long‐term trends and seasonal variations in hydrogeological properties. Surface water and shallow groundwater can infiltrate into deeper aquifers used to supply water. Quantifying this leakage is important for assessing the risk of contamination and managing water resources. One way to measure leakage and to monitor how it might change over time, is to record how variations in atmospheric pressure caused by weather modify water levels in wells. Pressure variations at the surface affect pressure at depth and lead to groundwater flow. By monitoring water level changes, it is thus possible to determine properties of the subsurface and leakage from aquifers. We apply this approach to a set of wells in China in a groundwater system that provides water to >20 million people. We find that reliable estimates of subsurface properties can be obtained from atmospheric pressure variations over time periods greater than about one day. Over the 10‐year period we study, we also find no significant changes in subsurface properties. Continuous hydraulic properties obtained from barometric response of water level with improved calculation methodVertical leakage found in Jurassic Shaximiao shallow crust, aquifer properties from on‐site pumping tests match barometric calculationsChuan‐Yu shallow groundwater susceptible to contamination from surface sources Continuous hydraulic properties obtained from barometric response of water level with improved calculation method Vertical leakage found in Jurassic Shaximiao shallow crust, aquifer properties from on‐site pumping tests match barometric calculations Chuan‐Yu shallow groundwater susceptible to contamination from surface sources

Magnitude estimation is a critical task in seismology, and conventional methods usually require dense seismic station arrays to provide data with sufficient spatiotemporal distribution. In this context, we propose the Earthquake Graph Network (EQGraphNet) to enhance the performance of single-station magnitude estimation. The backbone of the proposed model consists of eleven convolutional neural network layers and ten RCGL modules, where a RCGL combines a Residual Connection and a Graph convolutional Layer capable of mitigating the over-smoothing problem and simultaneously extracting temporal features of seismic signals. Our work uses the STanford EArthquake Dataset for model training and performance testing. Compared with three existing deep learning models, EQGraphNet demonstrates improved accuracy for both local magnitude and duration magnitude scales. To evaluate the robustness, we add natural background noise to the model input and find that EQGraphNet achieves the best results, particularly for signals with lower signal-to-noise ratios. Additionally, by replacing various network components and comparing their estimation performances, we illustrate the contribution of each part of EQGraphNet, validating the rationality of our approach. We also demonstrate the generalization capability of our model across different earthquakes occurring environments, achieving mean errors of ±0.1 units. Furthermore, by demonstrating the effectiveness of deeper architectures, this work encourages further exploration of deeper GNN models for both multi-station and single-station magnitude estimation.

Background & aims: The present study utilized extracted computed tomography radiomics features to classify the gross tumor volume and normal liver tissue in hepatocellular carcinoma by mainstream machine learning methods, aiming to establish an automatic classification model. Methods: We recruited 104 pathologically confirmed hepatocellular carcinoma patients for this study. GTV and normal liver tissue samples were manually segmented into regions of interest and randomly divided into five-fold cross-validation groups. Dimensionality reduction using LASSO regression. Radiomics models were constructed via logistic regression, support vector machine (SVM), random forest, Xgboost, and Adaboost algorithms. The diagnostic efficacy, discrimination, and calibration of algorithms were verified using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) analyses and calibration plot comparison. Results: Seven screened radiomics features excelled at distinguishing the gross tumor area. The Xgboost machine learning algorithm had the best discrimination and comprehensive diagnostic performance with an AUC of 0.9975 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.9973–0.9978] and mean MCC of 0.9369. SVM had the second best discrimination and diagnostic performance with an AUC of 0.9846 (95% CI: 0.9835– 0.9857), mean Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC)of 0.9105, and a better calibration. All other algorithms showed an excellent ability to distinguish between gross tumor area and normal liver tissue (mean AUC 0.9825, 0.9861,0.9727,0.9644 for Adaboost, random forest, logistic regression, naivem Bayes algorithm respectively). Conclusion: CT radiomics based on machine learning algorithms can accurately classify GTV and normal liver tissue, while the Xgboost and SVM algorithms served as the best complementary algorithms.

