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Culture extract of thermophilic mould Myceliophthora thermophila BJTLRMDU7 played important role in the green synthesis of iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) using ferrous sulphate (FeSO 4). The mould was grown in potato dextrose broth (PDB) at 45 °C and 200 rpm for 72 h. A colour change from transparent to reddish brown showed the synthesis of FeNPs due to the surface plasmon resonance by the fungal culture extract. The process for the synthesis of nanoparticles was optimized using different reaction conditions. Biogenic iron nanoparticles were synthesized maximally at 50 °C and pH 5.0 after 24 h using 2 mM salt solution and one ml culture extract. Furthermore, formation of iron nanoparticles was significantly accelerated in the presence of light. The absorption peak was maximum around 250–350 nm in UV–vis spectrum. The absorption peaks of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) at 619.99 cm−1, 793.57 cm−1, 882.32 cm−1, 1121.46 cm−1, 1627.71 cm−1, 2923.17 cm−1 and 3430.70 cm−1, indicated functional groups of active biomolecules involved in the synthesis of FeNPs. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of green synthesized iron nanoparticles indicated the average size of 80 nm, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) data revealed the crystalline nature of FeNPs. These FeNPs efficiently reduced p -nitrophenol (PNP) into p -aminophenol (PAP), which was further confirmed by thin layer chromatography. Biogenic FeNPs showed 96 and 35 % decolourization of bromphenol blue and malachite green, respectively. Further, addition of H 2 O 2 enhanced the decolourization of malachite green up to 96 %. Biogenic FeNPs synthesized from culture extract of a thermophilic mould have been found effective in remediation of environmental pollutants released from various industries. • First study showing green synthesis of iron nanoparticles using culture extract of Myceliophthora thermophila. • AFM data showed average size of FeNPs as 80 nm and crystalline nature by XRD. • Catalytic reduction of p -nitrophenol into p -aminophenol using biogenic FeNPs. • Catalytic reduction of p -nitrophenol was confirmed using thin layer chromatography. • Biogenic nanoparticles also resulted in decolourization of synthetic dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalysed mycosynthesis of nanoparticles can be used as alternative for chemical and physical method of nanoparticle synthesis. We report synthesis of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) from two fungal species wherein the reduction in the silver ions might have occurred by nitrate-dependent reductase enzyme/proteins. Reduction in silver ions was an extracellular and made the process rapid coupled with photoreduction; it made us to the develop combination of an easy process for biosynthesis of the SNPs within 20 min. The formation of SNPs was confirmed from the surface plasmon resonance peak in the visible region of the spectrum (410–440 nm). The optimized production process shows Czapek Dox broth in alkaline pH at 60 °C of post culture temperature was found to be finest for maximum yield in both the fungal species. The particles were then characterized by UV-Visible Spectrophotometry, SEM, DLS and XRD analyses which confirm the particles are in nanoscale. The extracellular mycosynthesized SNPs were shown to have antioxidant, anti-arthritic, antiangiogenic and antimicrobial activities. The study confirms SNPs form soft corona with the human serum protein by protein corona studies. Potential of fungal-mediated biosynthesis of SNPs is important for development of effective imaging or therapeutic agents applicable for drug targeting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycosynthesis of silver nanoparticles was achieved by endophytic Colletotrichum sp. ALF2-6 inhabiting Andrographis paniculata . Well dispersed nanoparticles were characterized using UV–Visible spectrometry with maximum absorption conferring at 420 nm. FTIR analysis revealed possible biomolecules reducing the metal salt and stabilization of nanoparticles. XRD analysis depicted the diffraction intensities exhibiting between 20 and 80 °C at 2theta angle thus conferring the crystalline nature of nanoparticles. Morphological characteristic using TEM revealed the polydispersity of nanoparticles with size ranging from 20 to 50 nm. Synthesized nanoparticles exhibited bactericidal activity against selected human pathogens. Nanoparticles mode of action was carried out to reveal DNA damage activity. Thus the present investigation reports facile fabrication of silver nanoparticles from endophytic fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycosynthesis offers a benevolent alternative for the synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) when compared to the conventional physical and chemical methods. Fungi secrete enormous amounts of proteins and enzymes that act as reducing and capping agents in AgNPs synthesis. AgNPs were synthesized using extracellular fungal extract of Fusarium incarnatum. The reaction mixture was optimized using different parameters to obtain better yield. Anti-melanogenic activity of fungal extract, AgNPs and standard drug (Kojic acid) was evaluated against Human skin melanoma SK-MEL-3 cells. AgNPs were synthesized at 30 °C, pH 5 and 1 mM AgNO 3 concentration. Then optimization and the characterization were done by UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, Zeta potential and H-TEM techniques. The average size of AgNPs was 10 nm and predominantly spherical in shape. Myco-synthesized AgNPs showed significant anti-melanogenic activity against human skin melanoma SK-MEL-3 cells with an IC 50 value of 17.70 μg/ml. The concentration of AgNPs required to inhibit SK-MEL-3 cells was lower than the concentrations of F. incarnatum extract and standard Kojic acid. Spherical AgNPs with and average size of 4 nm were synthesized using fungal extract of F. incarnatum. Mycosynthesized AgNPs can be considered as effective anti-melanogenic agents owing to their impressive activity against skin melanoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explains the mycosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Acremonium borodinense by a green route. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by using UV–vis Spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy. XRD technique revealed that the face centered cubic crystalline structure of AgNPs. FE-SEM and TEM images showed that the synthesized AgNPs having spherical shaped nanostructure with an average size of 0.19 nm. The functional groups present in the synthesized AgNPs were studied by FTIR. Mycosynthesized AgNPs were stable up to 3 months without change in their properties. Pathogenic bacteria proliferation was reduced by modest dosages of AgNPs. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bacterial concentration of AgNPs were determined against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial pathogens. Such as Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris , Serratia marcescens , Klebsiella pneumonia. Highest Value of MIC (90 μg/mL) 0.098 was found against Proteus vulgaris. Antibacterial activity of AgNPs was investigated at three different concentrations based on MIC (30, 60, and 90 g/mL). The impact of AgNPs on Red Blood Cells from the 'O' positive blood group was investigated, and it was shown that even at the highest concentrations, AgNPs does not induce higher hemolysis in the cells. Based on these finding, we strongly suggested that the Acremonium borodinense mediated synthesized AgNPs can be used as a potent bio-medical agent. [Display omitted] • Mycosynthesized AgNPs were studied and characterized. • Acremonium borodinense fungi produced large quantity of metabolites that containing high medicinal value. • Fungi mediated synthesis of AgNPs contain less toxicity and more beneficial effect of killing pathogenic bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]