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Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms can absorb nitrogen and phosphorus efficiently from water. Cloning the phosphate transporter 1 from E. crassipes (EcPHT1) and studying its characteristics can help to explain the molecular mechanism of absorption and transportation of inorganic phosphate (Pi) in E. crassipes and develop new genetic resources for phosphate transport to aid genetic breeding of crops with increased phosphate use efficiency. In this paper, we have used RACE method to clone the EcPT1 with 1572 bps which encoded a polypeptide of 523 amino acids and contained 11 transmembrane regions which was the typical structure of plant PHT1. The phylogenetic analysis also showed EcPT1 was closely related to other plant PHT1s. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that the EcPT1 expression in roots was up-regulated under low phosphorus stress. Moreover the EcPT1 expression in leaves was suppressed after E. crassipes was transferred to sufficient Pi from deficient Pi. Yeast functional complementation tests showed that the EcPT1 could complement the phosphate transport function of the Pi deficient yeast PHO84 in 175 μM Pi and make it grow best in pH = 5 or 6. All these results indicated that EcPT1 might be a phosphate transporter gene. Its expression was different in different tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A centralizing monoidM is a set of unary operations which commute with some set F of operations. Here, F is called a witness of M. On a 3-element set, a centralizing monoid is maximal if and only if it has a constant operation or a majority minimal operation as its witness. In this paper, we take one such majority operation, which corresponds to a maximal centralizing monoid, on a 3-element set and obtain its generalization, called mb, on a k-element set for any k = 3. We explicitly describe the centralizing monoid M(mb) with mb as its witness and then prove that it is not maximal if k > 3, contrary to the case for k = 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ZIP (Zinc-regulated transporter, Iron-regulated transporter-like Protein, ZIP) plays an important role in uptake or transport Zn or Fe in plants. So studying ZIPs in plant can help to elucidate the molecular mechanism for Zn and Fe transportation. Herein, we have cloned a novel Zn transporter gene NoZIP3 from Nasturtium officinale root using rapid-amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) method, evaluated its function by functional complementation assay and determined its relative transcriptional level by quantitative real-time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR). The results showed that the full-length cDNA of NoZIP3 was 1029 bp, which encoded a polypeptide of 342 amino acids with a conserved domain of the typical ZIPs. NoZIP3 sequence shared a high similarity (57–89%) with that of other plant species. NoZIP3 could complement a mutant yeast deficient in Zn transportation; however, it could not complement that of Fe transportation. qRT-PCR revealed that the transcriptional level of NoZIP3 in roots was much higher than that in leaves under Zn deficiency, Fe deficiency or sufficient nutrition. These results suggested that NoZIP3 might be preferentially expressed in roots and had roles in Zn transportation, which could provide the foundation for further studying the characteristics and function of this gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology / Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is known that a countable $\omega $ -categorical structure interprets all finite structures primitively positively if and only if its polymorphism clone maps to the clone of projections on a two-element set via a continuous clone homomorphism. We investigate the relationship between the existence of a clone homomorphism to the projection clone, and the existence of such a homomorphism which is continuous and thus meets the above criterion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our materials in this study were true potato seeds obtained as a result of crossbreeding between trading cultivars and seedlings from Center of International Potatoes (CIP). Field experiments were performed in randomized block design with four replications. Comparisons were made among ten clones. According to this research, investigated properties have shown significant differences among the clones except tuber yield per plant. According to duncan groups, Clone 6 has the highest value for yield per decare. Clone 6 and Clone 9 rank first as regards big tuber percentage 53.65% and 55.50%, respectively. Clone 6 and Clone 7 showed the highest values for tuber yield per plant 290.63 g and 329.25 g, respectively and shared the same letter group. As a result of this research, Clone 6 can be evaluated as a new cultivar candidate in terms of yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loaches (genus Cobitis ) in Slovakian tributaries (Danube River Basin) are represented by diploid-polyploid hybrid complexes of C. elongatoides and C. tanaitica . Uniquely, their coexistence is made possible by the presence of polyploid (mainly triploid) females that are sexually dependant on diploid male sperm (donors) for gynogenesis. Information on the spatial distribution of Cobitis with of differing ploidy remains relatively scarce. The main aim of this study, therefore, was to identify in ploidy in the species preferred microhabitat. Overall, 345 Cobitis were recorded in Rivers Okna and Ondava (Danube Basin) between 2011 and 2015, with 316 diploid and triploid individuals detected by flow cytometry examined were studied for the microhabitat preferences