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Water samples were collected in the northern, eastern and southern tidal creeks of Chongming Dongtan in January, 2009. The samples were passed through 0.45μm pore size GF/C glass fiber membrane and colloid was isolated by mini tangential flow ultrafiltration (TFF) with ultrafiltration membrane pore-size of 1kD (1kD=1 000 Daltons). Then the content of organic carbon was tested by TOC II. Results show that the contents of dissolved and colloidal organic carbon (DOC and COC) in the northern creek are higher than the eastern and southern tidal creeks of Chongming Dongtan, and the concentration of DOC decreased from high tidal flat to low tidal flat. Hydrodynamic and vegetation are the important factors to affect the content of COC in tidal creek water of Chongming Dongtan.

The first cases of video-assisted thyroidectomy and scarless endoscopic thyroidectomy were reported in China in 2001 and 2002, respectively. Breast approach endoscopic thyroidectomy (BAET) has become the most popular procedure for treating thyroid disease in China. Chinese doctors did not pioneer this approach, but contributed toward improvement in technical details such as incision selection, creation of a working space, suture exposure, and control of intraoperative bleeding. Relatively large series confirmed that BAET is a safe procedure but has a long learning curve that can be overcome with training. Surgical stress was not significantly increased despite the larger subcutaneous dissection. BAET to treat malignancy is feasible, but larger series and longer follow-up are warranted before its widespread acceptance.

Geochemical elements, significant indicator of environmental change，have been widely used in paleoenvironment research. By comparative analysizing of sediment’s geochemical characterstics of core PJ and core ZX-1, almost opposite relations was found between them. In Holocene, there are repeated transgression-regression cycles and the deposition profile of core PJ was in the critical zone of transgression-regression. When climate was warm and humid, sea-level rose, the sedimentary environmental salinity increased and ability of element eluviate-leaching were weak, geochemical elements can not be effectively separated. On the contrary, when climate was dry and cold, sea-level became lower, the role of the element eluviate-leaching was enhanced, and different geochemical elements can be effective separated. This mechanism enables that indicators significance of core PJ’s geochemistry element changing is the opposite direction to other regions.

Abstract: Background: Endoscopic thyroidectomy has been known to surgeons for only 20 years. Related studies still are needed to make up for the deficiency of clinical experience. Research on the learning curve for the endoscopic thyroidectomy could be the method for investigating the operation experience. Methods: This retrospective study investigated 300 consecutive patients who underwent endoscopic thyroidectomy by a single endoscopist during the past 7 years. The study population was equally divided into 10 groups chronologically. Pearson’s chi-square test and one-way analysis of variance were used to compare differences in the demographic data, operative time, operation score system, and follow-up data. Results: The mean operative time was 98.07 min. The mean operation score was 6.00, and the rate of conversion to open surgery was 3.7%. There were no differences in demographic data or complications among the 10 groups. Subcutaneous edema occurred in five cases and transient recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy in five cases. There were significant differences in the mean operative time (p < 0.01) and the mean operation score (p < 0.01) among the 10 groups. Comparison of two neighboring groups showed differences in both operative time (p < 0.05) and operation score (p < 0.01) between groups 2 and 3 and in operation score between groups 5 and 6 (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The first 60 cases constitute the early stage of the learning curve for endoscopic thyroidectomy. The proficiency and stability of the operation reach the advanced level after 150 cases.

The article looks at the emergence of the concept of sport leisure in China. According to the author, the majority of China's citizens still have a vague concept of sport leisure and its distinctive characteristics. Also discussed are the differences among sport leisure, leisure sport and public sport and the interpretation of the concept of sport leisure.