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This article considers the preventable death of Veronica Nelson, an Aboriginal woman who had been denied bail and then suffered a terrible death in custody, which was the subject of recent bail reforms and a Coroner's Report that has recommended sweeping reforms to the management of people in custody. This article considers a reform that the Coroner and the Parliament did not, removing the criminal prohibition on opiate use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Journal of Intellectual Property Law / Revista Română de Dreptul Proprietăţii Intelectuale is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tempo (1413-7704) is the property of Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of IBEROAMERICANA. América Latina - España - Portugal is the property of Vervuert Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of História Unisinos is the property of Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The socio-economic role of women is a global issue in modern times. Islamic concept of women is distorted by western scholars and western media. It is clear that a woman is honored as mother, daughter, sister and wife in Islam. Women can play social, financial role for development of a nation or society. Islam is the only religion which has provided women reasonable economic and social rights. Islamic history shows clearly that Muslim women have demonstrated their skills and abilities in each walk of life. In the West, women are completely allowed to perform socio-economic activities without any moral or religious limitations, due to which the entire western family system is on the verge of collapse. That is why, increased rate of rape cases, sexual harassment, emotional harassment of women can be observed in western society. While Islam provides complete code of conduct for women`s security while performing socioeconomic activities. The western media distorts Islamic concepts about the status and social and economic role of women is a society. It is very important to highlight whether women can play a socio-economic role within the limits of Islamic Shariah in present era. In the present research work, socio-economic role of women in modern times has been elaborated in Islamic perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Case Law Review / Revista Română de Jurisprudenţă is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Prohistoria is the property of Prohistoria Ediciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of DYNA - Ingeniería e Industria is the property of Publicaciones Dyna SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ler Historia is the property of Ler Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Historia is the property of Associacao Nacional dos Professores Universitarios de Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During Prohibition in the US, many in the Great Plains were involved in the illegal production, distribution, sale, possession, and consumption of illicit alcohol. Some were Americans who were already well established in the country, and others were relative newcomers who still embraced traditions, practices, and ideals of their home countries. This research seeks to determine if first- and second-generation immigrants committed more infractions of Prohibition laws in one Nebraska county than did those who had assimilated over a longer period of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Censorship in socialism was a long-lasting institution. Frightening and invisible, it harboured, in fact, various institutions and underwent different historical phases. It prescribed attitudes and themes by partially or totally suppressing them. What was incriminated at some point could be accepted a few years later. A theme, however, has always been taboo: censorship itself, political power’s discretionary and abusive act of limiting the freedom of expression in literature. Based on archival documents (mainly from the National Archives of Romania), this paper aims to reconstruct the way in which the Censorship removed fragments or whole texts in which it could see (or appeared to see) its own image. The reports of the censors may be seen as self-portraits, including the points of collision and the lines of tension between literature and power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Histórica (02528894) is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Kebikeç: İnsan Bilimleri İçin Kaynak Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Kebikec, Resources for Human Sciences Research Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Kebikeç: İnsan Bilimleri İçin Kaynak Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Kebikec, Resources for Human Sciences Research Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article analyzes the local and transnational entanglements of interwar liquor contraband operations to show how smuggling in the Baltic Sea region grew from small-scale coast-to-coast operations to a large-scale trade organized by transnational syndicates moving millions of liters. It examines transnational smuggling networks, the use of flags of convenience and large base ships to argue that the framework of the "Helsinki Convention for the Suppression of the Contraband Traffic in Alcoholic Liquors of 1925" led to professionalization and trans-nationalization of contraband operations and a significant growth in liquor smuggling. The analysis of the Free City of Danzig (Wolne Miasto Gdansk), where the boundaries between small-scale smuggling and professional contraband operations were fluid, provides insights into the local elements of liquor smuggling operations. This part of the argument focuses on the weak governmental control and the tax-free area in the Danzig port, which provided the necessary infrastructure for large-scale smuggling and enabled the city-state to become a major hub for liquor smuggling operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anthropology Magazine is the property of University of Belgrade, Faculty of Philosophy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, I present and criticize several historical arguments in