with the using the point sample method. The sex ratio differed significantly between localities, while diploid-polyploid ratio not. Moreover, each of ploidy-sex forms (i.e. diploid male, diploid female, triploid female) showed a preference for a specific substrate composition, velocity, depth and distance from the bank at both localities. Mixed effect linear models identified clear differences in fine substrate between seasons for individuals from the River Okna. Similarly, non-metric multidimensional scaling detected differences in environmental variables preference for both diploid and triploid forms. These finding indicate specific spatial and temporal microhabitat preference for diploid (sexual donors) and triploid (asexuals) C. elongatoides × C. tanaitica when coexisting as mixed a population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clonal forestry must be linked with intensive silvicultural practices to increase forest productivity of loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) in the southern United States. Although the positive growth responses due to intensive silviculture have been reported extensively, much less is known about the physiological processes that drive these responses. This study assessed the responses of growth, leaf area, leaf-level gas exchange and foliage morphology of 4 year-old loblolly pine clones and families to changes in silvicultural intensity on the Virginia Piedmont (VA) and North Carolina Coastal Plain (NC). Four clones (differing in crown ideotype), 1 control-mass-pollinated (CMP) and 1 open-pollinated (OP) family were evaluated in two levels of silviculture (operational and intensive). The operational silvicultural treatment included only banded weed control, whereas the operational silvicultural treatment included broadcast weed control, fertilization and tip moth control. The effect of genotype and silvicultural intensity were site-specific, and expressed mostly at VA. The intensive silvicultural treatment increased stem volume by 68% and 36% relative to the operational silvicultural treatment at VA and NC, respectively. At VA, the differences in the leaf area responses to the silvicultural treatment among genotypes differed between 60 and 146%, which suggested great differences in growth efficiency among the genotypes. These responses were not linked to changes in leaf physiology and morphology. The seasonal variation of gas exchange parameters was similar between sites, but significant differences in leaf physiology and morphology were found among the genotypes. However, this variation was neither attributed to the genetic source (clonal versus non-clonal) nor the crown ideotype (broad- versus narrow-crown) as hypothesized. Understanding the differences in the crown physiological processes among loblolly pine genotypes may be required to optimize the gains expected from clonal forestry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuromedin U (NMU) is a highly conserved neuropeptide that performs a variety of physiological functions in animals via neuromedin U receptor-1 (NMUR1) and neuromedin U receptor-2 (NMUR2). In this study, we cloned the pig NMU, NMUR1 and NMUR2 genes. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that the pig NMU cDNA encoded the amino acids Phe-Leu-Phe-Arg-Pro-Arg-Asn-NH2 at the C-terminus and that the NMU receptors, which are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), contained the seven transmembrane domains typical of GPCRs. Systemic NMU, NMUR1 and NMUR2 mRNA expression was investigated in various pig tissues using real-time RT-PCR. NMU mRNA was expressed both in the central nervous system (CNS) and in peripheral tissues. NMUR1 mRNA was widely expressed in peripheral tissues, whereas NMUR2 mRNA was mainly expressed in the CNS. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to determine the expression patterns of NMU and NMUR1, which were predominantly located in the gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary organs, and immune organs. This study presents molecular and morphological data to aid in additional NMU research in pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Many of Cobitis subpopulations exist as diploid-polyploid hybrid complexes where polyploid gynogenetic females act as "sperm parasites" of diploid individuals. In addition to sexual strategy, the life history of such individuals is also affected by their growth performance. In order to elucidate unknown aspects of the Cobitis hybrid complexes we decided to identify differences in the annual size increments between individuals representing different ploidy and sex, and to compare the condition factor expressed by length-weight (L-W) relation within the same ploidy and sex groups. Material and methods. In total, 158 specimens representing Cobitis elongatoides (Băcescu et Mayer, 1969) × Cobitis tanaitica (Băcescu et Mayer, 1969) hybrid complex were caught in August and September 2014, of which 132 were analysed. The fish were caught in the Okna River (Danube River basin), Slovakia. Sex was determined based on externally visible morphological features or based on microscopic observation of the gonads. Ploidy level was determined by means of flow cytometry on fin clips taken from each specimen. Age was estimated based on the total number of annuli visible on vertebrae. All statistical models were performed in the R statistical environment. Results. Sex ratio varied within age classes, with 3+ fish primarily composed of females and, 4+ fish mostly triploid. Maximum back-calculated lengths for diploid females were obtained up to 3+, and for the 4+ age group for triploid. L-W relations for adult males and females also differed