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Problem Statement. Fundamental motor skills are crucial predictors of optimal physical activity engagement. Elementary school settings offer significant potential for fostering these skills through Physical Education (PE). However, studies indicate substantial gaps in fundamental motor skills development in Indonesia, particularly related to students' motor competence. Purpose. This study aimed to explore the relationships among students' fundamental motor skill levels, teachers' mastery of materials, and the implementation of fundamental motor skill practices in learning. Methods. This research implemented an explanatory sequential design of the mixed-method approach, consisting of several stages. The first stage was to measure students' fundamental motor skills using the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2). The second stage evaluated teachers' mastery of learning materials and the learning implementation through a cross-sectional survey with convenience sampling. Following that, qualitative data through the semi-structured interviews were revealed in the third stage. The subject was 428 elementary school students aged 7 to 9 years old. Additionally, it involved 1371 PE teachers in elementary schools; 18 were chosen as representatives for the interview session. The data were then analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistic ver.25. Result. The first finding revealed that the average score of students' Gross Motor Quotient was 78.70, categorized at the average level (percentile 30). Meanwhile, the score of object control skills was at a low level (percentile 8). There was a significant difference in fundamental motor skills of students aged 7, 8, and 9 (p value<0.05), which tended to reduce with age. The next finding showed that only 542 out of 1371 teachers (39.52%) mastered the learning materials well. Additionally, 454 (33.01%) implemented the fundamental motor skills in the learning process. Conclusions. These teachers did not master the materials because of limited accessible sources for learning, so they were not competent in designing materials related to fundamental motor skills. Consequently, they did not effectively implement them in the learning process. Hence, this research concludes that the main predictors causing students' low competence were the low level of students' fundamental motor skills, the inadequate mastery of learning materials by Physical education teachers, and inefficient learning implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to assess gross motor skills between boys and girls of preschool and primary school age. The study included a total sample of 83 respondents (49.3% boys) with an average chronological age of 6.14 ± 2.25 years. The Test of Gross Motor Development-3rd Edition (TGMD-3) was used to verify the set research goal. Research data were analyzed by the method of parametrical statistics. To determine the differences in gross motor skills between boys and girls, t-test was used for an independent sample of respondents. Based on the obtained research results, it can be concluded that there are no statistically significant differences between boys and girls on the locomotor and "Ball skills" subtest. Although no statistically significant differences were recorded, generally, boys achieve better results on the subtest "Ball skills" compared to girls. It is suggested that intervention programs be designed to improve girls' performance in ball skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Background and Purpose: Rhythmic auditory cueing and treadmill walking can improve spatiotemporal gait parameters through entrainment of movement patterns. Careful selection of cue frequencies is necessary if treadmill walking is to be employed, because cadence and step length are differentially affected by walking on a treadmill and overground. The purpose of this study was to describe the treatment of gait impairments for individuals with Parkinson disease, using strategically selected rhythmic auditory cue frequencies on both a treadmill and overground. Case Description: Three individuals with Hoehn & Yahr stage 2 Parkinson disease participated in this case series. Intervention: All participants completed 6 weeks of gait training, in which each session employed rhythmic auditory cueing during treadmill-based gait training followed by overground gait training. We provided targeted rhythmic auditory cueing with a metronome set to 85% and 115% of their self-selected cadence for treadmill and overground training, respectively. We performed clinical tests of gait and balance prior to, midway, and following training, and at a 3-month follow-up. Outcomes: All participants improved overground gait speed (participant 1: +0.27 m/s; participant 2: +0.20 m/s; and participant 3: +0.18 m/s) and stride length (15.7 ± 4.17 cm) with small changes to cadence. Likewise, there were only small changes in balance. Discussion: We hypothesize that the large improvements in gait speed are due to the concomitant increases in stride length. Further research is needed to test the effect of targeted rhythmic auditory cueing during treadmill and overground gait. Video Abstract available for more insights from the authors (see the Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, available at: http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A309). