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The cascaded-H-bridge (CHB) type converter is widely used in grid-tied applications, such as static var generator (SVG), static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), and photovoltaic system. In these situations, the dc-link capacitor is a key component, which serves as energy buffer and determines the quality of output waveform. Thus, acquiring the health status of these capacitors is critical for the reliable operation of the whole system. In this article, a general capacitor condition monitoring approach based on improved recursive least square (RLS) for CHB-type converters is proposed. The key equations are deduced from the basic control strategies and no extra sensors are introduced. The only signal required is the dc-link voltage, which is already collected for control purpose. The RLS algorithm is modified by adding self-adapted forgetting factor, to achieve a good performance on both identification accuracy and tracking speed. The capacitance estimation error is below 1%, and shows good feasibility in various working conditions and applications. The principle, main steps, case study, and proof-of-concept of the proposed method are presented.

Cascaded H-Bridge (CHB) grid-connected converters face challenges during startup, including issues such as overmodulation and inrush currents due to low dc-link voltage. In addition, the common occurrence of dc-link voltage imbalance among multiple independent submodules (SMs) of CHB exacerbates these risks. In this article, a self-excitation startup strategy based on dynamic virtual impedance is proposed, adjusting the converter's output impedance to a virtual impedance. By establishing a relationship between the modulation index and virtual impedance, the modulation index is controlled within the linear modulation range, effectively suppressing inrush currents. The design of the modulation index reduces power loss during startup and enhances the charging power of the converter, allowing the converter to complete startup within a predetermined time. Furthermore, for typical control-based methods of dc-link voltage balance, a quantitative analysis of the impact of modulation index on the range of SM active power modification is conducted to optimize the modulation index design, thereby improving the dc-link voltage balance capability during the startup. Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

The rise of the Internet of Things has spurred the growth of wireless applications, particularly Wi-Fi-based indoor localization, which is gaining prominence owing to its cost-effectiveness. Nevertheless, the accuracy of Wi-Fi-based indoor localization is hindered by signal instability. To address this limitation, we introduce an interval random analysis approach for uncertain Wi-Fi-based indoor localization. Specifically, this approach employs an interval random parameter lognormal shadowing model for radio map enhancement and adaptive Bayesian comprehensive learning (IRPLS-ABCL) particle swarm optimization (PSO) for location estimation accuracy enhancement. The process comprises two stages: offline training and online localization. During the offline phase, we establish the interval random parameter lognormal shadowing model, considering the parameters as interval random variables, rather than precise values, in a sparse reference point scenario. In the online phase, we use a double-panel fingerprint homogeneity model to assess fingerprint similarity and apply the adaptive Bayesian comprehensive learning PSO algorithm to enhance localization precision. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve the best performance in terms of localization accuracy based on the predicted average received signal strength (RSS), reaching 1.89 m.

The grid-forming (GFM) converter has excellent active support capabilities, but it will face problems of transient instability and transient overcurrent during grid faults, which brings challenges to its large-scale application. Aiming at this problem, in this article, we analyze the transient instability mechanism and the transient overcurrent causes of the GFM converter. The analysis results show that active power imbalance is the essential reason that drives the power angle to increase and even causes transient instability, and the increase in power angle and the approximately constant internal potential cause the converter to generate transient overcurrent. Based on the above analysis, an active power and voltage cooperative control strategy is proposed to improve the fault ride-through capability of the GFM converter. This strategy consists of transient active power control and transient voltage control, which can eliminate the active power imbalance and flexibly regulate the internal potential according to the fault current, thus ensuring the transient stable operation of the converter while suppressing transient overcurrent. More importantly, the proposed control strategy is not affected by the fault degree and fault duration. Simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.