significantly, but did not vary between diploid and triploid females. There were differences in at specific body lengths for Cobitis with different ploidy level. Diploid males were characterised by short annual age and length increments during the first two years of life. Annual increments in diploid females were highest overall though their frequency decreased after the reaching the fourth year of life (3+). On the contrary, annual increments in triploid females were the lowest within all groups until their fourth year, thought their frequency in the oldest age group (4+). Conclusion. In our study, we first confirmed that yearly increments and maximal age of Cobitis individuals are affected by different ploidy. Contrary, the L-W relations of gutted diploid and triploid females did not differ and they were affected only by sex. We suggest that the intensity of growth is more affected by ploidy, while the L-W of Cobitis is determined by intensity of feeding and stage of gonad development at the local conditions during season. Therefore, in the future studies of Cobitis growth and condition parameters the ploidy level of individuals should also be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To clone cytochrome P450 from Aedes aegypti ( Ae. aegypti ) and determine the characteristics using bioinformatics tools. Methods Cytochrome P450 of Ae. aegypti was amplified using polymerase chain reaction, cloned and sequenced. Evolutionary relationship of the sequence was inferred and bioinformatics tools were used to predict subcellular localisation, signal peptide, transmembrane helix, phosphorylation, O-glycosylation, secondary and tertiary structures of the deduced protein. Results Polymerase chain reaction rather amplified a cytochrome P450 pseudogene which was named CYP4H44P (GenBank accession number KF779932 ). The pseudogene has 1 537 nucleotides and an open reading frame of 335 amino acids containing cytochrome P450 motifs except the WxxxR motif. It is highly homologous to CYP4H28 and CYP4H28v2 . Phylogenetic analysis and evolutionary divergence showed strong clustering with CYP4H28 alleles and least divergence from the alleles respectively. The deduced protein was predicted to be found in the cytoplasm and likely to be phosphorylated but devoid of signal peptide, transmembrane helix and O-glycosylated sites. The secondary and tertiary structures were also generated. Conclusions A cytochrome P450 pseudogene, CYP4H44P was cloned from Ae. aegypti . The pseudogene is homologous with CYP4H28 alleles and seems to have recently diverged from this group. Isolating this pseudogene is an important step for evaluating its biological role in the mosquito and for the evolutionary analysis of Ae. aegypti CYPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology / Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To conduct the cloning identification and characterization of the sequence of human IL-17A promoter so as to analyze the regulatory mechanism of the gene expression of IL-17. Methods First of all, the potential promoter region of IL-17A was found by means of the bioinformatics methods. Then, it was cloned into the reporter vector with PCR technique. Finally, the activity of the test promoter was determined by dual luciferase reporter system. Results Two transcriptional start points of the upper region, 600 bp and 1000 bp, of IL-17A were obtained by PCR clone and proved to have certain activities by dual luciferase reporter system. Also, they could be activated by IL-17A activator STAT3, which could start the expression of the reported gene. Conclusions Clone established the regulatory region of human IL-17A promoter, which provided bases to the subsequent function research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increase in the frequency and magnitude of extreme weather events, such as major ice storms, can have severe impacts on southern forests. We investigated the damage inflicted by a severe ice storm that occurred in February 2014 on two loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) ideotypes in Cross, South Carolina located in the southeastern coastal plain. The “narrow crown” ideotype allocates more resources to stem growth while the “broad crown” ideotype allocates more of its resources to leaf area. We sampled each clone in August of 2014 and assessed damage based on four mutually exclusive damage categories: crown damage (visual estimation of percent damage); bent bole (bending shape and angle); snapped bole (distance from ground to snapped height); and uprooted. Damage category was statistically different between clones ( χ 2 = 120.36; p = 0.001); 67% of the individuals of the narrow crown ideotype suffered crown damage compared to 94% of the broad crown ideotype; 27% of the individuals of narrow crown ideotype suffered immediate mortality after the bole snapped, compared to only 3% for the broad crown. Of the individuals that incurred crown damage, the degree of damage sustained was statistically different by clonal type ( F = 8.73; p < 0.01). The broad crown ideotype incurred greater crown damage than the narrow crown (38.0 ± 1.34 and 31.8 ± 1.6, respectively). Damage that resulted in a bent bole was minimal, with 4% for the narrow crown ideotype and 3% for the broad crown. The observed clonal differences in response to damage that incurred from an extreme ice storm may be attributed to differences in morphology and carbon allocation strategies between the two ideotypes. These differences are important to carbon sequestration projects and ideotype development in regions that are prone to extreme glazing events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science / Zhongguo Shouyi Xuebao is the