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Global olive oil demand is rising; hence production has been expanding, resulting in a considerable liquid waste known as olive mill wastewater (OMW) or Zibar, which has an adverse environmental impact as it contains a variety of pollutants. Proper control and treatment before disposal are essential. This study reviews the availability of international legislation and alternative techniques implemented worldwide to ensure safe OMW disposal and its applicability in hot climatic regions. Safe OMW disposal provides sustainable waste management throughout the entire chain of olive oil production. Three alternative techniques derived from legislations from high olive oil-producing countries have been evaluated using the strength, weakness, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis by evaluating internal factors and investigating external factors to derive valuable strategies using Jordan as a case study. Those alternatives are switching to a two-phase continuous centrifugation system, land spreading, and lime pretreatment. The SWOT analyses yielded that shifting towards using a two-phase system would be a viable option for attracting funding agencies; the land spreading option can be applied if the risk of groundwater contamination is minimal, such as in the southern region of Jordan. Finally, before the evaporation ponds, lime pretreatment is a good option if the produced OMW is enormous such as the case in the northern region of Jordan, which has the highest mills number and produces a massive amount of OMW of about 66.3% of the total amount generated in Jordan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olive growing occupies a key position in the Moroccan economy. Generally, 65% of olive production is destined for crushing. This operation was accompanied by the generation of two by-products: Olive mill wastewater (OMW) and olive pomace (OP), the quantities of which depend on the crushing process. The composition of these by-products in organic and mineral elements helps to valorize them as compost. Some physical-chemical parameters such as pH, temperature, organic carbon and nitrogen are monitored during the composting process until stabilization after three months. The maturity of the products obtained was evaluated by the phytotoxicity test (germination index) on the germination of cress, the E4/E6 ratio, and the respirometric test. The final substance is mature and stable from the 11th week, rich in fertilizing elements (N, P, K), non-toxic and conforms to the French standard for organic amendments NF 44-51. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olive pomace, an agricultural by-product obtained from an extraction olive oil plant, is tested as a low-cost adsorbent to remove the hazardous rhodamine B dye from aqueous solution. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area determination and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) analysis characterized the adsorbent material. The point of zero charge (PZC) was determined (6.3) using a salt addition method. The influence of some operating parameters, namely, initial dye concentration, contact time, solution temperature and solution pH, affecting adsorbent performance is investigated. Maximum adsorption capacity, obtained from the Langmuir isotherm model, was reached in 120 minutes having the value of 86.2 mg g-1. The process is endothermic and the optimum pH was equal to pKa of rhodamine B (around pH 4). The result of the kinetics study indicated that the adsorption obeys the pseudo-second order model. The FTIR study shows that the main adsorption sites are the surface hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amine functional groups. The results of this study support the assumption that the olive pomace can be used as green adsorbent for rhodamine B in place of some commercial products such activated carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Magnesium oxide nanoparticles were synthesized and modified by olive pomace (NMOOP700) as a novel sorbent and characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra, Scanning Electron Microscope, Transmission Electron Microscope, X-ray Diffraction, Differential Thermal Analysis and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis. Sorption of Cu (II) or Ni (II) ions were achieved taking into account important parameters including initial pH of the medium, contact time, initial metal ion concentration and temperature. A comparative study between Magnesium oxide nanoparticles and NMOOP700 material for the sorption of Cu (II) or Ni (II) ions was implemented. The obtained data revealed that the sorption process is significantly improved using NMOOP700. The monolayer capacity of Ni (II) and Cu (II) metal ions on NMOOP700 at pH 5 were found to be 149.93 ± 4.4 and 186.219 ± 6.3 mg/g, respectively. Findings of the present work highlight the potential use of NMOOP700 as a novel and effective sorbent material for the removal of Cu (II) or Ni (II) ions from the liquid phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Agro-biomass residues can play a crucial role in promoting the fossil-fuel replacement in agro-food farms. Apulia, a region in Southern Italy, concentrates 