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Printing of large-area solar panels necessitates advanced organic solar cells with thick active layers. However, increasing the active layer thickness typically leads to a marked drop in the power conversion efficiency. Here we developed an organic semiconductor regulator, called AT-β2O, to tune the crystallization sequence of the components in active layers. When adding AT-β2O in the donor (D18-Cl) and acceptor (N3) blend, N3 crystallizes behind D18-Cl, and this phenomenon is different from the co-crystallization observed in binary D18-Cl:N3 blends. This manipulation of crystallization dynamics is favourable to form bulk-heterojunction-gradient vertical phase separation in the active layer accompanied by the high crystallinity of the acceptor and balanced charge carrier mobilities in thick films. The resultant single-junction organic solar cells exhibited a certified power conversion efficiency of over 20%, as well as demonstrated exceptional adaptability across the active layer thicknesses (100–400 nm) and remarkable universality. Such breakthroughs enable large-area modules with a certified power conversion efficiency of 18.04%.

Cisplatin resistance is a major cause of therapeutic failure in patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as key regulators of human cancers; however, their modes of action in HGSOC remain largely unknown. Here, we provide evidence to demonstrate that lncRNA Platinum sensitivity-related LncRNA from Ascites-Derived Exosomes (PLADE) transmitted by ascites exosomes enhance platinum sensitivity in HGSOC. PLADE exhibited significantly decreased expression in ascites exosomes and tumor tissues, as well as in the corresponding metastatic tumors from patients with HGSOC cisplatin-resistance. Moreover, HGSOC patients with higher PLADE expression levels exhibited longer progression-free survival. Gain- and loss-of-function studies have revealed that PLADE promotes cisplatin sensitivity by suppressing cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and enhancing apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the functions of PLADE in increasing cisplatin sensitivity were proven to be transferred by exosomes to the cultured recipient cells and to the adjacent tumor tissues in mouse models. Mechanistically, PLADE binds to and downregulates heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D (HNRNPD) by VHL-mediated ubiquitination, thus inducing an increased amount of RNA: DNA hybrids (R-loop) and DNA damage, consequently promoting cisplatin sensitivity in HGSOC. Collectively, these results shed light on the understanding of the vital roles of long noncoding RNAs in cancers.

Trained immunity enhances the responsiveness of immune cells to subsequent infections or vaccinations. Here we demonstrate that pre-vaccination with bacteria-derived outer-membrane vesicles, which contain large amounts of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, can be used to potentiate, and enhance, tumour vaccination by trained immunity. Intraperitoneal administration of these outer-membrane vesicles to mice activates inflammasome signalling pathways and induces interleukin-1β secretion. The elevated interleukin-1β increases the generation of antigen-presenting cell progenitors. This results in increased immune response when tumour antigens are delivered, and increases tumour-antigen-specific T-cell activation. This trained immunity increased protection from tumour challenge in two distinct cancer models.

Doping technologies for 2-D materials, such as substitutional doping or molecular surface doping, inevitably introduce scattering caused by ionized dopants, resulting in carrier mobility degradation. Moreover, these processes are not CMOS-compatible and therefore hinder practical integration. In this study, we report the realization of remote doping and reduced carrier scattering in molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) field-effect transistor (FET) with silicon oxynitride/alumina (SiOxNy/AlOx) encapsulation layer fabricated by CMOS-compatible process. Charged dopants in SiOxNy remotely dope the underlying MoS2 channel by inserting a high- ${k}$ dielectric AlOx, keeping themselves spatially separated from the channel and contributing to an increase in carrier density and mobility. By depositing a charge modulation layer SiOxNy, it is possible to achieve an electron density change ( $\Delta {n}$ ) of $2.2\times 10^{{12}}$ cm $^{-{2}}$ . Additionally, the remotely doped MoS2 FETs exhibit improved contact and increased room-temperature mobility compared to the pristine MoS2 FETs. Furthermore, the temperature-dependent characterization of the remotely doped MoS2 FET demonstrates significant suppression of charged impurity scattering.