Partial substitution of chemical fertilizers by organic amendments is adopted widely for promoting the availability of soil phosphorus (P) in agricultural production. However, few studies have comprehensively evaluated the effects of long-term organic substitution on soil P availability and microbial activity in greenhouse vegetable fields. A 10-year (2009–2019) field experiment was carried out to investigate the impacts of organic fertilizer substitution on soil P pools, phosphatase activities and the microbial community, and identify factors that regulate these soil P transformation characteristics. Four treatments included 100% chemical N fertilizer (4CN), 50% substitution of chemical N by manure (2CN+2MN), straw (2CN+2SN), and combined manure with straw (2CN+1MN+1SN). Compared with the 4CN treatment, organic substitution treatments increased celery and tomato yields by 6.9−13.8% and 8.6−18.1%, respectively, with the highest yields being in the 2CN+1MN+1SN treatment. After 10 years of fertilization, organic substitution treatments reduced total P and inorganic P accumulation, increased the concentrations of available P, organic P, and microbial biomass P, and promoted phosphatase activities (alkaline and acid phosphomonoesterase, phosphodiesterase, and phytase) and microbial growth in comparison with the 4CN treatment. Further, organic substitution treatments significantly increased soil C/P, and the partial least squares path model (PLS-PM) revealed that the soil C/P ratio directly and significantly affected phosphatase activities and the microbial biomass and positively influenced soil P pools and vegetable yield. Partial least squares (PLS) regression demonstrated that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi positively affected phosphatase activities. Our results suggest that organic fertilizer substitution can promote soil P transformation and availability. Combining manure with straw was more effective than applying these materials separately for developing sustainable P management practices.

This paper investigates the direct effects of Supply Chain Integration (SCI) and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on firm performance, as well as the moderator effect of ICT. In the Abossey-Okai business enclave, the cross-sectional method was used to distribute questionnaires to owners of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to evaluate the various dimensions of the study. The results indicate that all SCI dimensions (customer, internal, and supplier) had a positive and significant effect on firm performance. Also, ICT had a positive moderating influence on the relationship between SCI dimensions and firm performance. ICT had a significant impact on firm performance. Practically, this research will assist owners and managers of SMEs in coordinating with various departments and implementing internal practices that will build up cooperation by sharing vital information and instituting ways of decreasing cost. With these structures in place, it will help focal firms cooperate and coordinate well with external players diligently and access vital information to improve overall performance. Examining the individual dimensional effect of SCI on SMEs performance and extending the framework by individually moderating the relationship with ICT tools, this research adds to SCI’s and ICT’s available literature.

Under the shadow of the far-field effect of the India-Eurasia collision, the Tianshan orogenic belt underwent tectonic re-activation in the Cenozoic, accompanied by strong tectonic deformation and frequent large earthquakes. Bounded by two rigid cratonic blocks located in its north and south, a series of marginal foreland fold-and-thrust belts are developed within the Tianshan orogenic belt and continue to develop to the bilateral pull-apart basins. Meanwhile, the faults in the orogenic belt are reactivated. The deformation caused by thrust-related structure accounts for larger than 50% of the total convergence of the Tianshan Mountains, which results in the most active structure with large earthquakes in the Tianshan area. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the dynamic process of the newly generated and reactivated thrust-nappe structures in Tianshan orogen via numerical modeling. This paper selects a classical cross-section profile in the western segment of the Southwest Tianshan Mountains, which contains the Kalpin-Maidan-Nalati-Kemin fault system from the south to the north. We attempt to establish a two-dimensional plane strain, viscoelastic finite element model, by treating the regional faults as a whole fault system and considering the topography, fault geometry, and GPS data. The displacement and stress fields of the model are retrieved, the short-term cumulative deformation field of the overall fault system is analyzed, and the rate of Coulomb failure stress change of each fault is also considered. The results show that the deformation is concentrated in the middle and southern parts of the Southwest Tianshan Mountains. In contrast, the deformation of the Kemin fault in the north is relatively small. According to the Coulomb failure stress changes of these four faults and the historical earthquake catalog, the potential seismicity of each fault is qualitatively analyzed. Our preliminary results suggest that the possibility of large earthquake occurrence is higher in the Kalpin fault, Maidan fault, and Nalati fault but lower in the Kemin fault in the near future.