favour of prohibition and criminalization of illicit psychoactive substances. I consider several versions of Charles Brent's argument from drug harms and an argument from addiction based on Kantian view on autonomy. My criticism will mainly rely on empirical evidence on drugs, drug use, and addiction. I think that in light of this evidence, all of the arguments lose their cogency or can be refuted altogether. Moreover, the evidence reveals an inconsistency in the international drug law framework. In conclusion, I therefore provide a general argument challenging the legitimacy of the existing distinction between licit and illicit drugs based on the inconsistency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios Penales y Criminológicos is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Over the course of the interwar period, the Congress-led movement for prohibition wrought a lengthy debate about 'Indian' and 'foreign' drinks. This debate gave rise to a little-known movement to promote the fresh, unfermented sap of the palm tree as India's swadeshi beverage. If the British tried to claim the initiative for temperance through their tea campaign, Congress leaders sought to replace intoxicating drinks and their sobering 'foreign' alternatives with an indigenous drink. They had high hopes for this drink, which they believed would facilitate social reform while supporting national economic development. Neera, in other words, was the nationalists' answer to toddy as well as tea. Indeed, the project of popularising neera was entirely in keeping with the upper-caste sensibilities of the Congress leadership: if toddy was the profane, neera was fresh, unfermented, and hence, pure. To this end, Congress leaders emphasised its nutritional value and potential in supporting the manufacture of gur (jaggery). They also promised a ready source of re-employment for tappers displaced by prohibition. As this article demonstrates, however, the neera scheme proved to be a slippery course to navigate owing to a combination of factors, foremost amongst them the impossibility of taming toddy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roadside drug testing regimes being implemented around Australia have been presented as essential for road safety but are compromised by significant policy incoherence. Prosecution based upon driving impairment has been replaced with prosecution based upon mere detection of a specified substance. The conflation of road safety and prohibition as the jurisprudential rationale for penalty by legislators is producing significant negative side effects for the criminal justice system and for the social legitimacy of the roadside testing process generally. Genuine impairment testing for drivers is important but it is not being achieved by the current procedures in place around Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research suggests the relevance of in-utero insults and early-life circumstances for a wide array of life cycle outcomes. This research note joins this strand of studies by exploring the long-run mortality effects of in-utero and early-life exposure to alcohol accessibility. In so doing, we take advantage of the prohibition movement during the early part of the twentieth century that generated quasi-natural reductions in alcohol consumption. We use Social Security Administration Death Master Files linked to the full-count 1940 census and compare the longevity of male individuals exposed to the prohibition during in-utero and early childhood (1900–1930) as a result of statewide and federal alcohol ban to those wet counties after the law change to before. The results suggest an intent-to-treat effect of 0.17 years higher longevity as a result of prohibition. A back-of-an-envelope calculation suggests a minimum treatment-on-treated effect of 1.7 years impact. Furthermore, we show that these effects are not driven by other county-level demographic and socioeconomic changes, endogenous selection of births, and preexisting trends in the outcome. Our findings contribute to the growing body of research that explores the in-utero and childhood circumstances on long-term health outcomes. • Exploring the long-run mortality effects of early-life exposure to alcohol accessibility. • We take advantage of the prohibition movement during the early part of the twentieth century. • Exposure to prohibition during in-utero and childhood increases longevity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Res Humanitariae is the property of Res Humanitariae and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article traces the transformation of liquor and industrial alcohol into a commercial product in twentieth-century colonial India. Liquor (alcoholic beverages for human consumption) remained prominent in political discourse and in the public sphere in this period. Temperance activists, Gandhian nationalists and medical authorities critiqued government revenue extraction from consumable liquors and advocated either partial or total prohibition. On the other hand, industrial alcohol emerged as an unchallenged and untampered commodity while it became essential to Indian industrialization, a process that accelerated between the wars. This article moves beyond cultural explanations of transformation of commodities and instead focuses on the temporal and political lives of liquor and alcohol in colonial India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bihar Excise (Amendment) Act, 2016 was promulgated in the state and a complete prohibition on alcohol was declared within the state of Bihar. We aimed to assess the impact of the prohibition on extent and pattern of alcohol use in the state of Bihar using the National Family Health Survey data. We also compared the data from Bihar with the data for the whole country, its neighbouring states and the state of Gujarat. There was a 41.78% reduction in the proportion of men who reported alcohol use in Bihar. Among those who reported alcohol use proportion of those who used 'almost every day' reduced by 29.72%. There was a 69.56% reduction in the proportion of women in Bihar who reported alcohol use. There was a significant increase in proportion of men reporting