In tumor nanovaccines, nanocarriers enhance the delivery of tumor antigens to antigen-presenting cells (APCs), thereby ensuring the robust activation of tumor antigen-specific effector T-cells to kill tumor cells. Through employment of their high immunogenicity and nanosize, we have developed a “Plug-and-Display” delivery platform on the basis of bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) for tumor nanovaccines (NanoVac), which can rapidly display different tumor antigens and efficiently eliminate lung metastases of melanoma. In this study, we first upgraded the NanoVac to increase their antigen display efficiency. However, we found that the presence of a subcutaneous xenograft seriously hampered the efficiency of NanoVac to eliminate lung metastases, with the subcutaneous xenograft mimicking the primary tumor burden in clinical practice. The primary tumor secreted significant amounts of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and altered the epigenetic features of granulocyte monocyte precursor cells (GMPs) in the bone marrow, thus disrupting systemic immunity, particularly the function of APCs, and ultimately resulting in NanoVac failure to affect metastases. These changes in the systemic immune macroenvironment were plastic, and debulking surgery of primary tumor resection reversed the dysfunction of APCs and failure of NanoVac. These results demonstrate that, in addition to the formulation design of the tumor nanovaccines themselves, the systemic immune macroenvironment incapacitated by tumor development is another key factor that cannot be ignored to affect the efficiency of tumor nanovaccines, and the combination of primary tumor resection with NanoVac is a promising radical treatment for widely metastatic tumors.

Plasma renin activity (PRA) is recommended as the first screening indicator for primary aldosteronism. Immunoassays and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods have been developed for quantifying PRA, but the interchangeability across assays and laboratories was suboptimal, which predominantly related to the differences in the plasma incubation strategy. This study aims to establish and validate a designed comparison method based on LC-MS/MS. The sensitivity, matrix effect, precision, accuracy, and storage stability were validated according to the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institution (CLSI) C-62A guidelines. The plasma incubation procedure was optimized to achieve maximum PRA results. The short-term stability of PRA plasma was assessed at 4 °C and room temperature (RT) for specific time points. Differences from the baseline were calculated using a one-way analysis of variance. The designed comparison method for PRA measurement exhibits excellent performance characteristics. The results from the 2022 national external quality assessment scheme for PRA showed good consistency of the developed method with other LC-MS/MS methods (relative biases: −6.8% to 4.6%), which demonstrated the reliability of the established method. Two sets of generation buffers were optimized to maximize the renin activity. The acetate buffer was recommended to be used in laboratory practice due to better metrological sensitivity. PRA plasma is stable for one day at 4 °C and RT. In summary, a reliable, traceable, and reproducible LC-MS/MS method for determining PRA was well-established and validated. The recommended incubation protocol is hoped to reduce the discrepancy in Ang1 generation. The evaluated short-term stability for PRA plasma could provide flexibility in clinical practice.

Compared with traditional chemotherapeutics, vascular disruption agents (VDAs) have the advantages of rapidly blocking the supply of nutrients and starving tumors to death. Although the VDAs are effective under certain scenarios, this treatment triggers angiogenesis in the later stage of therapy that frequently leads to tumor recurrence and treatment failure. Additionally, the nonspecific tumor targeting and considerable side effects also impede the clinical applications of VDAs. Here we develop a customized strategy that combines a VDA with an anti-angiogenic drug (AAD) using mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) coated with platelet membrane for the self-assembled tumor targeting accumulation. The tailor-made nanoparticles accumulate in tumor tissues through the targeted adhesion of platelet membrane surface to damaged vessel sites, resulting in significant vascular disruption and efficient anti-angiogenesis in animal models. This study demonstrates the promising potential of combining VDA and AAD in a single nanoplatform for tumor eradication.

In this letter, the secure degrees of freedom (SDoF) of 2-user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) interference channel with an external ${N}$ -antenna cooperative jammer (CJ) is considered. In this model, each transmitter intends to send confidential messages to the corresponding receiver and keep secret with unintended receiver. Different from the previous studies on interference channels, our model has an external cooperative jammer, which can improve the SDoF by transmitting interference signals. We derive the converse and give the corresponding achievable schemes to determine the exact SDoF, and study the influence of CJ on the SDoF of this system. We find that adding one CJ antenna has the same effect as adding one transmitting antenna, and has a better effect than adding one receiving antenna. The converse is given by using vector extensions of the role of a helper and secrecy penalty lemmas. For arbitrary values of ${N}$ and ${M}$ , we provide different achievable schemes for the corresponding regimes by making use of the symbol extension and spatial alignment techniques.