• Porous Ti 3 SiC 2 scaffolds with a porosity of 62.9 % exhibit superior compressive strength ∼68.12 MPa. • The apatite mineralization of Ti 3 SiC 2 scaffolds induces polarization of RAW264.7 cells from M1 to M2 phenotype, and promotes the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. • The osteointegration and osteogenic functions of Ti 3 SiC 2 scaffolds can be improved via in-situ biomineralization after implantation. • Porous Ti 3 SiC 2 ceramics with superior mechanical strength and biological functions are likely used as bone implants for load or minor-load bearing conditions. Ti 3 SiC 2 ceramics exhibit excellent mechanical properties and good biocompatibility, rendering them promising bone substitutes for load-bearing conditions. However, the bone integration and osteogenic ability of Ti 3 SiC 2 ceramics remain unclear. Herein, porous Ti 3 SiC 2 ceramics were prepared and systematically investigated as bone scaffolds. The Ti 3 SiC 2 scaffolds with a porosity of 62.9 % ± 2.5 % showed high compressive strength ∼68.12 ± 4.33 MPa. Silicon hydroxyl groups formed on the surface of Ti 3 SiC 2 after soaking in simulated body fluid, which played a critical role in the apatite mineralization of the scaffolds. Biomineralization of Ti 3 SiC 2 scaffolds was found when implanted subcutaneously in the rat dorsum for 2 weeks, demonstrating good osteogenesis ability. The apatite mineralization of the Ti 3 SiC 2 scaffold facilitated the polarization of RAW264.7 cells from M1 to M2 phenotype, which also promoted the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. The porous Ti 3 SiC 2 scaffolds improved osteointegration and bone regeneration after implantation in rabbit femoral defects. Impressively, the number of the newly formed trabeculae in the Ti 3 SiC 2 group was three times of the control group after implantation for 8 weeks, showing excellent bone defect repair. This work demonstrates that Ti 3 SiC 2 implants with improved biological functions likely via in-situ biomineralization are promising candidates for bone regeneration. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary factors have been associated with an increased prevalence of food allergy (FA). However, little is known about how an unhealthy diet in early life affects FA reactions in offspring. The objective of this study is to provide a scientific foundation for developing and promoting healthy dietary patterns in early life. In this study, we found that maternal high-fat diet (HFD) during pregnancy and lactation exacerbates FA (HFD-FA) in offspring mice, leading to increased serum levels of mast cell protease 1. First, we studied the systemic immunity of the HFD-FA mice and observed elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, and IL-1β) and a reduced frequency of Treg cells in splenocytes. Additionally, the HFD-FA mice showed increased gut permeability, accumulation of intestinal mast cells, and a decrease in the Treg cell frequency in the mesenteric lymph nodes. Furthermore, our findings also indicated a reduction in gut microbial diversity and abundance in HFD-FA mice. Importantly, lipid metabolism profiling revealed unique lipid profiles in the HFD-FA mice, with significant upregulation of triglycerides and downregulation of sphingolipids. Taken together, our results suggest that maternal HFD alters intestinal homeostasis and increases FA susceptibility in offspring mice.

A palladium-catalyzed [4 + 1] annulation of N-arylimidoyl chlorides with β-keto esters has been developed. In the presence of Pd(OAc)2, PCy3, and K3PO4, a variety of fluoalkyl-containing N-arylimidoyl chlorides smoothly underwent the cascade C–H imidoylation/deacylative Heck-type reactions to afford biologically important 2-fluoroalkyl indoles in moderate to good yields.

The node upset may occur in the memory cell if the charged particle from cosmos rays or packaging materials strikes the integrated circuit. Radiation-hardened-by-design (RHBD) techniques introduce redundant transistors in the SRAM cell to improve its ability of recovering from the undesired node upset. However, the extra redundant transistors may increase the number of sensitive nodes in the SRAM cell, which decreases its capability of node-upset tolerance in turn. This work proposes an RHBD 14T SRAM cell and an RHBD 16T SRAM cell. Both the proposed SRAM cells only have two sensitive nodes. The proposed SRAM cells are able to recover from all the SNU cases. The layout harden technique is used to protect the proposed cells from SEMNU, and the blank of the hardened layout is reused so the proposed 14T and 16T SRAM cells consume the same area. Although the proposed cells have more transistors, the hardened layout areas of NS-10T/ PS-10T/ RHD-12T/ RHBD-10T/ RHBD-10T[VLSI]/ QUCCE-12T are respectively $1.78\times $ / $1.78\times $ / $1.83\times $ / $1.78\times $ / $1.78\times $ / $1.99\times $ larger than that of the proposed cells. The reason is that the layout harden technique is easier to be applied to the proposed cells because they only have two sensitive nodes.

