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Although nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hypertension are increasingly common among young adults, it is uncertain if NAFLD affects incidence of young-onset hypertension, and if the association is modified by sex. We investigated potential effect modification by sex on the association between NAFLD and incident hypertension in young adults (<40 years). This cohort study comprised 85,789 women and 67,553 men aged <40 years without hypertension at baseline. Hepatic steatosis was assessed by liver ultrasound and classified as mild or moderate/severe. Hypertension was defined as blood pressure (BP) ≥130/80 mmHg; self-reported history of physician-diagnosed hypertension; or current use of BP-lowering medications. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs; 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) for incident hypertension by NAFLD status (median follow-up 4.5 years). A total of 25,891 participants developed incident hypertension (incidence rates per 103 person-years: 15.6 for women and 63.5 for men). Multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for incident hypertension comparing no NAFLD (reference) with mild or moderate/severe NAFLD were 1.68 (1.56–1.80) and 1.83 (1.60–2.09) for women and 1.21 (1.17–1.25) and 1.23 (1.17–1.30) for men, respectively. Stronger associations were consistently observed between NAFLD and incident hypertension in women, regardless of obesity/central obesity (all p -values for interaction by sex <0.001). NAFLD is a potential risk factor for young-onset hypertension with a relatively greater impact in women and in those with more severe hepatic steatosis. [Display omitted] • Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) increases risks of young-onset hypertension. • The association between NAFLD and young-onset hypertension was independent of obesity. • The presence of NAFLD attenuates protection against hypertension in young women. • Sex-specific multisystem consequences of NAFLD in younger people deserves more attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: While the prevalence of radiographic and symptomatic osteoarthritis (OA) is higher in women, male mice are more frequently used in animal experiments to explore its pathogenesis or drug efficacy. In this study, we examined whether sexual dimorphism affects pain and joint degeneration in destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) mouse model.Methods: DMM or sham surgery was performed on the knee of male and female C57BL/6 mice. Joint damage was assessed by safranin O staining and scored using the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) scoring system. Von Frey hair, incapacitance, and rotarod tests were conducted to measure joint pain. The analgesic effect of capsazepine (CPZ), a TRPV1 antagonist, was compared between male and female mice.Results: Histology and OARSI scoring analysis showed that cartilage degeneration developed, and progressed in both male and female DMM groups, however, damage was less severe in females at the late stage of OA. Pain behavior, as measured by mechanical allodynia, was displayed for longer in male DMM mice compared to females. Incapacitance data showed that CPZ significantly reduced DMM-induced pain in male mice but not in female mice. Immunofluorescence microscopy analysis demonstrated that DMM surgery increased the expression of TRPV1 in both female and male dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Injection of CPZ significantly suppressed TRPV1 expression in the DRG of male mice only.Conclusion: Joint damage develops comparably in both female and male mice after DMM although it progresses less in females. There was a subtle sex difference in pain behaviors and analgesic efficacy of a TRPV1 antagonist, which was accompanied by a differential regulation of TPRV1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology / Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• Sex dimorphism could affect tumor microenvironment and anticancer immunity. • Possible role of sex dimorphism may occur when ICI is used as single agent. • Pregnancy leads to changes in the immune system and some may be permanent. • Fetal-maternal microchimerism affects cancer development and ICI activity. • Immunological memory to cancer-fetal shared antigens influence outcomes upon ICI. In the immunoncology era, growing evidence has shown a clear sex dimorphism in antitumor immune response with a potential impact on outcomes upon immunecheckpoint blockade (ICI) in patients with cancer. Sex dimorphism could affect tumor microenvironment composition and systemic anticancer immunity; however, the modifications induced by sex are heterogeneous. From a clinical perspective, six metanalyses have explored the role of sex in cancer patients receiving ICI with conflicting results. Environmental and reproductive factors may further jeopardize the sex-related heterogeneity in anticancer immune response. In particular, pregnancy is characterized by orchestrated changes in the immune system, some of which could be long lasting. A persistence of memory T-cells with a potential fetal-antigen specificity has been reported both in human and mice, suggesting that a previous pregnancy may positively impact cancer development or response to ICI, in case of fetal-antigen sharing from tumor cells. On the other hand, a previous pregnancy may also be associated with a regulatory memory characterized by increased tolerance and anergy towards cancer-fetal common antigens. Finally, fetal-maternal microchimerism could represent an additional source of chronic exposure to fetal antigens and may have important immunological implications on cancer development and ICI activity. So far, the role of pregnancy dimorphism (nulliparous vs parous) in women and the impact of pregnancy-related variables remain largely underexplored in cancer patients. In this review, we summarize the evidence regarding sex and pregnancy dimorphism in the context of immune response and anticancer immunotherapy and advocate the importance of analyzing pregnancy variables on ICIs clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gall crabs were described 150 years ago, but little is known about their biology, ecology, and taxonomy. Studying the breeding season can facilitate the understanding of the adaptive strategies and reproductive potential of gall crab and its relationship with the environment and other species. Results: Growth and reproductive biology of the coral gall crab, Hapalocarcinus marsupialis, were studied at the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, Egypt. A total of 209 