In order to optimize the communication mechanism in the vehicular adHoc networks (VANETs), this paper presents an enhanced TDMA based cooperative MAC protocol called EVC-TDMA. In EVC-TDMA, when the vehicles need to transmit multi-hop messages, they choose relay nodes dynamically according to the relative speeds and buffer lengths. By monitoring the broadcasting messages, the other nodes can know the buffer lengths of the relay nodes, they will help transmit the relay messages when their buffer are idle or less. Considering the data arrive follows a Poison Point Process, this paper analyzes the nodes' buffer length based on a two-dimension Markov process. The simulation results show that EVC-TDMA can reduce the dropping rate and improve the throughput of the network.

Background: Enhancers are cis-regulatory elements that enhance gene expression on DNA sequences. Since most of enhancers are located far from transcription start sites, it is difficult to identify them. As other regulatory elements, the regions around enhancers contain a variety of features, which can help in enhancer recognition. Objective: The classification power of features differs significantly, the performances of existing methods that use one or a few features for identifying enhancer vary greatly. Therefore, evaluating the classification power of each feature can improve the predictive performance of enhancers. Methods: We present an evaluation method based on Information Gain (IG) that captures the entropy change of enhancer recognition according to features. To validate the performance of our method, experiments using the Single Feature Prediction Accuracy (SFPA) were conducted on each feature. Results: The average IG values of the sequence feature, transcriptional feature and epigenetic feature are 0.068, 0.213, and 0.299, respectively. Through SFPA, the average AUC values of the sequence feature, transcriptional feature and epigenetic feature are 0.534, 0.605, and 0.647, respectively. The verification results are consistent with our evaluation results. Conclusion: This IG-based method can effectively evaluate the classification power of features for identifying enhancers. Compared with sequence features, epigenetic features are more effective for recognizing enhancers.

Optical memory integrates the function of optical sensing in memory devices, remarkably promoting the interconnection between sensory and memory terminals. Silicon charge-coupled photodetectors and floating gate memory have been widely used in imaging and storage technologies, respectively. However, the heterogeneous integration of the two devices requires technological innovation and complex electrical connections. In this work, we adopt a three-dimensional layer stacking method to design a novel optical memory device. On the top of Si charge-coupled photodetectors, we successively deposit two-dimensional graphene, hexagonal boron nitride, and molybdenum disulfide as a floating gate layer, a tunneling layer, and a readout layer, respectively. By applying a gate bias on lightly doped Si, a deep depletion layer is formed with a high voltage potential drop. Under dark conditions, the depletion layer cannot be filled, and the electric field across the h-BN tunnel barrier is relatively small. Under light irradiation, the deep depletion layer is gradually filled, and the h-BN tunneling layer withstands the increasing electric field, resulting in charge storage in the floating gate layer. Based on this mechanism, the device exhibits a gate voltage-dependent operation mode, including an integrated optical sensing-memory mode and an electrically driven storage mode. Under moderate gate voltage, the device can effectively detect the optical information with varied intensity and store the optical information in the floating gate, displaying optically controlled memory characteristics. Our work demonstrates a compact device structure for optical memory and displays excellent optically controlled memory performance, which can be applied in artificial vision systems.

Time-difference method is a vitally significant algorithm for measuring natural gas flow with ultrasonic gas flowmeter. The key of this algorithm is to accurately measure the arrival time of ultrasonic signal. However, it is difficult to determine the feature points corresponding to the arrival time stably and accurately. To solve this problem, based on great feature recognition ability of deep learning, one-dimensional-convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) is utilized to determine the arrival time of ultrasonic signal according to the feature of the arrival time. First of all, a dataset, which includes different features such as different arrival time, different signal-to-noises (SNRs), etc., is used as a training set to train the 1D-CNN. Then, based on the size of the training set, an 1D-CNN is designed which includes three convolution and pooling layers and one fully connected layer to determine the arrival time, and the gas flow rate is calculated. To verify this method, an experimental ultrasonic gas flowmeter system is developed. By comparing with the typical method of determining arrival time, most of the deviations distribute close to zero and less than ±5 us using the proposed 1D-CNN, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed 1D-CNN method.

