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During non-surgical endodontic retreatment, gutta-percha (GP) solvents are indispensable in difficult cases when used with mechanical removal, however studies comparing their efficacy against different types of GP are limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the softening effect of three solvents on the conventional (CGP), cross-linked carrier-based (CLGP), and thermoplasticized (TGP) and compare the effect of time on the softening effect of the solvents. Tested GP were embedded in cuboidal blocks of stone with their upper surfaces exposed (1 mm diameter). Three commercial GP solvents based on D-Limonene (DL), Eucalyptol oil (EO), and orange oil (OO) were added to the exposed GP before an indenter (weight = 1Kg) was applied. Using a digital camera, the indentation depth was measured (mm) directly after applying the solvent and indenter (T = 0), and after 1, 2, and 3 min of application (T = 1,2,3). The means of indentation depth were calculated and compared using a two-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post-hoc test to assess the effect of the types of solvent, GP for each application duration, and Friedman's test to evaluate the effect of application duration on the softening effect of solvents. The type of GP (F = 261.43, p < 0.001), type of solvent (F = 3.57, p = 0.015), and application duration (F = 53.088, p < 0.001) were all found to significantly affect GP softening. DL exhibited the highest and only significant effect on CGP after 1 min (p < 0.05), while OO had the only significant effect against CLGP when applied for at least 2 min (p < 0.05). Both OO and EO had significant softening effects on TGP instantly or after 1 min of application, respectively. The results of this study revealed that the softening effect of GP solvents varies depending on their type, their application duration, and the type of GP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the potential synergistic activity of diclofenac with piperine and D-limonene in inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Methods: Molecular docking study was conducted to evaluate the binding affinity of diclofenac with piperine and D-limonene against p53, Bax, and Bcl-2. The MTT assay was used to determine IC50, and the Chou-Talay method was used to determine the synergistic concentration of the combination treatment of diclofenac plus piperine and diclofenac plus D-limonene. Apoptosis detection, cell cycle arrest, reactive oxygen species production, and mitochondrial membrane potential were also investigated. Results: Diclofenac, piperine, and D-limonene showed potent binding affinity for p53, Bax, and Bcl-2. Diclofenac plus piperine and diclofenac plus D-limonene enhanced the formation of reactive oxygen species, which also had an effect on the mitochondrial membrane's integrity and caused DNA fragmentation. Diclofenac plus piperine and diclofenac plus D-limonene arrested the cells in the sub-G0 phase while drastically lowering the percentage of cells in the G2/M phase. Furthermore, the elevated apoptosis in the combined therapy was confirmed by annexin V/propidium iodide staining. Conclusions: The combined therapy prominently enhanced the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects on MCF-7 cells compared with treatment with diclofenac, piperine, and D-limonene alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the efficacy of d -limonene in preventing biofilm formation by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens , a soy food spoilage bacterium. The minimal biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBICs) of d -limonene against two strains of B. amyloliquefaciens were determined using a twofold dilution method. Furthermore, the ability of d -limonene to eradicate preformed biofilms was evaluated using the TTC reduction method. Subsequent analyses investigated the effects of d -limonene on biofilm morphology, cell motility, cell surface characteristics, and the composition of the biofilm matrix. The MBICs of d -limonene for B. amyloliquefaciens strains DY1a and DY1b were determined to be 24 and 36 μL/mL, respectively. At 2 MBIC, d -limonene eradicated 63.67% of the DY1a biofilms and 52.63% of the DY1b biofilms. Significantly, d -limonene markedly reduced swimming and swarming motility at concentrations ranging from 1/2 to 1 MBIC. In particular, at 1/2 MBIC, d -limonene decreased swimming and swarming abilities by 85.88% and 37.84%, respectively, for strain DY1a and by 75.00% and 95.07%, respectively, for strain DY1b. Furthermore, d -limonene suppressed the biosynthesis of polysaccharides and proteins in the extracellular biofilm matrix and reduced cell surface hydrophobicity, surface charge, and autoaggregation. These findings suggest that d -limonene could be an effective antibiofilm agent for the control of B. amyloliquefaciens in the soybean food industry. [Display omitted] • d -limonene exhibited significant biofilm inhibitory against Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. • d -limonene inhibited B. amyloliquefaciens cell motility. • d -limonene alerted B. amyloliquefaciens cell surface properties. • d -limonene repressed biosynthesis of