Grid-connected inverters (GCIs) operating in grid-following (GFL) mode may be unstable under weak grids with low short-circuit ratio (SCR). Improved GFL controls enhance the small-signal stability of GCIs under weak grids but result in a decrease in dynamic performance and remain unstable under very weak grids. While the small-signal stability of GCIs operating in grid-forming (GFM) mode is just the opposite: stable under weak or even very weak grids, unstable under strong grids. Both GFL and GFM modes are difficult to meet the stability requirements under large fluctuations in SCR. Therefore, this article proposes a hybrid-mode control strategy for GCIs that can adapt to large fluctuations in SCR. This control strategy weights the modulation signals output from GFL mode and GFM mode, and removes the phase-locked loop of GFL mode, improving the small-signal stability of GCIs under a wide range of SCR. The sequence impedance model of the hybrid-mode GCIs is established, and the small-signal stability is analyzed in this article. The experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.

Telomerase is associated with cellular aging, and its presence limits cellular lifespan. Telomerase by preventing telomere shortening can extend the number of cell divisions for cancer cells. In adult pancreatic cells, telomeres gradually shorten, while in precancerous lesions of cancer, telomeres in cells are usually significantly shortened. At this time, telomerase is still in an inactive state, and it is not until before and after the onset of cancer that telomerase is reactivated, causing cancer cells to proliferate. Methylation of the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter and regulation of telomerase by lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB) is the mechanism of telomerase reactivation in pancreatic cancer. Understanding the role of telomeres and telomerase in pancreatic cancer will help to diagnose and initiate targeted therapy as early as possible. This article reviews the role of telomeres and telomerase as biomarkers in the development of pancreatic cancer and the progress of research on telomeres and telomerase as targets for therapeutic intervention.

As the demand for lactoferrin increases, the search for cost-effective alternative proteins becomes increasingly important. Attention naturally turns to other members of the transferrin family such as ovotransferrin. The iron-binding abilities of these proteins influence their characteristics, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This overview systematically summarizes the effects of the iron-binding ability on the fate of food-derived transferrins (lactoferrin and ovotransferrin) and their potential applications. The findings indicate that iron-binding ability significantly influences the structure of food-derived transferrins, particularly their tertiary structure. Changes in structure influence their physicochemical properties, which, in turn, lead to different behaviors in response to environmental variations. Thus, these proteins exhibit distinct digestive characteristics by the time they reach the small intestine, ultimately performing varied physiological functions in vivo. Consequently, food-derived transferrins with different iron-binding states may find diverse applications. Understanding this capability is essential for developing food-derived transferrins and driving innovation in lactoferrin-related industries.

Totem pole power factor correction rectifiers (TPPFCs) have gained popularity with the advantage of a minimal number of devices for optimal performance, but cause a high output voltage due to the inherent step-up characteristic, limiting the single-stage applications. As the switched capacitor converters (SCCs) feature low voltage stress and high-power density, a hybrid soft-switching step-down power factor correction (PFC) rectifier is proposed in this article, which integrates TPPFC with ladder SCC by redundant switch multiplexing. Similar to the traditional TPPFC, the proposed converter can achieve a unity power factor (PF) and comply with IEC61000-3-2 Class C in universal-input applications. With critical conduction mode (CRM) control, some active switches are turned on and off under soft-switching conditions. Therefore, high-efficiency performance is realized. In addition, an adaptive synchronous timing multiplexing control strategy is presented, achieving low voltage gain and natural capacitor voltage balance characteristics. Finally, a 300-W step-down prototype with 97% peak efficiency and PF of 0.99 is built to verify the theoretical analysis results.