Enterprise financial risk refers to the uncertainty of financial status caused by various internal and external factors during investment, financing, operations, and other activities, which may result in losses for the enterprise. Agricultural group enterprises engage in diversified businesses and have a large number of transactions. Characteristics such as natural disasters, financing difficulties, and strong seasonality of income and expenditure make agricultural enterprises face greater financial risks. Based on the perspective of evidence fusion, this paper takes the JS Agricultural Reclamation Group as the research object, puts forward a financial risk early warning model based on evidence theory, and innovatively puts forward the basic probability assignment of evidence obtained by whitening weight function, and uses evidence theory to fuse uncertain risk information. This paper makes an empirical study of 420 subsidiaries of the group and selects 10 subsidiaries as case study objects. The results show that the model proposed in this study can improve the prediction accuracy of the group’s intelligent financial decision system and the existing literature and reduce the subjective factors and information loss in the risk assessment process. In addition, this study provides the probability interval of early warning results, which can expose small probability risks and provide a more reliable basis for regulators, enterprise managers, and investors to make efficient and correct decisions.

Partial epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from a localized pathological brain region. During the onset of partial epilepsy, the seizure evolution commonly exhibits typical timescale separation phenomenon. This timescale separation behavior can be mimicked by a paradigmatic model termed as Epileptor, which consists of coupled fast-slow neural populations via a permittivity variable. By incorporating permittivity noise into the Epileptor model, we show here that stochastic fluctuations of permittivity coupling participate in the modulation of seizure dynamics in partial epilepsy. In particular, introducing a certain level of permittivity noise can make the model produce more comparable seizure-like events that capture the temporal variability in realistic partial seizures. Furthermore, we observe that with the help of permittivity noise our stochastic Epileptor model can trigger the seizure dynamics even when it operates in the theoretical nonepileptogenic regime. These findings establish a deep mechanistic understanding on how stochastic fluctuations of permittivity coupling shape the seizure dynamics in partial epilepsy, and provide insightful biological implications.

In the field of satellite communication, there is a trend towards interconnecting satellites into a heterogeneous network. Inter-satellite links (ISLs) are used to transmit satellite management data, such as telemetry and telecommand data, as well as application data. The ground stations act as a management entity, which are connected with node satellites. This paper considers a routing problem with the aim of combining the satellite network with ground station management network to make integrated planning under the node satellite constraint. Based on the characteristic of the routing problem, ant colony optimisation is adopted to solve it. Two solution construction methods, i.e., the sequential method and concurrent method, are proposed. Experimental results on real data show that the concurrent ACO algorithm is better, and it can provide better data transmitting bandwidth of ISLs and save ground station management resources, which makes the algorithm suitable for real requirements.

Background: The detection of remote homology between protein sequences is a central problem in computational biology. Discriminative methods such as the support vector machine (SVM) are among the most effective approaches. Objective: Many SVM-based methods focus on finding useful representations of protein sequences using either explicit feature vector representations or kernel functions. Such representations may suffer from the peaking phenomenon in many machine-learning methods because the features are usually very large and may contain some noise. In addition, the dataset for the problem of remote homology detection is imbalanced as the number of negative samples is far greater than the number of positive samples. Method: Based on these observations, we propose a new method for reconstructing feature space based on latent semantic analysis (LSA) and hierarchical clustering. In addition, for detecting remote homology, we adopt an alternative evaluation method called the precision-recall (PR) curve & score instead of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC). Results: Compared to existing methods, the performance increased by 14% on the 3-gram features and 7% on the LA features. Conclusion: Through analysis of the contrasting experiment results, we confirmed that our method is effective and performs better than other existing methods.