biofilm matrix polysaccharides and proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Trans-2-dodecenol had no effect on behavior of Paederus fuscipes. • Trans-2-dodecenol showed high repellence against Nilaparvata lugens. • Trans-2-dodecenol had high attraction for Cyrtorhinus lividipennis. Plant essential oils (EOs) and a wide range of chemicals affect insect pests in many ways, such as via stimulatory, deterrent, toxic and hormonal effects. Three different compounds ((E)-β-caryophyllene (E-β-C), D-limonene (D-lime) and trans-2-dodecenol (T-2-D)) were tested against Nilaparvata lugens , Cyrtorhinus lividipennis and Paederus fuscipes , and their behavioral response was assessed. The results showed that on average, more N. lugens nymphs were repelled by E-β-C and T-2-D than by D-lime. More C. lividipennis nymphs were attracted to T-2-D and D-lime than to E-β-C. However, P. fuscipes displayed no significant response to the three chemical compounds. The results also demonstrated that T-2-D has exerted significant repellency against N. lugens and a significant attraction for C. lividipennis , while E-β-C and D-lime have no significant effect on any tested insect. T-2-D was selected and tested in a greenhouse under semi-field conditions, where the observations confirmed the results of the laboratory experiments. From the results, it can be concluded that T-2-D at a concentration of 0.06 g/L is an effective synthetic volatile chemical compound and is the strongest repellent of N. lugens and the strongest attractant for C. lividipennis. This synthetic chemical compound can be used as a pest management tool in rice agroecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus and hyperglycemia can lead to other health complications. The pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus can affect numerous tissues in the eye structure and cataracts are one of the major causes of visual impairment in diabetes mellitus patients. In this study, we aim to investigate the ability of D-limonene to inhibit aldose reductase hypoglycemic activity in lens organ culture and its anti-glycating properties in STZ-induced cataracts of rats with diabetes. D-limonene repressed aldose reductase in-vitro with IC 50 ranges of ~13.9 ± 0.31 µg/mL in an uncompetitive manner. This compound also prevented hyperglycemic induced increases in aldose reductase activity, accumulation of sorbitol, altered crystalline proteins (α, β and γ), and opacification of the rat lens in ex-vivo lens organ culture. Supplementation of D-limonene in STZ-induced diabetic rats restored these changes and delayed the progression of cataracts. This study demonstrates that D-limonene is a pharmaceutically active component that inhibits rat-lens aldose reductase. Therefore, this study showed that D-limonene prevents advanced glycation end product formation contributing to the integrity of α-crystallin chaperone activity and delays cataract development. It has been concluded, D-limonene has a role in inhibiting aldose reductase activity and advanced glycation end products formation in vivo , and in delaying the development of diabetic cataracts. Further studies of D-limonene are needed to assess other complications in DM as they may provide additional evidence for establishing D-limonene as a potential pharmacological target therapy for diabetes mellitus complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L'huile essentielle de Mandarine verte est connue pour être apaisante, sédative et légèrement antispasmodique. Elle est très bien tolérée et peut s'adapter à toute la famille. Elle est d'ailleurs plébiscitée par les enfants pour son odeur très ronde, chaude et douce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: d-Limonene is a natural monoterpene abundant in Citrus essential oils. It is endowed with several biological activities, including inhibition of carcinogenesis and promotion of tumour regression. Recently, d-limonene has been shown to modulate autophagic markers in vitro at concentrations found in vivo, in clinical pharmacokinetic studies. Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic process serving as both an adaptive metabolic response and a quality control mechanism. Because autophagy defects have been linked to a wide range of human pathologies, including neurodegeneration and cancer, there is a need for new pharmacological tools to control deregulated autophagy.Purpose: To better understand the effects of d-limonene on autophagy, to identify the molecular mechanisms through which this monoterpene rapidly triggers LC3 lipidation and to evaluate the role for autophagy in long-term effects of d-limonene.Methods: Human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma, HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma and MCF7 breast cancer cells were used. Endogenous LC3-II levels were evaluated by western blotting. Autophagic flux assay was performed using bafilomycin A1 and chloroquine. Intracellular distribution of LC3 protein was studied by confocal microscopy analysis of LC3B-GFP transduced cells. Expression of lysosomal-membrane protein LAMP-1 was assessed by immunofluorescence analysis. Phosphorylated levels of downstream substrates of mTOR kinase (p70S6 kinase, 4E-BP1, and ULK1) and ERK were analyzed by western blotting. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was assessed by live confocal microscopy of cells loaded with CellROX® Green Reagent. Clonogenic assay was used to evaluate the ability of treated cells to proliferate and form colonies.Results: LC3 lipidation promoted by d-limonene correlates with autophagosome formation and stimulation of basal autophagy. LC3 lipidation does not rely on inhibition of mTOR kinase, which instead appears to be transiently activated. In addition, d-limonene rapidly activates ERK and stimulates ROS generation, yet none of these events is implicated in lipidation of LC3, which was only partly reduced by chelation of intracellular calcium. The early LC3 lipidation induced by d-limonene is associated with inhibition of clonogenic capacity which is reverted by the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine.Conclusions: d-Limonene rapidly stimulates the autophagic flux in cultured cancer cells, which could be usefully exploited for therapeutic purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has substantially impacted the world health systems, causing public health concerns, and the search for new compounds with antiviral activity is of extreme interest. Natural molecules with bioactive potential are a trend, with essential oils (Eos) being the focus of recent studies. Thus, this study evaluates in chemico the d -limonene inhibitory activities in the viral genome of SARS-CoV-2 and analyzes the cytotoxic potential and safety profile of d -limonene and lime and orange EOs with a high content of d -limonene. The EOs were extracted and characterized, and the in chemico computational analysis for the determination as a potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 was performed with d -limonene, the major compound in EOs. The cytotoxicity analysis of EOs and d -limonene was carried out with MRC-5 and HaCaT, and the preliminary safety profile was also evaluated by the HET-CAM assay. d -limonene was suggested as a promising compound for anti-SARS-CoV-2 research, since the molecule does not provide mutagenic and cytotoxic fragments, and does not have irritating potential when diluted, in addition to having favorable pharmacokinetic characteristics, through in chemico analysis. Collectively, the results reveal the antiviral potential of lime and orange EOs, as well as their major compound. In this sense, further studies should be conducted to understand the antiviral mechanisms. • The results reveal the antiviral potential of lime and orange EOs. • d -limonene was suggested as a promising compound for anti-SARS-CoV-2 research. • d -limonene does not provide mutagenic and cytotoxic fragments. • d -limonene does not have irritating potential when diluted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accurate solid solubility data are a key to the design of process and the selection of operating conditions for separating PBDEs from waste electric plastic by solvent. The solubility of DecaBDE in different system was determined by using the isothermal dissolved method, and the impact law of temperature and solvent composition on the solubility of DecaBDE were discussed, the experimental solubility data was correlated with Apelblat equation equation. The results showed that the solubility of DecaBDE was mainly affected by the temperature and the solvent composition, and that Apelblat equation was suitable to fit the experimental results, the deviation was very small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study focuses on rock-fluid interaction during hydraulic fracturing in shale gas reservoir. Hydraulic fracturing is a well stimulation technique used to create fracture network in reservoirs by connecting the main planar hydraulic fracture with the pre-existing natural fracture. Hydraulic fracturing fluid additives such as surfactants are added into the hydraulic fracturing fluid system to enhance oil and gas productivity by assisting fluid recovery after fracturing. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and formation damage parameters of the proposed novel green surfactant as hydraulic fracturing fluid additive where commercial-chemical based surfactant was studied for comparison purpose. The green surfactant used was D-limonene whereas Sodium Alpha Olefin Sulfonate (AOS) was used as commercial-chemical based surfactant. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was done to ensure the D-limonene can withstand the high reservoir temperature in which the D-limonene had inflection point and onset temperature of 410 °C and 380 °C respectively. Soaking test was then conducted where the shale samples were soaked in hydraulic fracturing fluid for seven days. The outcome of the soaking test was then studied in Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and wettability analysis. The SEM test showed that the average pore size of the soaked shale samples were similar to the original shale sample which indicated minimal to no formation damage caused by the hydraulic fracturing fluid. Besides that, the contact angle test resulted in the distilled water and D-limonene forming a contact angle of 90° and 0° respectively on