Offshore structures are subject to environmental loads such as waves, currents, or wind, which may induce cyclic lateral vibration at the foundations. These cyclic vibration loadings may affect the rheological property of the sediments adjacent to the foundation and the stability of the structures. This is especially true when the structures are founded on cohesive sedimentary bed. In this study, the viscosity of soft cohesive sediments adjacent to a vibrating pillar was considered, and as a primary index of the rheological characteristics of the sediments. The investigation was performed using the sinking ball method. The experimental findings indicated that the viscosity of cohesive sediments decrease with increase of the liquidity index and vibration intensity. A simple semi-empirical formula was proposed. The structures of the cohesive sediments were destroyed due to the mechanical vibration, and the sediments were fluidized during vibration loads. The shear strength of the cohesive sediments decreased with increased vibration intensity, not only because of the increased pore water pressure but also the decreased viscosity of cohesive sediments following sediment fluidization.

Phosphorus (P) leaching is a major problem in greenhouse vegetable production with excessive P fertilizer application. Substitution of inorganic P fertilizer with organic fertilizer is considered a potential strategy to reduce leaching, but the effect of organic material addition on soil P transformation and leaching loss remains unclear. The X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy technique can determine P speciation at the molecular level. Here, we integrated XANES and chemical methods to explore P speciation and transformation in a 10-year field experiment with four treatments: 100% chemical fertilizer (4CN), 50% chemical N and 50% manure N (2CN+2MN), 50% chemical N and 50% straw N (2CN+2SN), and 50% chemical N and 25% manure N plus 25% straw N (2CN+2MSN). Compared with the 4CN treatment, the organic substitution treatments increased the content of labile P by 13.7–54.2% in the 0–40 cm soil layers, with newberyite and brushite being the main constituents of the labile P. Organic substitution treatments decreased the stable P content; hydroxyapatite was the main species and showed an increasing trend with increasing soil depth. Straw addition (2CN+2SN and 2CN+2MSN) resulted in a higher moderately labile P content and a lower labile P content in the subsoil (60–100 cm). Moreover, straw addition significantly reduced the concentrations and amounts of total P, dissolved inorganic P (DIP), and particulate P in leachate. DIP was the main form transferred by leaching and co-migrated with dissolved organic carbon. Partial least squares path modeling revealed that straw addition decreased P leaching by decreasing labile P and increasing moderately labile P in the subsoil. Overall, straw addition is beneficial for developing sustainable P management strategies due to increasing labile P in the upper soil layer for the utilization of plants, and decreasing P migration and leaching.

China has planned and built several world-class cascade high dams in Jinsha River, Dadu River, Lancang River, and Yarlung Zangbo River. The complex geological conditions in the reservoir area and numerous large-scale landslide bodies make the potential disaster risk of overflowing and cascade dam failure caused by landslide-generated tsunami under increasing severe situations. However, the study on describing and predicting the complex dynamic processes of generation, propagation, overflowing, wave setup, and the interaction between tsunami and lakeshore has not been systematically carried out. Based on the high-order Boussinesq-type equations, the development of the dynamic system of tsunamis in lakes coupled with the landslide process is realized using the finite volume method in this paper. To verify the accuracy and reliability of the study, the Xiluodu Reservoir is selected as the object to simulate the potential landslide-generated tsunamis. The factors such as the generation and propagation of tsunamis, dam overflowing, and wave setup in the downstream river are quantitatively evaluated and analyzed. The constructed landslide with a total volume of 24×106m3generates a near-field wave amplitude of about 28 m. The maximum wave run-up height is about 95 m, the volume of the dam overflowing water up to 2.13×106m3, and the maximum wave height above the dam crest presents an M-shaped distribution. This LGWs event raises the downstream water level by nearly 40 m. The results show that the risk of landslide-generated tsunamis in the reservoir area in China cannot be ignored. The developed Boussinesq-type equations coupled with the landslide dynamics can simulate the whole process of generation, propagation, runup, and estimating the overflowing water volume of the tsunamis in the lake, laying a foundation for the quantitative risk assessment of tsunamis in lakes of high cascade dams in China.