use of tadi madi and country liquor. Since the prohibition of alcohol in the state of Bihar there has been a reduction in self-reported alcohol use among men and women. However, alcohol use continues to be reported in the state even after the prohibition. There are states in the country that have similar extent of alcohol use as compared to Bihar, despite lack of prohibition. This warrants a relook at the policy to address what the prohibition could not achieve. • Since the prohibition there has been a reduction in self-reported alcohol use. • The decrease is more than the nationally reported decrease. • The increase in percentage of men and women reporting 'almost every day' use at national level was not observed in Bihar. • Alcohol use continues to be reported in the state even after the prohibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 1st February 2014 a new criminal regulation came into effect, which brought important amendments, both in general and special section of the Code. The error is one of the institutions affected by these important changes, a cause which excludes the culpability, provided by Article 30 of the new criminal Code. This topic will be in detail analyzed in this study, focusing on new aspects, as well as on aspects which already generate different views in doctrine. Also, we will take some hypothesis of conflict with others causes which exclude the culpability into account. In the writings relative to new criminal Code, a two-folded approach regarding the way to analyze the error can be observed. A first approach, that can be called the conservative or traditional one, analyzes the error in the same manner as under the ancient criminal Code, making distinction between mistake of fact [paragraphes (1) - (3)], mistake of noncriminal law [paragraphe (4)] and mistake of criminal law [paragraph (5)]. The other approach takes account of the lawgiver's will exposed into the explanatory memorandum, distinguishing mainly between error on the elements of the offence [paragraphes (1) - (4)] and error as to the prohibition [paragraphe (5)]. It does not mean that, in this approach, the first classification became unimportant, but only that is in the background. If the error concerning the elements of the offence raises no specially issues, we cannot say the same thing about the second kind of error. The different interprations are also caused by the silence of the lawgiver, who gave not examples in the explanatory memorandum, so we can realize how much we can extend the scope of Article 30 paragraphe 5. From this point of view the doctrine is divided, some authors only including the mistake of criminal law here, while others consider the error as to the prohibition involving a mistake of fact, of noncriminal or criminal law, as the case may be. Another aspect regarding the error as to the prohibition and which could generate many controversies is the fact to know if the direct error as to the prohibition can or cannot be subsumed under this kind of error. We refer to the mistake of criminal law regarding the existence of the criminal law provision, relative to the scope of it, or concerning a component of the offence seen by legal view (if is or isn't provided by law that the fact can be qualified as offence). From this point of view, we argued that this kind of error should be taking into account in the light of Article 30 paragraphe 5. It remains to be seen the jurisprudential interpretation of the mentioned legal provision, in case of invoking such kind of error into the court. And even if the error was avoidable, would be the premise to retain a judicial mitigating circumstance in accordance with the Article 75 paragraphe 2 point b) at least. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of URVIO - Revista Latinoamericana de Seguridad Ciudadana is the property of FLACSO - Ecuador (Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudos Ibero-Americanos is the property of EDIPUCRS - Editora Universitaria da PUCRS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article addresses the topic of international drug control and Brazil's adherence to drug conventions and human rights treaties. Moreover, it analyses the changes in the current prohibitionist drug model based on new international experiences and on the UN General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) to be held in 2016, given the inefficiency of repressive policies that have led to increased violence, incarceration and rights violations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of URVIO - Revista Latinoamericana de Seguridad Ciudadana is the property of FLACSO - Ecuador (Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The term αυϴεντεω has played a central role in determining the meaning of 1 Tim 2:12 and, consequently, for many, Paul's view regarding women in ministry. Many studies on the term have been conducted over the past quarter-century, but there remains considerable debate about what the research actually demonstrates. This essay revisits these key studies and other relevant areas of dispute and corrects numerous misinterpretations of them, finally arguing that a proper interpretation of the research moves past conflicting claims toward more conclusive results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay describes a border between nation-states as an economic resource for a borderlands local economy, an exploitation that not only has an impact on the borderland itself, but also on the nations along either side of the border. The borderland of Detroit-Windsor in the prohibition era (1920-33) provides a vivid example of such use of a border. This example highlights how legal and, to a lesser extent, cultural asymmetries between both sides of the border were used to generate numerous very profitable and innovative businesses. First, the legal foundations of smuggling, which developed during the prohibition era in the Detroit-Windsor borderland, are described and analysed. Second, the impact of the Detroit-Windsor Funnel narrative about this smuggling and the illegal alcohol business in the US is highlighted. Third, 'border vice' in the Detroit-Windsor area and its use of legal and cultural