the shale samples. The AOS formed contact angles between 65° and 75° for the tested concentrations. From the results, the shale sample was found to be oil wet and showed a high affinity towards the D-limonene followed by AOS and distilled water. Higher affinity of the surfactants promoted the desorption of the hydraulic fracturing fluid from the shale surface. • D-limonene is able to withstand the reservoir temperature of Montney formation. • The synthetic shale sample which mimics the Montney shale is oil wet. • D-limonene and AOS does minimal to no damage to the pore throats of the synthetic shale samples. • Addition of surfactants into hydraulic fracturing fluid reduces the adsorption of the fluid onto the surface of shale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examined the effect of transglutaminase (TG) cross-linking time (0 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, and 12 h) on the stability of limonene emulsion loaded by microwave-heated WPI (MWPI). Size exclusion chromatography results showed that molecular weight of TG-treated MWPI and WPI was enhanced with the increase in TG cross-linking time (0–12 h). Microwave and TG cross-linking decreased particle size (7.55%) and increased ζ-potential (5.33%) and protein adsorption (4.58%) of WPI emulsion at TG cross-linking time of 12 h. CLSM results showed smaller droplet size of MWPI-TG emulsion and its uniform size. The obtained limonene emulsion loaded by MWPI-TG at 12 h showed the lowest creaming index and the strongest oxidative stability under aerobic conditions after 10thdays of storage. Thus, the combination of microwave heating and TG cross-linking effectively enhanced the stability of limonene emulsion stabilized by WPI and facilitating the application of WPI in the fields of food, medicine, cosmetics, and other areas. • The study investigated the effect of TG crosslinking time on the stability of whey protein-carrying limonene emulsion. • Microwave heating and crosslinking time improved the physical and oxidative stability of emulsion. • Microwave heating and TG crosslinking reduced the size of the emulsion droplets. • Lowest creaming index and best oxidative stability of emulsion were noted at 12 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the polymerization of a naturally occurring monomer (i.e. d-limonene) using aluminum chlo- ride (AIC3) as catalyst for the production of biobased polymers is investigated. Fractional factorial design (FFD) and response surface methodology (RSM) are used to optimize the polymerization conditions of d-limonene through the cationic mechanism. Type of solvent, solvent to monomer ratio, AICI3 concentration and temperature, were selected as process variables to study the effect on the overall yield of the polymerization reaction and the molecular properties of the polymer. Reaction yield is measured gravimetrically, while the average molecular weights and the full molecular weight distribution of the polymers formed using gel permeation chromatography. Thermogravimetric analysis of the polymerization product revealed the existence of dimmers and trimers in the polymer mixture. Detailed characterization of the polymer mixture was also carried out using FTIR spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: d-limonene (p-Menthal-1, 8-diene) is a monocyclic monoterpene obtained from orange, grape fruit and lemon. It exhibits a wide variety of pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic activities. The present study evaluates the antidiabetic effect of d-limonene in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in male albino rats of Wistar strain (180–200g) by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin at a dose of 40mg/kg body weight. d-limonene was administered orally at doses of 50, 100 and 200mg/kg body weight and glibenclamide at a dose of 600μg/kg body weight daily for 45 days. Plasma glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels were increased, the activities of gluconeogenic enzymes such as, glucose 6-phosphatase and fructose 1, 6-bisphosphatase were increased and the glycolytic enzyme, glucokinase activity was decreased along with liver glycogen in the diabetic rats. Graded doses of d-limonene reverse all the above changes towards normal level. The effect of d-limonene was more pronounced in 100mg/kg body weight than the other two doses. The antidiabetic effect of d-limonene was comparable with glibenclamide. These findings suggest that d-limonene has potential antihyperglycemic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article discusses a study which investigated the potential antioxidant effects of 2 monoterpenes, linalool and d-limonene, in female rats treated or not with dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). Monoterpenes refer to dietary components found in the oils of citrus oil and edible plants. Results revealed that malondialdehyde (MDA) was increased by DMBA treatment alone. However, significant decreases of MDA formation was induced by the dietary monoterpene supplementation. In addition, linalool seemed to be a more potent antioxidant than limonene. The findings also showed the protective effects of monoterpenes on an induced oxidative stress.