property of Chinese Society of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Variation in phenology and reproductive biology among different clones of a species help in the selection of better genotypes. We studied a 33 year old clonal seed orchard of Teak (Tectona grandis) to estimate the variation in phenology and reproductive biology of 13 distinct clones derived from two different provenances. The peak phonological events like leaf shedding, leaf renewal, flowering, fruiting and fruit fall were observed in January, May, August, September and December respectively. The clones such as ORANP4 and ORANR2 showed their activeness in having phonological events earlier. The number of flowers produced per inflorescence was highest in ORANP3 (5230) while ORANR5 produced the lowest (3030). However, ORANP7 produced highest number of fruits per tree (570) closely followed by ORANP4 (563) and ORANP3 (528). All the reproductive traits expressed very high percentage of heritability (>90%) which indicates that these traits are uselul for further selection to produce high yielding genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science / Zhongguo Shouyi Xuebao is the property of Chinese Society of Veterinary Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: In this article I will consider the controversial Rybka case, which created a considerable stir in the computer chess community in 2011. Rybka was, from its initial public release in 2005 until it was surpassed in 2010, by far the strongest chess engine ever seen. The question of whether Rybka was substantially or slightly copied from other sources, or a completely original work, is still passionately being debated on forums and blogs. Since the actual source code was not available the determination of whether or not the program was original is complex and involves technical topics such as reverse engineering, program analysis, the abstraction–filtration–comparison test and black box testing such as ponder-hit analysis. The question relates to practices for software development, legal issues like copyright law and touches on innovation and market leadership. Drawing on this array of topics we review the question if and to what extent Rybka was a clone/derivative. The main conclusion is that the view computer experts take on this question is colored by two different views of software development, one that fits programming in an academic environment, one that fits programming in an industry environment. This article is party based on my four part ChessBase article, but includes some new analysis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In the present paper I discuss the fantasy of human cloning and the clone as a myth of the "culture of the copy" society. I follow the idea that science fiction is, from an ethical point of view, the literary genre most concerned with shaping possible, often unsettling worlds and contexts, while also debating the main differences between the concept of "clone" and the unsettling category of the "double" in the realm of literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study regarding the sequence and cloning analysis of China Xinji fine wool sheep's Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) gene. The study investigates the TLR8 gene under reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The study reveals that the China Xinji fine wool sheep's TLR8 gene plays an important role in determining pathogen associated molecular patterns.

Highlights: [•] Significant main effects of clone, weed control and site on wood stiffness. [•] Significant interactive effects of clone×weed control or site on wood stiffness. [•] Clonal means of wood stiffness and stem slenderness were positively correlated. [•] Weed competition increased wood stiffness through its impact on stem slenderness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Gummosis disease (Lasiodiplodia theobromae) is the most limiting problem for cashew production in semi-arid northeastern Brazil; nevertheless, there is no efficient method of control other than genetic resistance. Although genetically improved dwarf clones with a high resistance have been released, there is still a need for sources of resistance in wild common cashew populations. The reactions to gummosis disease of twenty cloned wild cashew genotypes were evaluated during seven consecutive years in a commercial orchard located in an area under high disease pressure in semi-arid northeast Brazil. The disease incidence and severity (0 to 4 severity scale) were assessed at 4-month intervals, and the area under the disease progress curve was estimated for each genotype. The first gummosis symptom was observed after twelve months of planting. The disease progressed very rapidly after twenty months in most of the genotypes, but three of them showed resistance. The area under the disease progress curve was found to be a good parameter to differentiate among the genotype reactions. A significant correlation between the disease incidence and severity was detected upon Pearson coefficient analyses. This is the first report on screening wild-common cashew genotypes for the resistance to gummosis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article discusses a study on expression and distribution of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in tissue of piglets by cloning and then real time-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical to detect ACE2 expression. It states that ACE2 protein distribution in every organ has an apparent specificity and has higher level of expression in the gastrointestinal tract that may be involved in growth and development of gastrointestinal system.

