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Genome-wide association studies of brain imaging phenotypes are mainly performed in European populations, but other populations are severely under-represented. Here, we conducted Chinese-alone and cross-ancestry genome-wide association studies of 3,414 brain imaging phenotypes in 7,058 Chinese Han and 33,224 white British participants. We identified 38 new associations in Chinese-alone analyses and 486 additional new associations in cross-ancestry meta-analyses at P< 1.46 × 10−11for discovery and P< 0.05 for replication. We pooled significant autosomal associations identified by single- or cross-ancestry analyses into 6,443 independent associations, which showed uneven distribution in the genome and the phenotype subgroups. We further divided them into 44 associations with different effect sizes and 3,557 associations with similar effect sizes between ancestries. Loci of these associations were shared with 15 brain-related non-imaging traits including cognition and neuropsychiatric disorders. Our results provide a valuable catalog of genetic associations for brain imaging phenotypes in more diverse populations.

This study examined the role of cognitive flexibility and collective coping in the relationship between adult attachment and life satisfaction while comparing Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC; n= 187) and White (n= 135) groups. Result showed that the relationship between attachment anxiety and life satisfaction was mediated via cognitive flexibility and collective coping only in the BIPOC group. This study informs culturally responsive attachment‐based counseling and advances literature from a decolonial perspective. Este estudio examinó el papel de la flexibilidad cognitiva y el afrontamiento colectivo en la relación entre el apego adulto y la satisfacción vital, comparando grupos de personas negras, indígenas y de color (BIPOC, por sus siglas en inglés; n= 187) y blancas (n= 135). Los resultados mostraron que la flexibilidad cognitiva y el afrontamiento colectivo mediaron en la relación entre la ansiedad de apego y la satisfacción vital, solo en el grupo BIPOC. Este estudio presenta información relevante para la consejería basada en el apego y culturalmente sensible y expande la literatura desde una perspectiva decolonial.

Exposure to preadult environmental exposures may have long-lasting effects on mental health by affecting the maturation of the brain and personality, two traits that interact throughout the developmental process. However, environment-brain-personality covariation patterns and their mediation relationships remain unclear. In 4297 healthy participants (aged 18–30 years), we combined sparse multiple canonical correlation analysis with independent component analysis to identify the three-way covariation patterns of 59 preadult environmental exposures, 760 adult brain imaging phenotypes, and five personality traits, and found two robust environment-brain-personality covariation models with sex specificity. One model linked greater stress and less support to weaker functional connectivity and activity in the default mode network, stronger activity in subcortical nuclei, greater thickness and volume in the occipital, parietal and temporal cortices, and lower agreeableness, consciousness and extraversion as well as higher neuroticism. The other model linked higher urbanicity and better socioeconomic status to stronger functional connectivity and activity in the sensorimotor network, smaller volume and surface area and weaker functional connectivity and activity in the medial prefrontal cortex, lower white matter integrity, and higher openness to experience. We also conducted mediation analyses to explore the potential bidirectional mediation relationships between adult brain imaging phenotypes and personality traits with the influence of preadult environmental exposures and found both environment-brain-personality and environment-personality-brain pathways. We finally performed moderated mediation analyses to test the potential interactions between macro- and microenvironmental exposures and found that one category of exposure moderated the mediation pathways of another category of exposure. These results improve our understanding of the effects of preadult environmental exposures on the adult brain and personality traits and may facilitate the design of targeted interventions to improve mental health by reducing the impact of adverse environmental exposures.

The hippocampus is critical for memory and cognition and neuropsychiatric disorders, and its subfields differ in architecture and function. Genome-wide association studies on hippocampal and subfield volumes are mainly conducted in European populations; however, other ancestral populations are under-represented. Here we conduct cross-ancestry genome-wide association meta-analyses in 65,791 individuals for hippocampal volume and 38,977 for subfield volumes, including 7,009 individuals of East Asian ancestry. We identify 339 variant–trait associations at P< 1.13 × 10−9for 44 hippocampal traits, including 23 new associations. Common genetic variants have similar effects on hippocampal traits across ancestries, although ancestry-specific associations exist. Cross-ancestry analysis improves the fine-mapping precision and the prediction performance of polygenic scores in under-represented populations. These genetic variants are enriched for Wnt signaling and neuron differentiation and affect cognition, emotion and neuropsychiatric disorders. These findings may provide insight into the genetic architectures of hippocampal and subfield volumes.