The interaction between multiple virtual synchronous generators (VSGs) has a nonnegligible impact on the transient stability of the multiparalleled VSG grid-connected (MPVGC) system and may even cause a large number of VSGs to undergo transient instability successively. The existing research on the transient stability of VSG focuses on the single VSG grid-connected system, and it is difficult to extend to the transient stability analysis of the MPVGC system. In response to this problem, this article establishes the transient mathematical model of the MPVGC system and compares it with the single VSG grid-connected system. It is found that the interaction between multiple VSGs simultaneously affects the equilibrium point state and transient synchronization process of the MPVGC system. Then, the equilibrium point state of the MPVGC system is quantitatively assessed based on the Newton–Raphson method, and the influence mechanism of the interaction between multiple VSGs on the transient stability of the MPVGC system is revealed. In terms of improving the transient stability of the MPVGC system, an active power distribution method that minimizes the risk of transient instability is proposed to optimize the power angle distribution characteristics of each VSG. Finally, simulations and experimental results verify the correctness of the theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of the proposed method under different working conditions.

The traditional Active Distribution Network (ADN) equivalence method focuses on the characteristics of individual units while disregarding the distinctions from one unit to another. The low accuracy of the typical equivalent model for ADN under large disturbances affects the results of grid stability analysis. This paper proposes a novel dynamic equivalence method for ADNs based on Active Synthesis Load Units (ASLUs), providing a crucial tool for effectively analyzing the response characteristics of ADNs with a high penetration of Inverter-based Distributed Generations (IBDGs). Comprising loads and IBDGs, ASLUs serve as the fundamental units facilitating bidirectional power flow in ADNs. The transient characteristics of ASLUs and the impact of inter-unit differences on the dynamic characteristics of ADNs are analyzed. After studying the indexes that describe the dynamic characteristics of ASLUs, a Dynamic AGglomerative NESting (DAGNES) clustering algorithm is proposed based on the analysis results. Then, the algorithm is applied to group ASLUs based on their dynamic characteristics. Finally, the dynamic equivalent model of the ADN is derived by aggregating parameters from the same group of ASLUs and applying them into the proposed ADN model structure. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed model accurately reflects the transient characteristics of the ADN under large disturbances.

Synchronous pulsewidth modulation (PWM) scheme is more attractive than asynchronous one in low switching to fundamental frequency ratios, for its better harmonic spectrum. But, when a customized synchronous PWM scheme is incorporated into the field-oriented control, the dynamic response speed usually needs to be limited strictly, otherwise some violent current oscillations would appear. As a negative result, the tracking speed to the command is degraded too low to be used in most applications. To address this problem, existing methods mainly introduced a phase regulation loop inside the current control loop, trying to eliminate the phase error between the sampling phases of desired and actual voltages (i.e., maintaining synchronization), which does bring benefits to the current dynamic response. However, this phase regulation loop is always designed empirically due to the lack of a mathematical model and its interaction with the current loop has not been revealed up to date. As a result, the final performance is still not satisfactory. However, the dynamic response is crucial, especially in new energy vehicle applications. To explore this problem, the phase regulation loop is mathematically modeled first in the discrete-time domain, based on which the whole system including both the current loop and the phase loop is analyzed. Consequently, the reason is discovered and the relationship between the phase loop and the current loop is clarified. Furthermore, a novel phase-error regulator is proposed allowing the phase loop to work in the deadbeat mode and the current loop. Compared with the traditional one, with the proposed phase loop the whole closed-loop system achieves a faster dynamic response and produces much smaller current oscillations. All of the design and analysis are experimentally verified on an 18-kW interior permanent magnet synchronous machines drive test rig.