Knowledge of the stability of soil organic C (SOC) is vital for assessing SOC dynamics and cycling in agroecosystems. Studies have documented the regulatory effect of fertilization on SOC stability in bulk soils. However, how fertilization alters organic C stability at the aggregate scale in agroecosystems remains largely unclear. This study aimed to appraise the changes of organic C stability within soil aggregates after eight years of fertilization (chemical vs.organic fertilization) in a greenhouse vegetable field in Tianjin, China. Changes in the stability of organic C in soil aggregates were evaluated by four methods, i.e., the modified Walkley-Black method (chemical method), 13C NMR spectroscopy (spectroscopic method), extracellular enzyme assay (biological method), and thermogravimetric analysis (thermogravimetric method). The aggregates were isolated and separated by a wet-sieving method into four fractions: large macroaggregates (>2 mm), small macroaggregates (0.25–2 mm), microaggregates (0.053–0.25 mm), and silt/clay fractions (<0.053 mm). The results showed that organic amendments increased the organic C content and reduced the chemical, spectroscopic, thermogravimetric, and biological stability of organic C within soil aggregates relative to chemical fertilization alone. Within soil aggregates, the content of organic C was the highest in microaggregates and decreased in the order microaggregates>macroaggregates>silt/clay fractions. Meanwhile, organic C spectroscopic, thermogravimetric, and biological stability were the highest in silt/clay fractions, followed by macroaggregates and microaggregates. Moreover, the modified Walkley-Black method was not suitable for interpreting organic C stability at the aggregate scale due to the weak correlation between organic C chemical properties and other stability characteristics within the soil aggregates. These findings provide scientific insights at the aggregate scale into the changes of organic C properties under fertilization in greenhouse vegetable fields in China.

This paper explores the evolution of geoscientific inquiry, tracing the progression from traditional physics-based models to modern data-driven approaches facilitated by significant advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and data collection techniques. Traditional models, which are grounded in physical and numerical frameworks, provide robust explanations by explicitly reconstructing underlying physical processes. However, their limitations in comprehensively capturing Earth’s complexities and uncertainties pose challenges in optimization and real-world applicability. In contrast, contemporary data-driven models, particularly those utilizing machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), leverage extensive geoscience data to glean insights without requiring exhaustive theoretical knowledge. ML techniques have shown promise in addressing Earth science-related questions. Nevertheless, challenges such as data scarcity, computational demands, data privacy concerns, and the “black-box” nature of AI models hinder their seamless integration into geoscience. The integration of physics-based and data-driven methodologies into hybrid models presents an alternative paradigm. These models, which incorporate domain knowledge to guide AI methodologies, demonstrate enhanced efficiency and performance with reduced training data requirements. This review provides a comprehensive overview of geoscientific research paradigms, emphasizing untapped opportunities at the intersection of advanced AI techniques and geoscience. It examines major methodologies, showcases advances in large-scale models, and discusses the challenges and prospects that will shape the future landscape of AI in geoscience. The paper outlines a dynamic field ripe with possibilities, poised to unlock new understandings of Earth’s complexities and further advance geoscience exploration.

Boussinesq-type wave models improve traditional shallow water models by incorporating higher-order terms that account for dispersion effects during wave propagation. Essentially, they are applicable when the wave number times water depth (kd) does not satisfy the shallow water condition (kd<<1). BWEFoam, introduced in this work, is implemented in the finite-volume-method based OpenFOAM framework. The high-order Boussinesq-type equations are employed as the governing equations to incorporate the effect of dispersion. The effects of bottom friction and momentum diffusion are also integrated as source terms. Validation against a dam break scenario confirms its accuracy compared to analytical solutions while its ability to capture dispersion effects is demonstrated in a solitary wave propagation simulation. BWEFoam broadens the scope of water wave simulations, offering improved relevance in realistic scenarios where the dispersion effect cannot be neglected.

NOAA Daily Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature (DOISST) and other similar sea surface temperature (SST) products indicate that the globally averaged SST set a new daily record in March 2023. The record‐high SST in March was immediately broken in April, and new daily records were set again in July and August 2023. The SST anomaly (SSTA) persisted at a record high from mid‐March to the remainder of 2023. Our analysis indicates that the record‐high SSTs, and associated marine heatwaves (MHWs) and even super‐MHWs, are attributed to three factors: (a) a long‐term warming trend, (b) a shift to the warm phase of the multi‐decadal Pacific‐Atlantic‐Arctic (PAA) mode, and (c) the transition from the triple‐dip succession of La Niña events to the 2023–24 El Niño event. Observation‐based analyses such as the NOAA DOISST show that global mean SST reached a record high in April 2023, breaking the previous record of global mean SST set in March 2016, and the April 2023 record of global mean SST was broken again in July and August 2023. Our study indicates that these record‐breaking SSTs in 2023 resulted from record‐high SSTs over much of the global oceans and associated with widespread marine heatwaves (MHWs). Further analyses show that the record‐high SSTs are attributed to a long‐term‐warming trend associated with increasing greenhouse gases, a shift to the warm phase of a multidecadal Pacific‐Atlantic‐Arctic (PAA) mode, and a warming associated with the transition from 2020–23 La Niña events to the 2023–24 El Niño event. Global mean sea surface temperature (SST) in 2023 set a record highRecord‐high SST was associated with widespread marine heatwaves (MHWs) and super‐MHWs throughout the oceansRecord‐high SST was attributed to the multi‐decadal warming trend, warm phase of Pacific‐Atlantic‐Arctic mode, and 2023–24 El Niño event Global mean sea surface temperature (SST) in 2023 set a record high Record‐high SST was associated with widespread marine heatwaves (MHWs) and super‐MHWs throughout the oceans Record‐high SST was attributed to the multi‐decadal warming trend, warm phase of Pacific‐Atlantic‐Arctic mode, and 2023–24 El Niño event