The article discusses a study related to cloning and prokaryotic expression of the invasion plasmid antigen IpaC gene isolated from chicken Shigella bacteria. It discusses the significance of the IpaC gene to examine the pathopoiesis process, use of the polymerase chain reaction for the amplification of the gene, and determination of the nucleotide sequence homology and amino acid sequence homology of IpaC genes between chicken and humans.

The article focuses on a study related to cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis of duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) genome obtained from cherry valley duck from Henan provience in China. It discusses the analysis of nucleotides with three overlapping open reading frames, encoding surface, and polymerase proteins, phylogenetic analysis of DHBV, and classification of DHBV into two genotypes such as Chinese genotype and Western genotype.

Copyright of Innovación Tecnológica is the property of Instituto de Informacion Cientifica y Tecnologica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on increase in proteolytic and hydrolytic activity observed in cloned species of bacillus subtilis. Bacillus subtilis was isolated from fermented foods and their extracellular alkaline proteases sequences were cloned. This cloning was synthesized in presence of Escherichia coli. The increase in proteolytic and hydrolytic activity in cloned enzymes was four times than that in normal enzymes. This activity was same as that observed in high salt concentrations.

Summary: Objectives: To study the antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular epidemiology of Salmonella enterica isolates from 2005 to 2010 in Hong Kong. Methods: S. enterica isolates from 2005 to 2010 in one of the hospital clusters were serotyped and studied their antimicrobial susceptibility by determining the minimal inhibitory concentration of 17 antimicrobial agents and their relatedness by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results: A total of 60 S. enterica serovars were identified among the 963 strains of Salmonella from 2005 to 2010. Enteritidis (47.3%) and Typhimurium (17.2%) were the two most common serovars. Ciprofloxacin non-susceptibility increased significantly from 39.3% in 2005 to 63% in 2010 (p < 0.05) and the percentage of multidrug resistant strains increased from 17.8% in 2005 to 36.2% in 2010 (p < 0.05). However, resistance to the third generation cephalosporins (1.4%) remained low. More strains of S. Typhimurium than other Salmonella serovars were resistant to the antimicrobial agents tested than S. Enteritidis. PFGE analysis showed there were predominant clones of S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium and S. Stanley circulating in the community, and two outbreaks caused by S. Enteritidis and S. Virchow during the study period. Conclusions: The study showed both a worrying percentage of Salmonella strains resistant to quinolone and of multidrug resistant strains. PFGE identified two outbreaks in the study period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past decade, a series of technological advances have revolutionized our ability to interrogate cancer genomes, culminating in whole-genome sequencing, which provides genome-wide coverage at a single base-pair resolution. To date, the tumor genome has been sequenced in nearly 40 cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). On average, each AML genome contains approximately 400 mutations, including 6–26 coding mutations. The majority of these mutations are ‘background’ mutations that were acquired during normal aging of hematopoietic stem cells. Though comprehensively identifying ‘driver’ mutations remains a challenge, a number of novel driver mutations in AML have been identified through whole-genome sequencing. The digital nature of next-generation sequencing has revealed clonal heterogeneity in the majority of AML at diagnosis. Importantly, in some cases, a minor subclone contributed to relapse, suggesting the strategies to assess clonal heterogeneity are needed to optimize therapy. As sequencing technologies improve and costs decrease, it is likely that whole-genome sequencing of cancer cells will become commonplace in the diagnostic work-up of patients with AML and other cancers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The human being has changed in time due to both biological and cultural evolution. In a first step, biological evolution was the cornerstone of the changes in our species; later cultural evolution provided key adaptations. These adaptations include clothing, tools, reading and writing, calculation and some forms of rudimentary prosthesis. Technoscience has enhanced these adaptations conducing to a broad-sense cyborg. Our contemporary society includes a huge proportion of these latter individuals. In this article we discuss this reality and our future based on the interconnections between humans, cyborgs and robots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which examines the phylogenetic diversity and expression character of prolactin (PRL) gene in laying pigeon. Through a degenerate primer and nester reverse transciption polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) based strategy, the cDNA of PRL was isolated and cloned from a female American silver king pigeon. The study indicates that PRL mRNA expression is significantly higher in incubation compared to laying.