22% of farms and 57% of total national olive and olive oil production, resulting the leader producer of the Country. So that, a high quantity of biomass (olive pomace) can be recovered from the milling process. This study investigates the biogas production that occurs during the anaerobic digestion of olive pomace by means of an ultrasound pre-treatment or by means of green synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles mixed with olive pomace, in order to facilitate its digestion or co-digestion. Measurement of dry matter and biogas produced volume during the anaerobic process were investigated starting from 3-phase and 2-phase olive pomace by means of high specific energy and low frequency ultrasound values. The results highlight a promising influence of ultrasound pre-treatment useful at increasing the biogas yield of olive pomace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen as a clean energy source has great potential to reducing the dependence on fossil fuels and environmental pollution. For this reason, the production of hydrogen from renewable source will decrease this dependence and pollution. In this study, production of hydrogen from olive pomace was investigated. The experiments were performed at batch autoclave between 300 °C and 600 °C temperatures and a pressure of 200 atm–425 atm range. In addition to these parameters, the effect of catalyst (Trona, K 2 CO 3 and KOH) was also investigated. H 2 , CO 2 , CH 4 , CO and small amount of C 2 C 4 hydrocarbons were identified in gaseous products. H 2 formation increased with increasing temperature and decreased with pressure increase. Hydrogen formation has the highest value as 16.80 mol/kg biomass at 600 °C in the presence of KOH catalyst. Besides the effect of KOH, the presence of K 2 CO 3 and Trona catalysts also increased the formation of hydrogen. The pressure affected the gasification yield and hydrogen composition in gaseous product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbocatalysts doped with heteroatoms such as nitrogen or sulphur have been reported to be useful in persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes for organic pollutant removal. However, there is limited research on the effect of doping with phosphorus atoms on degradation performance. In this work, a new nitrogen and phosphorus-doped carbocatalyst (N, P-HC) was designed using hydrothermal carbonization followed by pyrolysis at 700 °C, with olive pomace as a carbon source, to degrade organic pollutants in the presence of peroxydisulfate (PDS). Experimental results showed that N, P-HC, with its large specific surface area (871.73 m2.g−1), high content of N-pyridinic and N-pyrrolic groups, and the presence of P-O-C and O-P-C bonds, exhibited high degradation performance (98% degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) in 40 min, with an apparent rate constant (k app) of 0.055 min−1 and an excellent turnover frequency (TOF) of 0.275 min−1). Quenching study and EPR analysis revealed that singlet oxygen generation (1O 2) and direct electron transfer were the main reaction pathways for the non-radical pathway in the degradation of RhB. The improved catalytic efficiency in the N, P-HC/PDS/RhB system can be attributed to the synergistic effect between N and P atoms in the graphitic structure of the carbocatalyst, its high surface area, and the presence of oxygenated functional groups on the surface of the N, P-HC. The used N, P-HC carbocatalyst can also be efficiently recovered by heat treatment at 500 °C. Overall, this study presents a simple and environmentally friendly method for synthesizing a high-performance N, P co-doped olive pomace-based carbocatalyst for water decontamination through PS-AOPs processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determination of hardness and stiffness for materials is extremely important because of its rule in the design of engineering applications. This work investigated the possibility of increasing A308 steel hardness through the burning of olive Pomace. Carbonizing, nitrating and cyaniding methods were employed. Results have shown that hardness of stainless steel samples is directly proportional with the temperature and the amount of carbon in the test specimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid State Fermentation (SSF) of olive pomace to astaxanthin pigment was accomplished within the frame of Box-Behnken and rotatable central composite experimental designs. Temperature, moisture content and pH for two astaxanthin producer yeasts, ATCC 24,202 ( Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous ) and ATCC 24,259 ( Sporidiobolus salmonicolor ) were optimized at the first stage. 