Feldspar of lithosphere undergoes transformation in an acidic fluid environment. This process significantly influences the transformation of sandstone reservoirs in sedimentary basins. Currently, there is debate on the transformation mechanism, which has led to debates in predictions of favorable reservoirs in deep sedimentary basins, in terms of their origin, type, and distribution. In this study, the transformation process of feldspar is determined based on the total dissolution model, and thermodynamics is used in the calculation process. Firstly, the precipitation order of the minerals and the reaction path during the transformation process are determined. Secondly, the obtained results are compared with the results of weathered feldspar samples, laboratory-based physical simulation samples, and sandstone samples from a sedimentary basin. Finally, the changes of sandstone reservoirs which is caused by feldspar transformation processes are discussed. Based on those results, it can be deduced that the release of inter-granular particles (Na/K/Ca) in feldspar does not conform to the total dissolution model, whereas the release of lattice particles (Si and Al) conforms to the model. The total dissolution model can deduce the genetic mechanism and occurrence of authigenic kaolinite in sandstone reservoirs. When the temperature is below 120 °C, authigenic kaolinites are directly precipitated from the pore fluids or via the reaction of Al(OH)3(s) with H4SiO4(aq). The kaolinite aggregates are worm-like, with a pure chemical composition. When the temperature is above 120 °C, the feldspar particles react with Al(OH)3(s) and transformed to kaolinites. The kaolinite aggregates are particle-like, containing heteroatoms. The differences in the genetic mechanism of kaolinite lead to evident differences for type and distribution of secondary pores formed during feldspar transformation.

A series of 3DOM cerium-based perovskite catalysts with different B-site elements were prepared by the colloidal crystal template method and excess impregnation method with Cr, Ni, and Mn as the B-site elements. The physical and chemical properties of the catalysts were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR), and oxygen temperature-programmed desorption (O2-TPD) characterization techniques. The results showed that the catalyst with Mn as the B-site element had a high-quality macropore structure (pore size 200–250 nm), large specific surface area (45.26 m2/g), and abundant surface adsorbed oxygen content (Oads/Olatt= 0.46). The addition of manganese enhanced the low-temperature reducibility, and the main reduction peak was below 400 °C. The O2-TPD results showed that 3DOM CeMnO3expressed the highest adsorption oxygen content. The 3DOM CeMnO3possessed the best catalytic performance with T50%= 102 °C and T90%= 203 °C during the catalytic oxidation of toluene. Intermediate product study hinted that toluene was first converted into benzoic acid and benzaldehyde and then further degraded into small molecules. The catalyst with the best activity also exhibited good stability, and toluene degradation rate remained above 85% at 200°C for more than 20 h of continuous experiments.

Clinical and laboratory features of 642 consecutive Chinese subjects with primary myelofibrosis (PMF) were analyzed and compared with those of 1054 predominately white subjects with PMF. Chinese subjects were significantly younger, fewer had constitutional symptoms, and fewer had a palpable spleen or liver. Anemia, in contrast, was significantly more common in Chinese as was an increased white blood cell count and low platelet count. The reason for these differences is unclear, but it does not seem to be correlated with delayed diagnosis. A small but significantly increased proportion of Chinese had the JAK2V617Fmutation but no difference in the frequency of haplotypes associated with PMF in whites. Survival of Chinese with PMF was also significantly longer than that of whites with PMF. We found commonly used staging systems for PMF such as the International Prognostic Scoring System and the Dynamic International Prognostic Scoring System were suboptimal predictors of survival in Chinese with PMF, and we developed a revised prognostic score that should help in comparison of data between studies of PMF in different populations and planning of clinical trials.

Clinical and laboratory features of 642 consecutive Chinese subjects with primary myelofibrosis (PMF) were analyzed and compared with those of 1054 predominately white subjects with PMF. Chinese subjects were significantly younger, fewer had constitutional symptoms, and fewer had a palpable spleen or liver. Anemia, in contrast, was significantly more common in Chinese as was an increased white blood cell count and low platelet count. The reason for these differences is unclear, but it does not seem to be correlated with delayed diagnosis. A small but significantly increased proportion of Chinese had the JAK2V617F mutation but no difference in the frequency of haplotypes associated with PMF in whites. Survival of Chinese with PMF was also significantly longer than that of whites with PMF. We found commonly used staging systems for PMF such as the International Prognostic Scoring System and the Dynamic International Prognostic Scoring System were suboptimal predictors of survival in Chinese with PMF, and we developed a revised prognostic score that should help in comparison of data between studies of PMF in different populations and planning of clinical trials.