In this study, mycelial compatibility grouping (MCG) of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary was determined in 15 infected potato fields in Bahar and Lelehjin, Hamadan, Iran. Among 193 isolates, 37 MCGs were identified and 67% were represented by single isolates observed at single locations. Within Bahar fields, 29 MCGs were identified and 15 MCGs were recognized in Lalehjin samples. MCGs 2, 6, 18 and 25 were collected at high frequency from multiple locations. The efficacy of Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) amended with activated charcoal for identifying MCGs in this fungus was tested in doubtful reactions and proved to be an effective medium. The activated charcoal produced a black reaction area in incompatible interactions as well as a red reaction line in PDA amended with McCormick's red food coloring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a study regarding the cloning and prokaryotic expression of a multi-drug resistant regular evgS gene from Escherichia coli using polymerase chain reaction (PMR).

Progressive developments have been currently met in Albanian arboriculture. In addition, great efforts have been made to establish linkages between Albanian and regional arboriculture together with technological developments in the area of cultivation, planting structure, sapling market, vegetative rootstocks, etc. Abate Fetel and Gientil Bianca, two rootstocks with vegetative seeds and pear cultivar have been investigated by the Department of Horticulture of the Agricultural University of Tirana for stimulation of production and the spreading of the sapling of the pear on the vegetative rootstocks purposes. The number of plants I unit of surface and the economic effectiveness in the farm would prospectively increase. Results showed that the application of EMA, a vegetative clone, provided high planting indicators (87.33% and 92%) and saplings characterized by qualitative indicators (92.6% and 94.2%). The cost of production is 0.5ϵ/sapling [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The basic defect in cystic fibrosis (CF) predisposes to chronic bacterial airway infections, particularly with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Airway infections with P. aeruginosa in individuals with CF are unique in that they chronically affect a host who is immunocompetent in terms of cellular and humoral responses but is immunocompromised by impaired airway clearance. The initially acquired P. aeruginosa clone typically persists for many years in the patients’ airways and thereby diversifies by de novo point mutations and the composition of its accessory genome. Co-colonizations with 2 or more clones are preferentially observed during the first 3 years of colonization. Upper and lower airways are commonly colonized by the same clone suggesting that the sinuses are the reservoir and gateway for the colonization of the lower airways. Early antipseudomonal chemotherapy has an 80% chance to eradicate the P. aeruginosa clone. This regimen introduced in the late 1980s has shifted the median age of the onset of chronic airways colonization with P. aeruginosa from school age to early adulthood at the most successful CF centres. The measures to prevent and to treat the Pseudomonas infections in CF have been considerably improved during the last 20 years. Highly transmissible epidemic strains, however, that emerge within a clonal lineage remain a major, still unresolved health threat for the CF community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The tendency for managers of eucalypt plantations to plant large, homogeneous (i.e. clonal) stands presents a new suite of problems. Perhaps foremost among them is the elevated risk of disease or predation. One way to counter this risk is to select material with high natal resistance, such as material with high concentrations of plant secondary metabolites. This would be much simpler if we could predict future defences from the chemistry of juvenile plants. The present study aimed to determine the relationship between the concentrations of formylated phloroglucinol compounds (FPCs) in the leaves of newly established Eucalyptus grandis (Hill ex Maiden) clones in the nursery and those in the same genetic material in experimental plantations. There was almost no relationship between the concentrations of defensive chemicals in the leaves of newly established E. grandis clones growing in pots in the nursery and of those in the same genetic material growing in plantations. This implies that age effects and probable gene×environment interactions prevent evaluating the defensive qualities of clones until they are several years old and even then the results are site-specific. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The effects of genetic entry and competition on the above ground dry biomass production (i.e. stem wood, needles, branches and harvest index) was studied in 20 Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) clones grown in southern Finland. Furthermore, the measured above ground biomass components were compared against the corresponding estimations based on biomass models developed previously. The clones included both Finnish and Russian clones, as well as provenance-hybrids clones. Differences existed between clones in stem dry mass production, but not in harvest index or in crown dry mass. However, the competition caused by neighboring trees also significantly affected above ground dry biomass, as well as the biomass of crown and stem separately. Differences in competition between the clones could not be found. Unlike the dry mass of branches, the dry mass of needles and stem could be estimated well for individual sample trees with the available biomass models. Moreover, the clone with the largest above ground dry biomass production had nearly doubled production, on average, than the average over all clones. Thus, some of the clones showed especially high potential for biomass recovery in energy wood thinning. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]