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parabens can potentially disrupt the hormonal regulation of energy metabolism, leading to issues related to obesity, metabolic health, and the cardiovascular and nervous systems. However, the health effects of parabens have yielded conflicting research results. The impact of these substances on aquatic organisms, specifically their neuro- and cardio-toxic effects, has been insufficiently investigated. Hence, the primary goal of our research was to investigate and comprehensively assess the neuro- and cardio-toxic effects of four distinct parabens using the Daphnia magna model. After 48 h of exposure to various concentrations (0.1, 1, and 10 mg/L) of four parabens (methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, and butyl-paraben), along with a solvent control, we conducted a series of physiological tests, behavioral observations, and gene transcription analyses, focusing on cardiomyopathy, serotonin, glutamate, dopamine, GABA, acetylcholine receptors, and ion flux. From a physiological perspective, the heart rate and thoracic limb activity of the exposed daphnids showed substantial time- and dose-dependent inhibitions. Notably, among the parabens tested, butylparaben exhibited the most potent inhibition, with significant alterations in cardiomyopathy-related gene transcription. In the context of neurotoxicity, all the parabens had a significant impact on gene expression, with methylparaben having the most pronounced effect. Additionally, significant changes were observed in parameters such as distance moved, the distance between individuals, and the extent of body contact among the daphnids. In summary, our findings indicate that each paraben has the capacity to induce neurobehavioral and cardiotoxic disorders in Daphnia magna. The effects of butylparaben on the cardiovascular and nervous systems were found to be the most pronounced. These discoveries showed the potential ecological implications of paraben exposure in aquatic ecosystems, particularly regarding the predator avoidance abilities of Daphnia magna. • The neuro- and cardio-toxicity of parabens in Daphnia magna were assessed. • Parabens inhibited heart rate and limb activity of D. magna. • Butyl- and methylparaben were the most cardiotoxic and neurotoxic, respectively. • All parabens altered neurotoxicity-related genes in D. magna. • Parabens affected the behavior and distance moved in D. magna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Environmental UV radiation in sufficient doses, as a possible consequence of climate change, is potent enough to affect living organisms with different outcomes, depending on the exposure life stage. The aim of this project was to evaluate the potentially toxic effects of exposure to sub-lethal and environmentally relevant doses of UVA (9.4, 18. 7, 37.7 J/cm2) and UVB radiation (0.013, 0.025, 0.076 J/cm2) on the development and behaviour in early life stages (4.5–5.5 h post fertilization, hpf) of the zebrafish (Danio rerio). The used doses were all below the median lethal dose (LD 50) and caused no significant difference in survival, deformities, or hatching between exposed and control groups. Compared to controls, there were transient UVA and UVB exposure effects on heart rate, with dose dependent reductions at 50 hpf, and at 60 hpf for UVA only. The UVB exposure caused an increasing trend in reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation at the two highest doses, even though only significant at 120 hpf for the second highest dose. Both UVA and UVB caused an increasing trend in lipid peroxidation (LPO) at the highest doses tested at 72 hpf. Furthermore, UVA exposure led to significant reductions in larval movement following exposure to the two highest doses of UVA, i.e., reduction in the time spent active and the total distance moved compared to control at 100 hpf, while no effect on the swimming speed was observed. The lowest dose of UVA had no effect on behaviour. In contrast, the highest dose of UVB led to a possible increase in the time spent active and a slower average swimming speed although these effects were not significant (p = 0.07). The obtained results show that UV doses below LD 50 levels are able to cause changes in the behaviour and physiological parameters of zebrafish larvae, as well as oxidative stress in the form of ROS formation and LPO. Further testing is necessary to assess how this type of radiation and the effects observed could affect fish population dynamics. Graphical abstract fx1 Highlights • Sub-lethal UVA and UVB exposure in gastrulation lower the heart rate in zebrafish. • ROS formation and LPO increase persist to larval stage after early life UV exposure. • Early life UVA exposure decreases larval time in activity and total moved distance. • Early life UVB exposure causes a slight, but non-significant slower swimming speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to lead (Pb) and manganese (Mn) during early life influences neurodevelopment and increases the risk of neurodegenerative disorders. However, the level of developmental neurotoxicity due to combined exposure to the two metals remains