Summary: Citral, myrcene and limonene (100 and 200 mg/kg body wt., i.p.), constituents of essential oils from Lippia alba chemotypes, decreased not only the number of crossings but also numbers for rearing and grooming, as measured by the open-field test in mice. Although muscle relaxation detected by the rota rod test was seen only at the highest doses of citral (200 mg/kg body wt.) and myrcene (100 and 200 mg/kg body wt.), this effect was observed even at the lowest dose of limonene (50 mg/kg body wt.). Also, citral and myrcene (100 and 200 mg/kg body wt.) increased barbiturate sleeping time as compared to control. Limonene was also effective at the highest dose, and although citral did not increase the onset of sleep, it increased the duration of sleep, which is indicative of a potentiation of sleeping time. Citral (100 and 200 mg/kg body wt.) increased 2.3 and 3.5 times, respectively, the barbiturate sleeping time in mice. Similar effects were observed for myrcene and limonene at the highest dose (200 mg/kg body wt.) which increased the sleeping time around 2.6 times. In the elevated-plus maze, no effect was detected with citral up to 25 mg/kg body wt., while at a high dose it decreased by 46% the number of entries in the open arms. Asmaller but significant effect was detected with limonene (5 mg/kg body wt.). While myrcene (10 mg/kg body wt.) decreased only by 22% the number of entries in the open arms, this parameter was decreased by 48% at the highest dose. Our study showed that citral, limonene and myrcene presented sedative as well as motor relaxant effects. Although only at the highest dose, they also produced a potentiation of the pentobarbital-induced sleeping time in mice, which was more intense in the presence of citral. In addition, neither of them showed an anxiolytic effect, but rather a slight anxiogenic type of effect at the higher doses. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

D limonene (L) is a natural phenolic compound with high antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. However, poor solubility and high volatility limit its applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, L was incorporated in β-cyclodextrin nanosponges (CD-NS) to overcome these limitations. For preparation of NS, different molar ratios of β-CD and diphenyl carbonate (DPC) as cross-linker were used. The synthesized NSs were characterized by FTIR, SEM, TGA, and XRD. The release of encapsulated L was evaluated in different food simulants and simulated gastrointestinal conditions. The encapsulation of L in NS was confirmed by FTIR. The L-NS showed cubic structures with an average size around 1528 ± 195 nm. The solubility and thermal stability of L were enhanced after encapsulation in NS. Encapsulated L showed higher antibacterial activity compared to free L and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of free L was decreased significantly after encapsulation in CD-NS. L indicated a controlled release in gastrointestinal conditions and different food simulants. Our results propose that CD-NS is a suitable carrier for hydrophobic and sensitive compounds and L-NS can be used as a potential preservative with enhanced antibacterial activity in food applications. It is important to note that the results of this study were obtained in vitro and further studies related to their toxicity (in vivo) are needed for confirmation of their application in the era of nutrition and genomics. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]