Two-dimensional (2D) materials with the atomically thin thickness have attracted great interest in the post-Moore’s Law era because of their tremendous potential to continue transistor downscaling and offered advances in device performance at the atomic limit. However, the metal–semiconductor contact is the bottleneck in field-effect transistors (FETs) integrating 2D semiconductors as channel materials. A robust and tunable doping method at the source and drain region of 2D transistors to minimize the contact resistance is highly sought after. Here we report a stable carrier doping method via the mild covalent grafting of maleimides on the surface of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides. The chemisorbed interaction contributes to the efficient carrier doping without degrading the high-performance carrier transport. Density functional theory results further illustrate that the molecular functionalization leads to the mild hybridization and the negligible impact on the conduction bands of monolayer MoS2, avoiding the random scattering from the dopants. Differently from reported molecular treatments, our strategy displays high thermal stability (above 300 °C) and it is compatible with micro/nano processing technology. The contact resistance of MoS2FETs can be greatly reduced by ∼12 times after molecular functionalization. The Schottky barrier of 44 meV is achieved on monolayer MoS2FETs, demonstrating efficient charge injection between metal and 2D semiconductor. The mild covalent functionalization of molecules on 2D semiconductors represents a powerful strategy to perform the carrier doping and the device optimization.

A green and efficient nanoinhibitor VC-PA-MEL for aluminum dust explosion was synthesized in this study. The inhibition effect of the novel inhibitor on aluminum dust explosions was systematically studied. Results showed that after adding VC-PA-MEL, the dust flames transited from the luminous flame with a continuous structure to irregular discrete flames. The flame propagation velocities of 30 and 5 μm dust declined to 96.54 and 99.38%, respectively. The minimum inhibition concentrations for 30 and 5 μm aluminum dust were 600 and 800 g/m3, respectively. Explosion residuals were analyzed to reveal the inhibition mechanism of VC-PA-MEL in detail. VC-PA-MEL can effectively inhibit the explosion of aluminum dust through the synergistic physics and chemistry effects. In general, the combustion heat could be absorbed and the free radicals could be scavenged. VC-PA-MEL provides a potential direction for developing efficient inhibitors for the inhibition of aluminum dust explosions and to improve process safety.

Nanocarriers with intrinsic immune adjuvant properties can activate the innate immune system while delivering tumor antigen, thus efficiently facilitating antitumor adaptive immunity. Bacteria-derived outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are an excellent candidate due to their abundance of pathogen associated molecular patterns. However, during the uptake of OMVs by dendritic cells (DCs), the interaction between lipopolysaccharide and toll-like receptor 4 induces rapid DC maturation and uptake blockage, a phenomenon we refer to as “maturation-induced uptake obstruction” (MUO). Herein we decorated OMV with the DC-targeting αDEC205 antibody (OMV-DEC), which endowed the nanovaccine with an uptake mechanism termed as “not restricted to maturation via antibody modifying” (Normandy), thereby overcoming the MUO phenomenon. We also proved the applicability of this nanovaccine in identifying the human tumor neoantigens through rapid antigen display. In summary, this engineered OMV represents a powerful nanocarrier for personalized cancer vaccines, and this antibody modification strategy provides a reference to remodel the DC uptake pattern in nanocarrier design.

No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Purpose:MLF1IP is a novel constitutive kinetochore component essential in physiological progress of cell cycle. Mouse homologue appears to be lineage-specifically expressed, but little is known about how it functions in hematopoiesis and whether it is involved in hematopoietic disorders. The goal of the study was to confirm biological function of MLF1IP in human K562 erythroleukemic cells, analyzed hematological abnormalities in MLF1IP transgenic mice and potential mechanisms underlying these abnormalities, and evaluated MLF1IP expression in erythroid colonies from PV and MDS.

The vasoprotective drug calcium dobesilate is known to interfere with creatinine (Cr) quantifications in sarcosine oxidase enzymatic (SOE) assays. The aim of this study was to investigate this interference in 8 different commercially available assays and to determine its clinical significance.