220.24±17.47 µg/gdp as maximum astaxanthin yield was obtained by ATCC 24,202 at 15.0 °C, 4.5 pH and 90.0% moisture content. Inoculation rate and incubation time factors of the second stage were optimized for yield and antioxidant capacity of the produced astaxanthin. Confirmation of the experimental and statistical evaluations concluded that astaxanthin production from olive pomace could be performed with a high efficient accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This work aims to develop an anaerobic digestion system, which allows recovering energy from olive wastes, solving the problem of their disposal. To reach this result, polyphenols, which are contained in olives inhibiting the digestion process, have to be abated. For this reason a new anaerobic digestion system able to treat the high concentration of polyphenols has been studied. Particularly, this system, composed by a storage of olive pomace, a mixing/washing unit, a pomace/water separation unit (decanter), an ultrafiltration unit and an anaerobic digester, has been numerically investigated to evaluate the anaerobic digestion key variables as a function of the hydraulic retention time (HRT), as well as the production of biogas for different values of the biomass yield factor. The results revealed that by abating polyphenols, the methane potential of the system under investigation rises from 7.5 molCH4/kgTSS to 11.7 molCH4/kgTSS, with an increment of about 56%, for HRT equal to 30 days. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] A territorial survey was made to quantify the main wastes in Puglia (Italy). [•] A 45L reactor was used to evaluate the best waste mixture for biogas production. [•] A second test was made in a 1600L reactor, fed with only olive pomace and whey. [•] A biogas production of 1.3L/L was obtained with a methane content of 70% (v/v). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Residual oil recovery from olive mill solids-containing residues (pomace) necessitates significant reduction of its water content, usually done in direct-contact dryers producing polluting vapors. An environmentally superior alternative involves pomace drying by indirect heating at modest temperatures, vapor condensation and condensate treatment for utilization or safe disposal. To develop such an integrated process, this study focuses on the condensates from pomace drying by indirect-heating at 70–120°C. These condensates exhibit fairly high concentration of organic substances, significant quantities of phenolic compounds, acidity, and low biodegradability. At the higher temperatures, local overheating of equipment surfaces, especially during the final stage of batch drying, tends to degrade condensate characteristics due to pyrolysis and/or vaporization of organic matter. At relatively low temperatures, condensates exhibit smaller concentration of organic and phenolic compounds, which entail improved biodegradability. Therefore, relatively low temperatures, combined with moderate vacuum, appear to be preferable drying conditions facilitating further condensate treatment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this work, microbial lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus was immobilized onto olive pomace. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the conditions for the maximum activity and to understand the significance and interaction of the factors affecting the specific activity. 5-level-3-factor central composite design was employed to evaluate the effects of immobilization parameters such as enzyme concentration (3–15%, v/v), pH (5.0–9.0) and buffer concentration (20–100mM) on the specific activity of immobilized lipase. Quadratic polynomial equation was obtained for predicting specific activity of immobilized lipase. The predicted specific activity was 6.00μmolp-NP/mgenzymemin under the optimal conditions. Verification experiment (6.21μmolp-NP/mgenzymemin) confirmed the validity of the predicted model. Immobilized lipase was used to determine operational stability and it indicated that immobilized lipase was stable retaining more than 80% residual activity after being used repeatedly for 10 consecutive batches of pomace oil transesterification. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background and aims: Virgin olive oil polar lipid extract (OOPL) and olive pomace polar lipid extract (PPL) have similar antiatherosclerotic effects in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Our aim was to compare the effect of PPL with that of simvastatin on the progression of atherogenesis. Methods and results: Rabbits were fed an atherogenic diet for 6 weeks in order to develop dyslipidemia and atheromatous lesions. Following documentation of these events in random animals (group A, n =6), the remaining were fed for 3 weeks with: standard chow alone (group B, n =6), chow supplemented with PPL (group C, n =6), and chow supplemented with simvastatin (group D, n =6). Blood was collected at 0, 6 and 9 weeks, to determine plasma lipid levels, plasma PAF-AH activity, platelet aggregation (PAF-EC50), resistance of plasma to oxidation (RPO) and extent of atheromatous lesions in aortas. The atherogenic diet induced dyslipidemia and increased PAF-AH activity. Dyslipidemia and PAF-activity reduced more effectively in groups C and D. RPO decreased in group B only. PAF-EC50 values decreased in group C only. Atherogenesis progression in group C was prevented to an extent indistinguishable from that in group D. PAF-AH activity was positively correlated, whereas RPO was negatively correlated with the extent of atheromatous lesions. Conclusion: PPL, as a dietary supplement, is equipotent to simvastatin in preventing the progression of atherogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of the encapsulated and unencapsulated phenolic