Objectives Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a promising tool to modulate brain plasticity, but the neural basis has been little addressed. The purpose was to investigate the effects of rTMS on resting-state brain activity in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD).Methods Seventeen patients with mild or moderate AD were enrolled and randomly divided into one of the two intervention groups: (1) real rTMS combined with cognitive training (real group, n= 9); (2) sham rTMS with cognitive training (sham group, n= 8). 10 Hz rTMS was used to stimulate the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and then the left lateral temporal lobe for 20 min each day for 4 weeks. Each patient underwent neuropsychological assessment and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) before and after treatment. The fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (fALFF) of rsfMRI data in real group were: (1) compared to sham; (2) correlated with rTMS-induced cognitive alterations.Results Significantly increased fALFF in right cerebellum/declive, left lingual/cuneus and left cingulate gyrus, as well as decreased fALFF in left middle frontal gyrus were found after 10 Hz rTMS, but not after sham stimulation. Using these suprathreshold regions, we found that rTMS increased functional connectivity between the right cerebellum/declive and left precentral/postcentral gyrus. The fALFF increase in left lingual/cuneus and right cerebellum/declive was associated with significant improvement in cognitive function.Conclusions rTMS combined with cognitive training induced increased low frequency fluctuation neural oscillations and functional connectivity in brain regions subserving cognition, suggesting a possible neuronal mechanism of the beneficial effects of rTMS.

Background: Recurrence of lower grade glioma (LrGG) appeared to be unavoidable despite considerable research performed in last decades. Thus, we evaluated the postoperative recurrence within two years after the surgery in patients with LrGG by preoperative advanced diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI). Materials and methods: 48 patients with lower-grade gliomas (23 recurrence, 25 nonrecurrence) were recruited into this study. Different models of dMRI were reconstructed, including apparent fiber density (AFD), white matter tract integrity (WMTI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI), neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI), Bingham NODDI and standard model imaging (SMI). Orthogonal Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) was used to construct a multiparametric prediction model for the diagnosis of postoperative recurrence. Results: The parameters derived from each dMRI model, including AFD, axon water fraction (AWF), mean diffusivity (MD), mean kurtosis (MK), fractional anisotropy (FA), intracellular volume fraction (ICVF), extra-axonal perpendicular diffusivity (De⊥), extra-axonal parallel diffusivity (De∥) and free water fraction (fw), showed significant differences between nonrecurrence group and recurrence group. The extra-axonal perpendicular diffusivity (De⊥) had the highest area under curve (AUC = 0.885), which was significantly higher than others. The variable importance for the projection (VIP) value of De⊥was also the highest. The AUC value of the multiparametric prediction model merging AFD, WMTI, DTI, DKI, NODDI, Bingham NODDI and SMI was up to 0.96. Conclusion: Preoperative advanced dMRI showed great efficacy in evaluating postoperative recurrence of LrGG and De⊥of SMI might be a valuable marker.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by loss of selectively vulnerable neurons within the basal ganglia circuit and progressive atrophy in subcortical and cortical regions. However, the impact of neurodegenerative pathology on the topological organization of cortical morphological networks has not been explored. The aims of this study were to investigate altered network patterns of covariance in cortical thickness and complexity, and to evaluate how morphological network integrity in PD is related to motor impairment.

In addition to proteins and nucleic acids, polysaccharides are an important type of biomacromolecule widely distributed in plants, animals, and microorganisms. Polysaccharides are considered as promising biomaterials due to their significant bioactivities, natural abundance, immunoactivity, and chemical modifiability for tissue engineering (TE) applications. Due to the similarities of the biochemical properties of polysaccharides and the extracellular matrix of human bodies, polysaccharides are increasingly recognized and accepted. Furthermore, the degradation behavior of these macromolecules is generally nontoxic. Certain delicate properties, such as remarkable mechanical properties and tunable tissue response, can be obtained by modifying the functional groups on the surface of polysaccharide molecules. The applications of polysaccharide-based biomaterials in the TE field have been growing intensively in recent decades, for example, bone/cartilage regeneration, cardiac regeneration, neural regeneration, and skin regeneration. This review summarizes the main essential properties of polysaccharides, including their chemical properties, crosslinking mechanisms, and biological properties, and focuses on the association between their structures and properties. The recent progress in polysaccharide-based biomaterials in various TE applications is reviewed, and the prospects for future studies are addressed as well. We intend this review to offer a comprehensive understanding of and inspiration for the research and development of polysaccharide-based materials in TE.Impact statementPolysaccharides are promising biomaterials due to their significant bioactivities, natural abundance, immunoactivity, and chemical modifiability for tissue engineering (TE) applications. As an important natural macromolecule, polysaccharide has attracted much attention both in academia and industry for several biomedical applications. Compared with synthetic materials, polysaccharides have unique biological properties; it is self-evident that polysaccharides will always be the research hotspot in fabricating various biomaterials for different TE. However, most researches about polysaccharides-based materials are still far from practical treatment. This review summarizes the main essential properties of polysaccharides, providing the basic information about chemical properties, crosslinking mechanisms, and biological properties. Recent researches about design and fabrication of polysaccharides-based materials are summarized.

