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Non-invasive control of the drug molecules accessibility is a key issue in improving diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Some studies have explored the spatiotemporal control by light as a peripheral stimulus. Phototriggered drug delivery systems (PTDDSs) have received interest in the past decade among biological researchers due to their capability the control drug release. To this end, a wide range of phototrigger molecular structures participated in the DDSs to serve additional efficiency and a high-conversion release of active fragments under light irradiation. Up to now, several categories of PTDDSs have been extended to upgrade the performance of controlled delivery of therapeutic agents based on well-known phototrigger molecular structures like o -nitrobenzyl, coumarinyl, anthracenyl, quinolinyl, o -hydroxycinnamate and hydroxyphenacyl, where either of one endows an exclusive feature and distinct mechanistic approach. This review conveys the design, photochemical properties and essential mechanism of the most important phototriggered structures for the release of single and dual (similar or different) active molecules that have the ability to quickly reason of the large variety of dynamic biological phenomena for biomedical applications like photo-regulated drug release, synergistic outcomes, real-time monitoring, and biocompatibility potential. Here, the design, photochemical properties and essential mechanism of the most important phototriggered structures for the release of single and dual (similar or different) active molecules have been discussed. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2 H -azirines have represented versatile building motifs in the domain of organic chemistry owing to their excellent reaction activity induced by the high strain of the three-membered ring species. Over the past decades, brilliant achievements have been made in 2 H -azirine chemistry involving the construction as well as the transformation of such functional compounds. In the presence of transition metals, strong bases or oxidants, 2 H -azirines could be converted into the corresponding products under harsh reaction conditions. Different from traditional catalytic methods, the utilization of photochemistry has proved to be an extremely fascinating protocol that facilitates the construction of 2 H -azirine blocks from diverse substrates and further conversion into various derivatives with interesting biological activities. In this regard, more and more light-driven synthetic approaches featuring high efficiency and mild conditions have been developed. Herein, we summarized the accessibility and applications of 2 H -azirines as powerful precursors or key intermediates for the synthesis of biologically promising molecules in the presence of photocatalytic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Although the natural compound curcumin exerts antitumor properties in vitro, its clinical application is hampered due to rapid metabolism. Light exposure following curcumin application has been demonstrated to improve curcumin's bioavailability. Therefore, this investigation was directed towards evaluating whether light exposure in addition to curcumin application enhances curcumin's efficacy against bladder cancer cell adhesion and migration. MATERIALS AND METHODS: RT112, UMUC3, and TCCSUP cells were incubated with low curcumin concentrations (0.1-0.4 μg/ml) and then exposed to 1.65 J/cm2 visible light for 5 min. Controls remained untreated or were treated with curcumin or light alone. Cell adhesion to Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), to immobilized collagen or fibronectin and chemotactic behavior, integrin α and β receptor expression with functional relevance, as well as focal adhesion kinase (total and phosphorylated FAK) were evaluated. RESULTS: Curcumin plus light, but neither curcumin nor light alone, significantly altered tumor cell adhesion and suppressed chemotaxis. Integrin α and β subtypes were dissimilarly modified, depending on the cell line. Suppression of pFAK was noted in RT112 and UMUC3, but not in TCCSUP cells. The integrins α3, α5, and β1 were involved in curcumin's regulation of adhesion and migration. Blocking studies revealed α3, α5, and β1 to be associated with TCCSUP adhesion and migration, whereas α5 and β1, but not α3 contributed to UMUC3 adhesion and migration. Integrin α5 and β1 controlled RT112 chemotaxis as well, but only α5 was involved in the RT112 adhesion process. CONCLUSIONS: Combining curcumin with light exposure enhances curcumin's anti-tumor potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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CdS–TiO 2 nanocomposites were synthesized with various CdS weight ratios of 9%, 23%, 45% and 74% by the hydrothermal process. The prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. Samples were coated on the surface of the perforated stainless steel and the photocatalytic activity of the catalysts was investigated under both UV–visible and visible irradiation to convert CO 2 to carbon monoxide and methane. Significant improvement was observed for the activity of CdS–TiO 2 nanocomposites compared with pure nano TiO 2 under both UV–visible and visible light scattering in a batch gaseous reactor. The activity of CdS–TiO 2 nanomaterial was found to be related to the CdS content and the size of nanoparticles. Maximum photocatalytic activity was observed for an optimal weight ratio of 45% CdS/TiO 2 with 13 nm average crystal size. The photocatalytic experiments were taken for 8 h and formation of CO and CH 4 was detected in gas phase, whereas CO production was five folds more than methane formation. Under UV–visible irradiation, photocatalytic activity of CdS–TiO 2 for CO and CH 4 formation was observed 35% and 50%, respectively, more than that under visible light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article studies how the photosynthetic electron transport chain in Arabidopsis regulates the conversion of L-galactono-1,4-lactone (L-GaIL) to L-ascorbate (AsA). It includes an in-depth analysis of the effects of the addition of L-GaIL and light irradiation on the total AsA pool size and the conversion of exogenous L-GaIL to AsA in the detached leaves of transgenic plants and Arabidopsis plants.