compounds of olive pomace. First, we determined the TPC and TFC of all the samples. We noted 49.40 ± 1.46 mg EGA/g of OP start GG, 29.91 ± 2.32 mg EGA/g of lyoph Tyr/Aconv, 26.73 ± 0.84 mg EGA/g of lyoph Tyr/Aμwave and 7.98 ± 2.49 mg EGA/g of lyoph PP/Aμwave, as for the content of TFC we noted very low content, 2.62 ± 0.85 mg EQ/g of OP start GG, 0.77 ± 0.06 mg EQ/g of lyoph Tyr/Aconv, 0.46 ± 0.31 mg EQ/g of lyoph Tyr/A μwave and 0.87 ± 0.19 mg EQ/g of lyoph PP/Aμwave. The TAC of all the samples was determined by DPPH and ABTS methods, trolox served as positive control. With the DPPH, IC 50 value was noted in the case of the Tyr/Aconv and Tyr/Aμwave. On the other hand, for start GG and PP/A μwave, we note respectively 200 ± 0.15 μg/mL and 179.84 ± 0.29 μg/mL, the trolox 106.29 ± 2.46 μg/mL lower than that of the start GG and PP/A μwave. With the ABTS, we note respectively for Tyr/Aconv and Tyr/Aμwave, 180 ± 0.83 μg/mL and 176.56 ± 0.23 μg/mL, start GG and PP/Aμwave as well as the trolox the IC 50 are respectively 37.37 ± 2.21 μg/mL, 61.81 ± 0.08 μg/mL and 56.09 ± 0.81 μg/mL. The antidiabetic activity was studied by inhibition of the enzyme α-amylase, acarbose was used as standard, the IC 50 of the start GG, PP/Aμwave are respectively 100.19 ± 3.50 μg/mL and 72.28 ± 0.16 μg/mL, Tyr/Aconv 400 ± 0.40 μg/mL, Tyr/Aμwave 559.57 ± 1.82 μg/mL exert a less interesting inhibitory effect compared to the other samples. We note in the case of Ac 116.25 ± 2.04 μg/mL. This work highlights the advantages of the encapsulation process, and promotes olive pomace as a potential source of antidiabetic compounds. • Olive pomace contains a large number of phenolic compounds. • Phenolic compounds exert significant antioxidant and antidiabetic activity. • Encapsulation have greatly contributed to the increase of polyphenols antioxidant and antidiabetic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims at investigating the use of abundant materials such as clay and pomace olive in the preparation of tubular membranes. The use of olive pomace as a porosity agent produces a porous clay tubular membrane with controlled microstructure (porosity and pore size). The raw materials were characterized by physicochemical methods, namely X-ray fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TGA/DTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These techniques show that the studied clay consists essentially of quartz; calcite and kaolinite. Tubular membranes made from a mixture of clay / X% (0, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 %) by weight of olive pomace were prepared by extrusion and sintered at different temperatures (700, 800, 900 and 1000 °C).The results obtained show that the sintered tubular membranes at 1000 °C are characterized by range value of shrinkage is 0.75–3.94 %, apparent porosity of 5.5–41 % and the reduced bending strength from 23.26 to 7 MPa depending on the olive pomace content. The pore structure was analyzed by SEM and the chemical resistance tests were performed in a sodium hydroxide solution and a nitric acid solution; they have better chemical resistance to alkalis but less resistance to acids. These results allow to conclude that the tubular membranes containing 8 % of olive pomace are promising porous ceramic structure for wastewaters filtration applications due to their excellent properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Complete cycle of treatment of olive mill wastes has been proposed. • Two activated carbon were obtained by chemical activation of olive pomace. • Spherical beads were successfully synthetized by encapsulation of activated carbon. • Beads showed potential for polyphenols from olive mill waste water sorption. Abstract Olive mill technology generates a considerable amount of both solid (olive pomace OP) and liquid by-products (olive mill waste water OMWW) during olives milling season, usually between November and March. These wastes represent a great challenge for olive oil producers since they must find technical, environmental and economic solutions to manage these by-products. The aim of this work was to explore and propose a complete cycle of olive mill wastes treatment. Two sorbents based on olive pomace chemical activation, granular (GAC) and powdered (PAC) activated carbons were successfully synthetized and encapsulated in calcium alginate. The obtained gel beads (GAC-CA and PAC-CA) were tested as sorbents for gallic acid adsorption. Both sorbents showed great potential for gallic acid sorption; although PAC-CA beads resulted to be the most efficient. The major efficiency presented by PAC-CA beads for gallic acid removal was attributed to the basic character and high porosity of PAC. In view of an industrial application, PAC-CA beads were used to treat OMWW with the aim to adsorb polyphenols from the effluent, and, at time, to reduce the contamination of so strongly polyphenols loaded effluents. The outcomes of this study attest proofs of great potential of PAC-CA beads for polyphenols removal. Briefly, this paper suggests a proposal for sustainable treatment and valorization of both olive mill waste water and olive pomace, as they can be recycled and reused for own benefit of the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]