The Chinese Imaging Genetics (CHIMGEN) study establishes the largest Chinese neuroimaging genetics cohort and aims to identify genetic and environmental factors and their interactions that are associated with neuroimaging and behavioral phenotypes. This study prospectively collected genomic, neuroimaging, environmental, and behavioral data from more than 7000 healthy Chinese Han participants aged 18–30 years. As a pioneer of large-sample neuroimaging genetics cohorts of non-Caucasian populations, this cohort can provide new insights into ethnic differences in genetic-neuroimaging associations by being compared with Caucasian cohorts. In addition to micro-environmental measurements, this study also collects hundreds of quantitative macro-environmental measurements from remote sensing and national survey databases based on the locations of each participant from birth to present, which will facilitate discoveries of new environmental factors associated with neuroimaging phenotypes. With lifespan environmental measurements, this study can also provide insights on the macro-environmental exposures that affect the human brain as well as their timing and mechanisms of action.

•Automated fiber quantification could reflect region-specific white matter damage in MS and NMOSD.•MS resulted in more extensive white matter microstructure damage than NMOSD.•DTI metrics serve as potential imaging markers for assessing disease severity and progression.

•Long-term noninvasive survey of rhesus monkey brain allografts harboring build-in stimulatory DREADD with MR imaging, [18F]FDG-PET and EEG.•Achieving remote control over neuronal activity of brain allografts derived from engineered rhesus monkey pluripotent stem cells.•Improving the safety of transplantation in rhesus monkeys via a preset built-in suicide system.•Integration of genetic engineering and cell therapy represents a powerful strategy for the development of controllable cell therapeutics.

•RRMS patients have enlarged choroid plexus volume and impaired glymphatic system.•Choroid plexus enlargement and glymphatic impairment correlate with brain atrophy.•Choroid plexus volume and glymphatic function are related to clinical disability.

We report the clinical history, laboratory findings, and imaging features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a neonate whose mother was also a patient. The newborn was the youngest patient with COVID-19 in the world at the time he was diagnosed. This case has brought more attention and understanding to the epidemic and mode of transmission of the disease.

This study investigated unique and shared effects of social support and cultural orientation on mental health indicators (depressive and anxiety symptoms, stress, and life satisfaction) of 896 college students. Results indicated that perceived social support predicted mental health variables and that cultural orientation variables (independent and interdependent self‐construal) moderated this association. Conclusions and counseling implications for university counselors are discussed on the basis of cultural orientation theory.

In this work, a potent photosensitizer, sinoporphyrin sodium (DVDMS), was loaded into RGD-modified ferritin (R-Fn) nanocages by a rapid, scalable and versatile approach for imaging guided photodynamic and photothermal (PTT/PDT) co-therapy. The resulting nanocomposite formed a well-defined nanocage with a photosensitizer loading capacity as high as 66.67 wt%, which far exceeds those reported previously. The bioengineered protein nanocage-based nanotheranostics exhibits a remarkably improved tumor treatment effect over DVDMS with good biocompatibility and the potential of clinical translation.

•Multiple sclerosis patients exhibited extensive atrophy of subcortical regions.•Multiple sclerosis patients had more additional connections in structural covariance.•More missing connections were found in NMOSD patients.•The structural covariance can use multi-atlas-based anatomical segmentation method.

While the occurrence of glymphatic system dysfunction has been observed in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), the potential asymmetry of this system has yet to be investigated in the TLE context. We aimed to investigate the glymphatic system function in both hemispheres and to analyze asymmetric features of the glymphatic system in TLE patients using diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) method.

In article number 1901304, Dong‐An Wang and co‐workers show how full‐scale osteochondral defects, which penetrate articular cartilage and invade into subchondral bones, can be fixed by sole grafting of tissue‐engineered hyaline cartilage without co‐engraftment of a subchondral bone substitute. The images are respectively MRI and polarized light microscopy of ultra‐structural histology by picrosirius stain.

In this study, full‐scale osteochondral defects are hypothesized, which penetrate the articular cartilage layer and invade into subchondral bones, and can be fixed by sole graft of tissue‐engineered hyaline cartilage without co‐engraftment of any subchondral bone substitute. It is hypothesized that given a finely regenerated articular cartilage shielding on top, the restoration of subchondral bones can be fulfilled via spontaneous self‐remodeling in situ. Hence, the key challenge of osteochondral regeneration lies in restoration of the non‐self‐regenerative articular cartilage. Here, traumatic osteochondral lesions to be repaired in rabbit knee models are endeavored using novel tissue‐engineered hyaline‐like cartilage grafts that are produced by 3D cultured porcine chondrocytes in vitro. Comparative trials are conducted in animal models that are implanted with living hyaline cartilage grafts (LhCG) and decellularized LhCG (dLhCG). Sound osteochondral regeneration is gradually revealed from both LhCG and dLhCG‐implanted samples 50–100 d after implantation. Quality regeneration in both zones of articular cartilage and subchondral bones are validated by the restored osteochondral composition, structure, phenotype, and mechanical property, which validate the hypothesis of this study. Full‐scale osteochondral defects, which penetrate articular cartilage and invade into subchondral bones, can be fixed by sole graft of tissue‐engineered hyaline cartilage, d/LhCG, without co‐engraftment of subchondral bone substitute.