differences on both sides of the border is analysed. In this context both the use of asymmetries and spatial proximity to the border are described as the principles of a borderland-specific economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After three decades of working in the drugs field (as a probation officer, researcher and academic) and seeing little change in a drug policy largely driven by prohibition, it is encouraging to finally see the emergence of a paradigm shift, towards drug decriminalisation and regulation. Globally, there are a growing number of countries, agencies and individuals exploring drug law reform, albeit, largely related to cannabis. These are critical and important times, but after the debacle of prohibition, we should be careful not to get over-excited and simply lurch uncritically towards any reform that's proposed. We need to be rigorous and well informed when considering and assessing appropriate drug policy change, otherwise we will fail to address the fundamental problem - the decades of damage caused by drug policy abuse. In this paper I shall clarify why drug law reform change is urgently needed, explore lessons from drug policy changes in other countries, highlight risks inherent within drug reform, and establish some guiding principles for change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was carried out to study the acquisition of negation in twenty monolingual Manipuri-speaking children within the age of 2 to 4 years in a natural setting. This study has focused on the form and function of negation in Manipuri to figure out the developmental patterns. The functions of negation are rejection, non-existence, prohibition, and denial. The study was carried out to check whether the developmental pattern follows or violates this sequence of functions. Thus one of the main aims of this work is to identify the sequence of functions of negation during the course of acquisition. This study has also checked which of the functions is more frequently used by the children (for instance, hypothetically rejection may be used more frequently as compared to say denial). The study focuses on the initial stages of language development in the early children's speech. It is possible that only few of the negation functions are found in these subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zgodovina za Vse is the property of Zgodovinsko Drustvo Celje (The Historical Society of Celje) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of URVIO - Revista Latinoamericana de Seguridad Ciudadana is the property of FLACSO - Ecuador (Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of URVIO - Revista Latinoamericana de Seguridad Ciudadana is the property of FLACSO - Ecuador (Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Using a global, internet-based survey of transaction prices, the relationship between enforcement of the prohibition of marijuana and its price is investigated. In places where the prohibition is "strictly enforced" as compared with places where marijuana has been decriminalized, the price is something like 50 percent higher. Implications for decriminalization and legalization are briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Socialno Delo is the property of Socialno Delo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In a culture, which is understood as a complex of prohibitions, the phenomenon of wall as incarnate prohibition is examined. The role of wall is probed in a historical aspect, and the fragment of wall as substrate in fine art. Certain locus of walls as the crossing of rays of direct and reverse prospects, jointly adopted a positive prospect. On the example of graffiti, the concept of negative prospect is introduced. It is noted that integral appearance in a negative prospect disintegrates to pieces. The destruction of image is explained by the influence of wall as an incarnate meta-physical prohibition. The interpreting of the phenomenon of wall is the object of study of apophatic philosophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1913, California outlawed marijuana on the basis of express racial animus. The federal government prohibited marijuana in 1937 on a similar basis. We hypothesize that the racism behind marijuana prohibition influences current arrests. An analysis of data from 2000-2008 in California connects the racialized origins of marijuana prohibition to current marijuana arrests. Blacks and Hispanics are significantly more likely than whites to be arrested for a marijuana offense. We conclude that marijuana prohibition is too entangled with racism to be fairly enforced today. Evaluating selective-arrests, we show evidence of institutional racism regarding marijuana prohibition in California. We argue that a medical marijuana framework should replace prohibition, returning to the policy that existed prior the beginning of prohibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad is the property of Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We study an important practical aspect of the route planning problem in real-world road networks - maneuvers. Informally, maneuvers represent various irregularities of the road network graph such as turn-prohibitions, traffic light delays, round-abouts, forbidden passages and so on. We propose a generalized model which can handle arbitrarily complex (and even negative) maneuvers and extend traditional Dijkstra's Algorithm in order to solve route planning queries in this model without prior adjustments of the underlying road network graph. Finally, we also briefly evaluate practical performance of our approach (as compared to ordinary Dijkstra on an amplified network graph). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of International Social Research is the property of Journal of International Social Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

America's war on drugs has been costly in many ways but has yielded few results. This paper first examines the history of anti-drug legislation. It then looks at the hidden costs of the criminalization of drug use to physicians, police, communities, and society as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]