unclear. Although the microbiota plays an essential part in the development of the nervous system via the gut–brain axis, there is a paucity of information regarding the interactions between exposure to Pb and Mn, the destruction of the microbiome, and neurodevelopmental impacts. To fill in this knowledge gap, we investigated the developmental neurotoxicity and effects on the microbiota of Pb (0.05 mg·L−1) alone and in combination with Mn (0.3 mg·L−1) in zebrafish larvae. Our results revealed that combined exposure precipitated higher malformation rates and lower locomotor activity levels than exposure to either Pb or Mn alone. Additionally, when we separated the combined exposure group from the other groups by applying unsupervised principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and linear discriminant analysis (LEfSe) of microflora sequencing results, we observed extensive alterations in microbial abundances under combined-exposure conditions. Functional prediction analysis showed that combined exposure contributed to altered amino acid and lipid metabolism, and also that combined exposure to Pb and Mn reflected the greatest number of differentially activated biological pathways compared to the other three groups. ATP-binding cassette G (ABCG) genes and genes related to serotonin signaling and metabolism were altered following combined Pb and Mn exposure and exhibited disparate trends vis-à-vis Pb or Mn exposure alone. According to the results, the combined exposure to Pb and Mn led to more severe effects on both zebrafish locomotor activity and gut microbial composition. We suggest that the microbiota contributes to the combined neurotoxicity by increasing ABCG5 and ABCG8 gene expression. [Display omitted] • Co-exposure induced lower locomotor activities in zebrafish. • Co-exposure induced extensive microbial alterations. • The expression of abcg were increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuromotor deficits are an important sign of manganese (Mn) toxicity in humans and laboratory animals. However, the impacts of Mn exposure on the motor function of wild animals remains largely unknown. Here, we assessed the impact of chronic exposure to Mn from active mining operations on Groote Eylandt, Australia on the motor function of the semi-arboreal northern quoll ( Dasyurus hallucatus ), an endangered species. The three motor tests conducted—maximum sprint speed on a straight run, manoeuvrability around a corner, and motor control on a balance beam—showed that elevated Mn body burden did not diminish performance of these traits. However, quolls with higher Mn body burden approached a corner at a significantly narrower range of speeds, due to a significantly lower maximum approach speed. Slower speeds approaching a turn may reduce success at catching prey and avoiding predators. Given that maximum sprint speed on a straight run was not affected by Mn body burden, but maximum speed entering a corner was, slower speeds approaching a turn may reflect compensation for otherwise impaired performance in the turn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The use of interactive video gaming, known as 'exergames' or 'active video games (AVG)' may provide an opportunity for motor skill development. Youth with non-typical patterns of development may have deficits in gross motor skill capacities and are therefore an intervention target. The aim was to determine the effectiveness of AVG use on motor skill development in non-typically developing children and adolescents.Design: Review article.Methods: The PRISMA protocol was used to conduct a systematic review of EBSCOhost, Embase, Gale Cengage, Informit, Ovid, ProQuest, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases. A total of 19 articles met inclusion criteria (non-typically developing participants such as those with a learning or developmental delay aged 3-18, use of an AVG console, assessed one or more gross motor skills). Studies were excluded if gross motor skill outcomes encompassed fine motor skills or reflected mobility related to daily living.Results: Interventions included children and adolescents with eight different conditions. The Nintendo Wii was the most utilised gaming platform (14/19 studies). Studies examined a combination of skills, with most examining balance (15/19), five studies examining ball skills, and other gross motor skills such as coordination (3 studies), running (3 studies) and jumping (3 studies). There was strong evidence that AVG's improved balance. AVG's also appeared to benefit participants with Cerebral Palsy.Conclusions: AVG's could be a valuable tool to improve gross motor skills of non-typically developing children. There is scope for further exploration, particularly of ball, coordination and locomotor skills and varying platforms to draw more conclusive evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Possessing positive physical perceived competence is important for physical activity in older children. Young children are primarily physically active through play-based behaviour rather than through organised sports and activities, so understanding how play perceptions might influence physical activity behaviour is important. The study purpose was to assess if perceived active play competence is associated with