The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) technology has recently emerged as a popular area of research, and vehicle-to-cloud communication forms the basis of the IoV. This process involves uploading a large amount of information related to the vehicle and its location. The security of vehicle-to-cloud communication thus has a significant impact on the safety of the IoV. This paper proposes a vehicle-to-cloud communication system based on lightweight authentication and extended Quantum Key Distribution. The system supports the wireless distribution of session keys between vehicles and the Quantum Cloud Server (QCS) by using a WAN (Wide Area Network), and supports the wired transmission of quantum keys between the QCS and the Telematics Service Provider (TSP) through a LAN (Local Area Network) by using the BB84 protocol. The system can implement encrypted communication based on quantum physical security in a hybrid network. Moreover, we propose a lightweight identity authentication scheme. An analysis of its performance shows that the proposed system requires a small amount of computation and incurs a low communication overhead. This scheme is applicable to most Internet devices with low computing and communication capacity, and can potentially be used in the IoV framework. We conducted simulations of the proposed system and experiments to test its performance. The maximum average delay in communication in experiments was 40.681 ms and the maximum rate of packet loss was 0.1222%. The proposed system can thus ensure safe and efficient IoV communication.

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The behavior of the molten pool during the laser cladding process significantly influences the formability, microstructure, and mechanical properties of the formed part. Particularly in laser cladding procedures involving inclined substrates, alterations in the gravitational orientation adversely affect the shape and flow dynamics of the molten pool, resulting in a marked reduction in forming precision and overall quality. Consequently, a thorough investigation into the flow dynamics of the molten pool on inclined substrates becomes of paramount importance. We conduct an analysis of the forces acting on the molten pool situated on an inclined substrate. Notably, shifts in gravitational forces induce the molten pool to be deflected in the direction of gravity as well as the humping phenomenon. Appropriately balanced Marangoni forces facilitate efficient heat and mass transfer within the molten pool, while excessive Marangoni forces can trigger destabilization. Viscous and frictional forces serve the purpose of mitigating the adverse impact of gravity by impeding the motion of the molten pool fluid. Gas pressure serves a dual role, restraining the upward growth of the molten pool and upholding its stability throughout the laser cladding process. Notably, the center evaporation effect within the molten pool warrants careful consideration for the reduction of porosity and sputtering. Ultimately, we delve into strategies for controlling the fluid behavior of the molten pool. These strategies encompass unit energy input optimization, nozzle angle adjustments, material composition optimization, and the application of auxiliary external fields. The diverse range of control approaches is synthesized, culminating in an outlook on the potential avenues for steering molten pool flow behavior.

Ultrasonic impact peening (UIP) is a highly effective surface engineering technique to improve material durability through peening-induced surface plastic deformation. These improvements are determined by not only the generation of surface compressive residual stresses but also the alteration of surface morphological features. In literature, researchers have focused primarily on the average roughness (Sa) to understand the morphology changes induced by UIP. From the surface engineering perspective, in addition to Sa, other surface morphological characteristics play key roles in determining material durability, particularly surface skewness (Ssk) and surface kurtosis (Sku), which describe the asymmetrical distribution of surface profiles and the sharpness of peak features, respectively. In this study, surface morphological characteristics of API 5L X65 pipeline steel processed by UIP are investigated with a focus on the effects of processing parameters on Sa, Ssk, and Sku. The results indicate that the optimized UIP conditions lead to the preparation of surfaces with valley structures as the dominant feature accompanied by blunt peaks, resulting in the elimination of stress concentration sites towards enhanced material durability. In addition, surface hardness, residual stresses, and peening-induced deformation depth are measured. Furthermore, to gain a comprehensive understanding of the material response and the underlying mechanisms driving surface morphological alterations by UIP, a finite element method (FEM)-based model is developed. By investigating the effect of process parameters (peening amplitude, peening cycles, and pin size) on the surface deformation depth and stress/strain distribution, a correlation between these process variables with surface characteristics is established.