The porous morphology and secondary phase originated from lithium evaporation have deteriorated dielectric properties of Li2Mg3SnO6ceramic. To solve this issue, a set of non-stoichiometric Li2Mg3-2xSn1-xO6(x = −0.04, −0.02, 0.00, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06) samples were prepared by the solid-state method. Subsequently, the effects of non-stoichiometry on the structural evolution, microstructure and dielectric properties of rock salt-type Li2Mg3-2xSn1-xO6ceramics were investigated. The Rietveld refinement and SEM results confirmed that moderate non-stoichiometry could eliminate secondary phase and promote densification. For −0.04 ≤ x ≤ 0.04, the upward tendency of dielectric constant (εr) and quality factor (Q×f) was dominated by the improved phase purity and densification. As 0.04 ≤ x, the deterioration of dielectric characteristics was explained by the dielectric polarizability, lattice energy and packing fraction. The temperature coefficient of resonance frequency (τf) shifted from −36.41 to −27.23 ppm/°C, which could be attributed to the poor thermostability of Mg2SnO4(τf = −64 ppm/°C) and enhanced octahedra bond energy.

The insect ryanodine receptor (RyR) is a novel target of the anthranilic and phthalic insecticides, which have high activity against lepidopteran insects. Several diamide insecticides have been used to control pests in orchards in China. To enhance our understanding of the effects of diamides on RyRs, full-length cDNAs were isolated and characterized from the summer fruit tortrix moth, Adoxophyes orana, which is the most severe pest of stone and pome trees worldwide. In addition, the modulation of AoRyRmRNA expression by diamide insecticides was investigated. The AoRyRmRNA obtained had an open reading frame (ORF) of 15 402 bp nucleotides encoding 5 113 amino acids, and shared high and low identity with its orthologs in other insects and mammals of 77–92 and 45–47% identity, respectively. One alternative splice site with two exclusive exons was revealed in AoRyR(a/b). The usage of exon was more frequent in eggs and larvae than in pupae and adults. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that AoRyRmRNA was expressed at all developmental stages, especially in eggs, male pupae and male adults. The expression levels of AoRyRmRNA in the whole body were up-regulated markedly after 3rd instar larvae were treated with chlorantraniliprole at LC10, LC20and LC50dosages. The results could provide the basis for further functional studies of AoRyR and for the development of new chemicals with selective activity against insects.

ABSTRACTThe viscosities of high titanium containing slag with TiO2ranging from 23 to 43 mass%, Al2O39 mass% and CaO/SiO2ranging from 0.3 to 0.7 were experimentally determined by the rotating cylinder method. Experiments were conducted in the temperature range of 1573–1873 K. The effects of TiO2, basicity, and temperature on viscosity were studied. The experimental results indicated that above the liquidus temperatures, the viscosities decrease with TiO2and basicity increasing. And increasing on CaO content should be more effective in depolymerizing slag structure and lowering viscosity compared to TiO2addition. Moreover TiO2behaved as a weak acid oxide in the experiment slags by XPS analysis. Based on the experimental data of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–TiO2quaternary system, the activation energy of viscous flow was calculated between 115 and 141 kJ mol−1depending on the slag composition.

