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Growth retardants like BAP have a major effect in the growth and physiology of plants. They mostly often suppress the height of stem by antagonizes the action of auxins and counteract the apical dominance and its direct application to plants fortifies cell division and growth of the dormant buds ultimately improving the plants bushiness. The experiment was conducted at the Ornamental nursery, Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture Peshawar during the year 2018 to evaluate the effect of Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) and its time of application on the dwarfism and flower production of carnation using Randomized Complete Block Design with split plot arrangement. The treatments comprising of different concentration of BAP (0, 30, 60 and 90 mgL-1 ) and different time of foliar application (7, 14, 21 and 28 days after transplantation). Maximum ( days to flowering, number of branches plant-1, number of leaves planr-1, leaf area ( cm² ), number of flowers planr-1, No. of petals flower·1 and survival percentage (%)) and minimum value of plant height (cm), fresh flower weight (g) and dry flower weight (g)) were observed when BAP was applied at 90 mg L-1. Among foliar application, maximum plant height (g), number of branches plant-1, number of leaves plant"1, leaf area (cm²) and No. of petals flower-1 were observed after 28 days of foliar application of BAP. While foliar application of BAP after 7 days had observed maximum value of days to flowering, number of flowers plant-1, fresh flower weight (g), dry flower weight (g) and survival percentage (%) of carnation. Based on the findings it is concluded that BAP@ 90 mg L-1 and foliar application after 7 days of transplantation performed a better role in reducing the plant height and improving flower production in carnation under the agro-climatic condition of Peshawar valley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lectotypes are designated for D. plumarius, D. lumnitzeri, D. lumnitzeri subsp. pseudopraecox, D. praecox, D. serotinus (superseding a previous lectotypification) and D. serotinus subsp. kitaibelianus. Epitypes are designated for D. plumarius, D. hungaricus and D. praecox, and a neotype is designated for D. serotinus var. regis‐stephani. The application of the name D. lumnitzeri in the sense of D. plumarius subsp. plumarius and the application of the name D. hungaricus as a collective species are adopted here. It is also concluded, that D. serotinus subsp. kitaibelianus and D. serotinus var. regis‐stephani were described from the same population. According to the results of the present typifications, 4(–5) taxa of the D. plumarius group can be distinguished in the Carpathian Basin and the Western Carpathians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assigning correct names to taxa is a challenging goal in the taxonomy of many groups within the Caryophyllaceae. This challenge is most serious in tribe Caryophylleae since the supposed genera seem to be highly artificial, and the available morphological evidence cannot effectively be used for delimitation and exact determination of taxa. The main goal of the present study was to re-assess the monophyly of the genera currently recognized in this tribe using molecular phylogenetic data. We used the sequences of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the chloroplast gene rps16 for 135 and 94 accessions, respectively, representing all 16 genera currently recognized in the tribe Caryophylleae, with a rich sampling of Gypsophila as one of the most heterogeneous groups in the tribe. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference methods. The results show that most of the large genera of Caryophylleae are not monophyletic. As a result, we propose a new classification system matching both molecular phylogenetic and morphological evidence. The main taxonomic conclusions include: (1) the description of three new genera, (2) treating five small genera as synonyms, (3) resurrecting the genus Heterochroa with six species, and (4) proposing 23 new combinations plus 2 replacement names at the specific level. As a result, we recognize 14 genera in Caryophylleae. A diagnostic key to all genera of Caryophylleae is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carnation (Diantlius caryophyllus L.) is one of the most popular cut flowers in the world with the most economical importance to flower industry. This plant is categorized among cut flowers and is very sensitive to ethylene. A symptom of senescence in carnation is curving of its petals inward. In this sense, with regards to the role of Alcoholic compounds in preventing bio-synthesis of ethylene as a senescence preventing agent and increasing the preservation of cut flowers postharvest, the effect of different treatments including propanol, butanol, and pentanol on carnation 'Nelson' was investigated at 4 levels (0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%) taken randomly. Variables such as vase life, fresh weight, chlorophyll a, petal protein, and ethylene were measured. Findings showed that treatments with 2% and 4% of propanol caused the longest vase life and the least decrease in fresh weight while, in comparison with distilled water, pentanol especially at 4% and 6% had a significantly negative effect on the amount of protein. Except for curing with pentanol, the amount of ethylene increased notably particularly in high densities and propanol at 4% showed the largest amount of chlorophyll a. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants of ten woody shrub species, euonymus, winter jasmine, spirea, golden privet, crape myrtle, forsythia, hydrangea, redbud, viburnum, and weigela, and two bedding plant species, marigold (annual) and dianthus (perennial), were sprayed over the top with sulfosulfuron, trifloxysulfuron-sodium, or halosulfuron-methyl at two times the label rate or sulfosulfuron was sprayed over the top with the label rate and then sprayed with the label rate 30 days later to determine phytotoxic effects of the herbicides. All of the sulfonyl urea herbicides tested were safe to use on euonymus, but none should be used on redbud, weigela, spirea, or crape myrtle. Trifloxysulfuron-sodium typically caused more phytotoxicity on all species tested except euonymus, while halosulfuron-methyl was least likely. Sulfosulfuron also should not be used on privet, hydrangea, or winter jasmine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents data regarding the possibility of generative multiplication of some ornamental species provided from the Dobrogea spontaneous flora (Allium flavum L., Dianthus nardiformis L., Silene compacta L., Teucrium polium L. and Alyssum murale L.). Seeds were gathered in 2010 from the plants in their own natural habitat and establishment of crops was made with seedling produced in glasshouse: transplanting and without transplanting. Germination varied between 16-76%, maximum values being recorded at Alyssum murale, and the minimum ones at Teucrium polium. Subsequent determinations and observations done on obtained biologic material and on the established crops with it lead to the conclusion that great majority of the species could be used as transplanting seedling and also as seedling without transplanting, function of the growers possibilities and the usage way of plants. Exceptions were species Dianthus nardiformis, at which is not recommended the transplanting of the seedling (due to the sensibility of root system) and species Silene compacta at which, on contrary, is preferred the variant of transplanting the seedling, having in view the small size of the seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The name Dianthus guliae Janka is typified. This name has to be applied to the Italian yellow carnation, formerly known as D. ferrugineus Mill. The latter name is here instead shown to be applicable to an Iberian endemic currently known as D. crassipes R. Roem. Rejection of the name D. ferrugineus Mill. is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]