The detection of bisphenol A (BPA) in wastewater is imperative due to its significant environmental impact. In this research, we devised an electrochemical sensor utilizing photoinduced calcium deposition on molecularly imprinted TiO2(MI–Ca–TiO2) for the sensitive and selective detection of BPA. This novel approach combines Ca-doping and molecular imprinting in TiO2, achieving enhanced conductivity and selective binding sites for BPA. The MI–Ca–TiO2sensor demonstrated linear detection ranges from 0.01 to 20 μM and a low detection limit of 6.0 nM. Consistent repeatability was observed across various batches of MI–Ca–TiO2, indicated by a relative standard deviation of 0.8%. Notably, the sensor maintained a high differential pulse voltammetry response even after prolonged storage in a refrigerator. Moreover, in the presence of a 100-fold higher concentration of analogous or interfering ions, the MI–Ca–TiO2nanosheets exhibited a marked current response, affirming their efficacy in BPA detection. These findings indicate the potential of the MI–Ca–TiO2sensor as a simple, cost-effective, and efficient tool for detecting BPA in water.

Phase heterogeneity of bromine–iodine (Br–I) mixed wide-bandgap (WBG) perovskites has detrimental effects on solar cell performance and stability. Here, we report a heterointerface anchoring strategy to homogenize the Br–I distribution and mitigate the segregation of Br-rich WBG-perovskite phases. We find that methoxy-substituted phenyl ethylammonium (x-MeOPEA+) ligands not only contribute to the crystal growth with vertical orientation but also promote halide homogenization and defect passivation near the buried perovskite/hole transport layer (HTL) interface as well as reduce trap-mediated recombination. Based on improvements in WBG-perovskite homogeneity and heterointerface contacts, NiOx-based opaque WBG-perovskite solar cells (WBG-PSCs) achieved impressive open-circuit voltage (Voc) and fill factor (FF) values of 1.22 V and 83%, respectively. Moreover, semitransparent WBG-PSCs exhibit a PCE of 18.5% (15.4% for the IZO front side) and a high FF of 80.7% (79.4% for the IZO front side) for a designated illumination area (da) of 0.12 cm2. Such a strategy further enables 24.3%-efficient two-terminal perovskite/silicon (double-polished) tandem solar cells (da of 1.159 cm2) with a high Vocof over 1.90 V. The tandem devices also show high operational stability over 1000 h during T90lifetime measurements.

Free-standing membranes show extraordinary promise in energy storage applications, however are usually limited by low capacity and poor rate capabilities. Herein, we assembled a series of free-standing MnO2/GO composite membranes with ZIF67 particles embedded between two-dimensional (2D) layers. The particle size of ZIF67 can be adjusted to achieve tunable interlayer spacing. The lithium storage performance of the as-obtained membranes with different interlayer spaces was systematically studied. The MnO2/GO composite membrane embedded with ZIF67 particles with an average diameter of 30 nm (denoted as MnO2/nZIF67/GO) delivers a good long cycling performance, and it retains a capacity of 340.7 mA·h·g−1after 400 cycles at 0.05 A/g. The MnO2/GO composite membrane embedded with ZIF67 particles with an average diameter of 500 nm (denoted as MnO2/mZIF67/GO) exhibits good rate performance. Regardless of the size of the ZIF67 particles, the performance of the membrane containing ZIF67 is significantly better than that of the membrane without ZIF67, indicating that the ZIF67 particles can enhance the lithium storage performance of the assembled membranes. This work provides a method to fabricate a free-standing membrane for lithium storage with tunable electrochemical performance.

To develop the internal compensation for medium size OLED display with high resolution, heavy RC load, and high refresh rate based on oxide TFTs, we employed the pixel of separating compensation and refreshing data, a new PWM‐GOA circuit and a new scan‐GOA circuit. After compensation, the uniformity can be increased from less than 40% to over 80%. We successfully demonstrated 6 inch Panels, which have sufficient stability during operation at 60℃for over 500 hours and 60℃&90% humidity for over 240 hours.