The viscosities of high titanium containing slag with TiO2ranging from 23 to 43 mass%, Al2O39 mass% and CaO/SiO2ranging from 0.3 to 0.7 were experimentally determined by the rotating cylinder method. Experiments were conducted in the temperature range of 1573–1873 K. The effects of TiO2, basicity, and temperature on viscosity were studied. The experimental results indicated that above the liquidus temperatures, the viscosities decrease with TiO2and basicity increasing. And increasing on CaO content should be more effective in depolymerizing slag structure and lowering viscosity compared to TiO2addition. Moreover TiO2behaved as a weak acid oxide in the experiment slags by XPS analysis. Based on the experimental data of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–TiO2quaternary system, the activation energy of viscous flow was calculated between 115 and 141 kJ mol-1depending on the slag composition.

Soil aggregation, microbial community, and functions (i.e., extracellular enzyme activities; EEAs) are critical factors affecting soil C dynamics and nutrient cycling. We assessed soil aggregate distribution, stability, nutrients, and microbial characteristics within >2, 0.25–2, 0.053–0.25, and <0.053 mm aggregates, based on an eight-year field experiment in a greenhouse vegetable field in China. The field experiment includes four treatments: 100% N fertilizer (CF), 50% substitution of N fertilizer with manure (M), straw (S), and manure plus straw (MS). The amounts of nutrient (N, P2O5, and K2O) input were equal in each treatment. Results showed higher values of mean weight diameter in organic-amended soils (M, MS, and S, 2.43–2.97) vs.CF-amended soils (1.99). Relative to CF treatment, organic amendments had positive effects on nutrient (i.e., available N, P, and soil organic C (SOC)) conditions, microbial (e.g., bacterial and fungal) growth, and EEAs in the >0.053 mm aggregates, but not in the <0.053 mm aggregates. The 0.25–0.053 mm aggregates exhibited better nutrient conditions and hydrolytic activity, while the <0.053 mm aggregates had poor nutrient conditions and higher oxidative activity among aggregates, per SOC, available N, available P, and a series of enzyme activities. These results indicated that the 0.25–0.053 mm (<0.053 mm) aggregates provide suitable microhabitats for hydrolytic (oxidative) activity. Interestingly, we found that hydrolytic and oxidative activities were mainly impacted by fertilization (58.5%, P<0.01) and aggregate fractions (50.5%, P<0.01), respectively. The hydrolytic and oxidative activities were significantly (P<0.01) associated with nutrients (SOC and available N) and pH, electrical conductivity, respectively. Furthermore, SOC, available N, and available P closely (P<0.05) affected microbial communities within >0.25, 0.25–0.053, and <0.053 mm aggregates, respectively. These findings provide several insights into microbial characteristics within aggregates under different fertilization modes in the greenhouse vegetable production system in China.

Iontronics are effective in modulating electrical properties through the electric double layers (EDLs) assisted with ionic migration/arrangement, which are highly promising for unconventional electronics, ionic sensory devices, and flexible interactive interface. Proton conductors with the smallest and most abundant protons (H+) can realize a faster migration/polarization under electric field to form the EDL with higher capacitance. Here, a versatile triboiontronic MoS2transistor viaproton conductor by sophisticated combination of triboelectric modulation and protons migration has been demonstrated. This device utilizes triboelectric potential originated from mechanical displacement to modulate the electrical properties of transistors viaprotons migration/accumulation. It shows superior electrical properties, including high current on/off ratio over 106, low cutoff current (∼0.04 pA), and steep switching properties (89 μm/dec). Pioneering noise tests are conducted to the tribotronic devices to exclude the possible noise interference introduced by mechanical displacement. The versatile triboiontronic MoS2transistor viaproton conductor has been utilized for mechanical behavior derived logic devices and an artificial sensory neuron system. This work represents the reliable and effective triboelectric potential modulation on electronic transportation through protonic dielectrics, which is highly desired for theoretical study of tribotronic gating, active mechanosensation, self-powered electronic skin, artificial intelligence, etc.

In this paper, a simple and pollution-free low temperature hydrothermal method for preparing rutile phase TiO2 film was proposed. When TiCl4 solution hydrolyzed in ice-water mixed DI water, rutile TiO2 can be prepared at a low temperature 70 °C, which is much lower than those of conventional Sol-Gel methods and hydrothermal process. XRD was carried out to analyze the crystal structure and confirmed the TiO2 film we prepared was pure rutile phase. The surface morphology was characterized using AFM. And XPS was also carried out to illustrate the chemical state of the elements.