young children's physical activity.Design: Cross sectional study.Methods: This paper uses two different samples drawn from the same Australian city, both collected in 2013. The first sample included 152 children (49% boys) aged 4-5 years (M=4.7, SD=0.47), the second sample included 78 children (55% boys) aged 5-8 years (M=6.6, SD=0.93). The Pictorial Scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence was used to assess children's perceived competence in six skill-related play activities. Moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) was assessed for 8 consecutive days via accelerometers. A general linear model with the mean minutes in MVPA per day as the outcome, perceived play competence as the independent variable and adjusting for relevant confounders was performed in each sample.Results: Perceived active play competence was not related to MVPA min/day (B=0.44, p=0.323) in the younger sample, but was in the older sample (B=1.53, p=0.026), explaining 24% of adjusted variance.Conclusions: Positive findings in the older sample show school-aged children need exposure to play based activities in order to develop the positive self-perception needed to engage in MVPA every day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: This case study describes a task-specific training program for gait walking and functional recovery in a young man with severe chronic traumatic brain injury. Case Description: The individual was a 26-year-old man 4 years post-traumatic brain injury with severe motor impairments who had not walked outside of therapy since his injury. He had received extensive gait training prior to initiation of services. His goal was to recover the ability to walk. Intervention: The primary focus of the interventions was the restoration of walking. A variety of interventions were used, including locomotor treadmill training, electrical stimulation, orthoses, and specialized assistive devices. A total of 79 treatments were delivered over a period of 62 weeks. Outcomes: At the conclusion of therapy, the client was able to walk independently with a gait trainer for approximately 1km (over 3000 ft) and walked in the community with the assistance of his mother using a rocker bottom crutch for distances of 100m (330 ft). Discussion: specific interventions were intentionally selected in the development of the treatment plan. The program emphasized structured practice of the salient task, that is, walking, with adequate intensity and frequency. Given the chronicity of this individual's injury, the magnitude of his functional improvements was unexpected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study was aimed at developing a quantitative model to evaluate motor competence (MC) in children and adolescents, to be applicable in research, education, and clinical contexts.Design: Cross-sectional.Methods: A total of 584 children (boys n=300) with ages between 6 and 14 years were assessed using nine well known quantitative motor tasks, divided into three major components (stability, locomotor and manipulative). Structural equation modelling through EQS 6.1 was used to find the best model for representing the structural and measurement validity of MC.Results: The final MC model was composed by three latent factors closely related with each other. Each factor was best represented by two of the initial three motor tasks chosen. The model was shown to give a very good overall fit (χ(2)=12.04, p=.061; NFI=.982; CFI=.991; RMSEA=.059).Conclusions: MC can be parsimoniously represented by six quantitative motor tasks, grouped into three interrelated factors. The developed model was shown to be robust when applied to different samples, demonstrating a good structural and measurement reliability. The use of a quantitative protocol with few, simple to administer and well known, motor tasks, is an important advantage of this model, since it can be used in several contexts with different objectives. We find it especially beneficial for physical educations teachers who have to regularly assess their students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To establish reliability, content validity and concurrent validity of the physical self-confidence scale among adolescents. Demonstrate the use of this scale to assess the physical self-confidence of adolescents across genders at performing specific fundamental movement skills (FMS).Design: Three hundred and seventy six adolescents were involved in this study. A 15 item scale was developed to assess physical self-confidence.Methods: The scale was developed based on 15 specific FMS. Experts in the field reviewed the scale to ensure content validity. The reliability of the scale was assessed on a sub-sample of 67 participants who answered the scale 7-days apart. Concurrent validity was assessed on the sub-sample using the Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP) as a comparative tool. 376 adolescents completed the physical self-confidence scale (mean age=13.78, SD=±1.21, males n=193) to assess gender differences, and also their levels of physical self-confidence across all skills.Results: An Intra Class Correlation indicated excellent test retest reliability for the scale with an overall r=0.92. Content validity and concurrent validity were also good, with the scale