Tumor budding (TB) has excellent prognostic value in many solid tumors, but there is little research on it in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study assessed the prognostic value of TB in patients with HCC who received hepatectomy. This retrospective study included 210 patients with HCC who received curative hepatectomy at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, between 2016 and 2018. TB was evaluated on hematoxylin‐ and eosin‐stained slides according to the criteria established by the 2016 International Tumor Budding Consensus Conference. t‐tests, Chi‐squared tests, and rank‐sum tests were used to correlate the extent of TB with clinicopathological parameters. Prognostic analysis was performed using Cox regression models and the Kaplan–Meier method. The positive detection rate of TB was 45.2% (95/210) in 210 patients with HCC. Patients positive for TB always exhibit lower tumor differentiation, higher hepatitis B virus DNA levels, and more severe liver fibrosis. Multivariate Cox analysis identified TB (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.232, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.479–3.368, p< 0.001) as an independent prognostic factor for patients' recurrence‐free survival (RFS), similar to tumor size (HR: 1.070, 95% CI: 1.070–1.142, p= 0.042) and satellite nodule (HR: 2.266, 95% CI: 1.298–3.956, p= 0.004). Kaplan–Meier analysis also demonstrated that TB‐positive patients had a significantly worse RFS. Interestingly, subgroup analysis revealed that among HCC patients with negative microvascular invasion (MVI), TB was also strongly associated with RFS (HR: 3.206, 95% CI: 1.667–6.168, p< 0.001). These findings suggest that TB may serve as a supplemental prognostic biomarker for HCC‐negative MVI. TB is an adverse prognostic biomarker for HCC, particularly in patients negative for MVI. TB evaluation should be considered in the postoperative pathological examination of HCC in clinical practice. This study assessed tumor budding (TB) in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. TB refers to the detachment of tumor cells from the primary tumor mass, infiltrating the adjacent matrix and forming separate clusters. It may represent two distinct pathological features compared to microvascular invasion, which involves the invasion of tumor cells into microvessels. ECM: extracellular matrix. Significant findings of the study This single‐center study found that tumor budding (TB) positivity was significantly associated with poor prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This single‐center study found that tumor budding (TB) positivity was significantly associated with poor prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). What this study adds TB could serve as a potential supplemental prognostic biomarker for HCC with negative microvascular invasion. TB could serve as a potential supplemental prognostic biomarker for HCC with negative microvascular invasion.

There has been a dramatic surge in the prevalence of food allergy (FA) that cannot be explained solely by genetics, identifying mechanisms of sensitization that are driven by environmental factors has become increasingly important. Diet, gut microbiota, and their metabolites have been shown to play an important role in the development of FA. In this review, we discuss the latest epidemiological evidence on the impact of two major dietary patterns and key nutrients in early life on the risk of offspring developing FA. The Western diet typically includes high sugar and high fat, which may affect the immune system of offspring and increase susceptibility to FA. In contrast, the Mediterranean diet is rich in fiber, which may reduce the risk of FA in offspring. Furthermore, we explore the potential mechanisms by which maternal dietary nutrients during a window of opportunity (pregnancy, birth, and lactation) influences the susceptibility of offspring to FA through multi-interface crosstalk. Finally, we discuss the limitations and gaps in the available evidence regarding the relationship between maternal dietary nutrients and the risk of FA in offspring. This review provides novel perspective on the regulation of offspring FA by maternal diet and nutrients.

In order to improve the bioavailability of lutein (LUT), a novel lutein-stevioside nanoparticle (LUT-STE) were prepared previously, but the information about LUT-STE on protecting of eye health was limited. This study investigated the effect of LUT-STE on antioxidant activity of H2O2-induced human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE) cells. LUT and LUT-STE (final concentration of 5 μg/mL) significantly enhanced cell viability from (74.84 ± 5.10)% to (81.92 ± 10.01)% (LUT) and (89.33 ± 4.34)% (LUT-STE), and inhibited the cell apoptosis (P< 0.05). After pretreatment with LUT-STE in ARPE cells, the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathion peroxidase (GSH-Px) in ARPE cells were significantly increased (P< 0.05), the contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were decreased. In addition, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels were inhibited by 13.61 % and 17.39 %, respectively, pretreatment with LUT and LUT-STE. Western blotting results showed that the pretreatment with LUT-STE inhibited the expression of caspase-9 and caspase-3 and up-regulated Bcl-2/Bax pathway to inhibit H2O2-induced apoptosis. In summary, the novel delivery LUT-STE had more pronounced inhibitory effect on H2O2-induced damage in human ARPE cells.