achieving a correlation coefficient of 0.72 with the PSPP. Males possess significantly higher physical self-confidence than females across all items.Conclusions: This scale is the first reliable and valid tool which specifically measures physical self-confidence in performing FMS among adolescents. The results highlight gender differences in physical self-confidence and emphasise the importance of measuring this at skill level as differences were task specific. This scale will facilitate future research examining the relationship between self-confidence, FMS proficiency and physical activity participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To determine reliability and face validity of an instrument to assess young children's perceived fundamental movement skill competence. Design Validation and reliability study. Methods A pictorial instrument based on the Test Gross Motor Development-2 assessed perceived locomotor (six skills) and object control (six skills) competence using the format and item structure from the physical competence subscale of the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Acceptance for Young Children. Sample 1 completed object control items in May ( n = 32) and locomotor items in October 2012 ( n = 23) at two time points seven days apart. Children were asked at the end of the test–retest their understanding of what was happening in each picture to determine face validity. Sample 2 ( n = 58) completed 12 items in November 2012 on a single occasion to test internal reliability only. Results Sample 1 children were aged 5–7 years ( M = 6.0, SD = 0.8) at object control assessment and 5–8 years at locomotor assessment ( M = 6.5, SD = 0.9). Sample 2 children were aged 6–8 years ( M = 7.2, SD = 0.73). Intra-class correlations assessed in Sample 1 children were excellent for object control (intra-class correlation = 0.78), locomotor (intra-class correlation = 0.82) and all 12 skills (intra-class correlations = 0.83). Face validity was acceptable. Internal consistency was adequate in both samples for each subscale and all 12 skills (alpha range 0.60–0.81). Conclusions This study has provided preliminary evidence for instrument reliability and face validity. This enables future alignment between the measurement of perceived and actual fundamental movement skill competence in young children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: To compare a walking reeducation program with robotic locomotor training plus overground therapy (LKOGT) to conventional overground training (OGT) in individuals with incomplete upper motor neuron (UMN) or lower motor neuron (LMN) injuries having either traumatic or nontraumatic nonprogressive etiology. Design: Randomized open controlled trial with blind evaluation by an independent observer. Setting: An inpatient spinal cord injury rehabilitation center. Participants: A total of 88 adults within 6 months of spinal cord injury onset (group A, 44 with UMN injury, and group B, 44 with LMN injury) were graded on the American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale as C or D. Each of these groups was then randomly allocated to conditions 1 or 2. Interventions: Condition 1: Subgroups A1 and B1 were treated with LKOGT for 60 minutes. Condition 2: Subgroups A2 and B2 received 60 minutes of conventional OGT 5 days per week for 8 weeks. Subjects with UMN and LMN were randomized into 2 training groups. Main Outcome Measures: Ten-meter walk test and 6-minute walk test (6MWT). Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury II, lower extremity motor score (LEMS), and the FIM-Locomotor were secondary outcome measures. Results: By using the LKOGT program compared with OGT, we found significant differences in the 6MWT for groups A1 and B1. LKOGT also provided higher scores than did OGT in secondary outcomes such as the LEMS and the FIM-Locomotor. Conclusions: Robotic-assisted step training yielded better results in the 6MWT and the LEMS in patients with UMN and LMN. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Aim: Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae), commonly known as pointed gourd in English, is a dioecious climber grown widely in the Indian subcontinent. Traditionally, this plant has been used in India for several medicinal purposes. The present study aimed to evaluate certain neuropharmacological properties of the hydroalcoholic extract of T. dioica root (TDA) in experimental animal models. Methods: TDA (at 100 and 200 mg·kg−1 body weight, p.o.) was evaluated for anti-nociceptive activity by the acetic acid-induced writhing and tail flick methods. Locomotor depressant activity was measured by means of an actophotometer. Skeletal muscle relaxant effects were evaluated by using a rota-rod apparatus, and the sedative potentiating property by a phenobarbitone-induced sleep potentiation study. Results: The results of the present study revealed significant (P < 0.001) and dose dependent anti-nociceptive, locomotor depressant, muscle relaxant, and sedative potentiating effects of TDA, demonstrating its depressant action on the central nervous system (CNS). Conclusion: From the present study, it can be concluded that T. dioica root possessed prominent anti-nociceptive, as well as depressant, action on the CNS, as manifested by these important neuropharmacological properties in mice. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Statins, inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis, are used to prevent cardiovascular complications. Moreover, statins have been shown to influence some cognitive functions. The modulating effects of simvastatin, one member of the statin family, on memory-related neurotransmitters and neuronal structures have also been reported. We aimed to investigate the behavioral effects of long-term simvastatin application on daily activity, psychomotor performance and spatial memory using Sprague-Dawley rats. Simvastatin (10 or 30 mg/kg/day) was administered orally to rats, in parallel with a vehicle-treated group. Daily activity test results of both simvastatin groups were found similar to the vehicle group after five weeks of simvastatin or vehicle application. Psychomotor performance was measured with the rotarod test. After 6 weeks of simvastatin or vehicle application, the vehicle-treated group stayed on the rotarod device for a shorter time compared with both simvastatin-treated groups. Spatial memory was evaluated by the Barnes maze test. Four weeks of 10 mg/kg/day simvastatin application led to poorer scores on spatial memory compared to the vehicle group, but surprisingly, this effect was not seen in the 30 mg/kg/day group. Our results revealed that simvastatin administration had no significant effect on daily activity. Psychomotor performance test results suggested that simvastatin alters psychomotor behavior at higher nervous system levels. Spatial memory test results indicate that long-term simvastatin usage impairs spatial memory only at 10 mg/kg/day dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Delays in fundamental motor skills (FMS) are prevalent in children with ASD. • This review described fundamental motor skill interventions in children with ASD. • Included studies were experimental (3), quasi-experimental (8), pre-experimental (5), single-subject (3), and case study design (3). • Large variation exists among the samples, interventions, and research designs. • Issues relate to FMS measurement and a reliance on pre- and quasi-experimental designs. The presence of FMS delays in children with ASD is well established. To inform the development of evidence-based FMS interventions and provide directions for future research, this systematic review described the characteristics and evaluated the methodological quality of peer-reviewed FMS intervention studies involving children with ASD (aged 0-21 years). Following the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search of peer-reviewed literature was conducted across seven databases. From an initial screening of 852 records, 22 studies were included for full-text review. Data were extracted from each study relating to study characteristics, intervention characteristics, and sample characteristics. Methodological quality was evaluated by two independent reviewers using quality indicators relevant to the type of study design. Twenty-two articles were included. The reviewed studies used experimental, quasi-experimental, pre-experimental, single-subject, and case study designs. Of the 22 studies, 19 reported significant intervention effects for at least one FMS. The large variation among the samples, FMS interventions, and research designs limited conclusions about the causal processes for achieving FMS improvements in children with ASD from the reviewed literature. Other limiting factors were related to the measurement of FMS (e.g. a lack of descriptions of testing protocols), a lack of validation of the participant ASD diagnosis, a reliance on pre- and quasi-experimental research designs, and a lack of theoretical underpinning of the FMS interventions. Moreover, when instructional strategies were specified, the fidelity of implementation was rarely evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: To explore the anti-nociceptive and locomotor activities of the dichloromethane and methanol extracts of Trichosanthes dioica (T. dioica) root in Swiss albino mice. Methods: The dichloromethane and methanol extracts of T. dioica root were evaluated for antinociceptive activity by acetic acid-induced writhing and tail flick methods in Swiss albino mice. The locomotor activity was tested in mice by using actophotometer. Results: In writhing test, dichloromethane extract dose dependently and significantly inhibited writhes at the dose of 75 and 150 mg/kg body weight (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively), while metahnol extract produced significant protection (P<0.05) at the dose of 150 mg/kg body weight. In tail flick test, the dichloromethane extract showed significant (P<0.01, after 60 min and P<0.05, after 120 min) increase in reaction time. In locomotor activity evaluation, the dichloromethane extract in a dose dependent manner significantly (P<0.05, at 75 mg/kg, and P<0.001, at 150 mg/kg) depressed locomotor activity in mice. The dichloromethane extract was found to be the most active in all the tests. Conclusions: The present investigation demonstrates that the root extracts of T. dioica exhibited promising anti-nociceptive and depressed locomotor effects in Swiss albino mice. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]