specimens were collected from different reef depths during 2014. The relationship between the carapace width (CW) and total body wet weight ( W) was represented as Log W = 0.190 + 2.87 Log CW. Growth generally shows a negative allometric pattern, while the relation between CW and the carapace length (CL) is represented by Log CL = 0.019 + 1.009 Log CW. This relation is linear and shows an isometric regression coefficient. The overall value for 'kn' is varied from 0.8 to 1.24, with an average of 1.11 ± 0.13, which denotes fitness for females. H. marsupialis shows clear sexual dimorphism and has a lengthy definite breeding season characterized by carrying eggs throughout the year. The incubated eggs are semispherical in shape, with diameter ranges according to maturity stages between 10 and 50 μm. The color of incubated eggs is also varied according to the developmental stage. Most females attain sexual maturity between 2.0- and 2.49-mm CW. Juveniles were recorded during each month of the year except in January and October. Fecundity varied from 10 to 740 eggs, with an average of 230 ± 173 eggs/female, showing linear relation with the carapace width. A significant relationship between the carapace width and fecundity was represented by Log F = 0.22 + 2.39 Log CW. Conclusion: The present study emphasized the reproductive biology of H. marsupialis and explained the size structure, sexual dimorphism, breeding season, fecundity, size at first maturity, and juvenile's recruitments in the three selected sites Dahab, Nuweiba, and Taba along the Gulf of Aqaba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Implant Dentistry is the property of Lippincott Williams & Wilkins and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study of teeth is of great interest to anthropologists, biologists, orthodontists and forensic scientists. The existence of sexual dimorphism in permanent teeth is a known phenomenon. Aim of this study was to analyze the presence of sexual dimorphism in the mesiodistal and vestibulolingual diameter of permanent teeth in the sample of Serbian population. Measurements were taken on plaster casts of 201 individuals of both sexes, ages between 18-25 years, using a digital caliper with 0.01 mm precision. The mesiodistal and vestibulolingual diameter of each permanent tooth was determined. A Student's t-test and a Mann-Whitney U test were used to statistically analyze the obtained results. There were no statistically significant differences in the teeth crown diameter between the right and left side of the same dental arch. Majority of the teeth examined were larger in male than in female patients. Statistically significant difference in the mesiodistal diameter of male and female maxillary and mandibular canines was found. The results of this study indicate that there are significant differences in teeth size between sexes in Serbian population. Males have larger diameters in teeth crowns than females. Canines show the greatest dimorphism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) is mostly residual in fat-rich foodstuff and ingestion is the main route for adolescents' exposure. As a typical metabolic disruptor, however, sex-specific effect of TPhP-high fat diet (HFD) co-exposure in adolescent remains unknown. This study revealed that HFD exacerbated systematic inflammation and insulin insensitivity in female mice at pubertal stage after exposure to 25 mg/kg TPhP or above. Notably, the pattern of sexual selective metabolic disruption caused by TPhP was irrespective of diet after examined mice both in HFD and normal diet feeding. Female mice favored the energy storage in forms of D -glucose 6-phosphate, D -fructose 6-phosphate and triglyceride. That was further supported by mRNA levels of key enzymes in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipid metabolism. Contrastingly, the elevation of the corresponding genes ensuing by the depleted metabolites were observed in males. In mechanistic investigation, we observed a declination of serum estrogen, a master of energy homeostasis, in both sexes, irrespective of diet. However, only male mice displayed estrogen-hypothalamus negative feedback, supporting by the upregulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Rather than the well-recognized estrogen receptor α, hepatic G protein-coupled estrogen receptor manifested sexual dichotomy, which desensitized to estrogenic response only in females. Collectively, this study posited that females were more susceptible to store energy under TPhP-HFD than males during pubertal partially through estrogenic pathway. • Hepatic G-6-P, F-6-P and lipid were accumulated only in female mice under TPhP-HFD. • The pattern of sex dimorphism caused by TPhP was irrespective of diet types. • Systematic and insulin insensitivity was modified by HFD after treated with TPhP. • TPhP-HFD induced GPER level in males while remained unchanged in females. • Co-exposure to TPhP-HFD depleted the serum levels of estrogen in both sexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The objective of this study was to determine the maximum mesiodistal width of mandibular canines for establishing their variation as a tool to determine gender and to determine the accuracy of the measurements through clinical examination and dental cast models. Study design: A total of 60 subjects (30 males and 30 females) in the age group of 15–34 years were selected for the study. The maximum mesiodistal widths of the right and left mandibular canines were first measured intraorally and then on cast models of the same patients with the help of a divider and a digital vernier caliper. The collected data were subjected to statistical analysis and sexual dimorphism was calculated. Results The mesiodistal width of the mandibular canines as determined by clinical examination and on plaster models was statistically insignificant. The mean canine widths were found to be higher in males when compared with females. The right mandibular canine showed a greater sexual dimorphism than the left mandibular canine. Conclusion The present study established the mandibular canine as a valuable tool for sex determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The risk and factors related to the development of hypertension among healthy youths with elevated ambulatory and normal conventional blood pressure, masked hypertension, have not been established. We performed a long-term follow-up study assessing how hypertension develops over time in healthy, masked hypertensive youths. The potential sex dimorphism in the incidence and timing of the development of hypertension has been analyzed. In a long-term follow-up study (median follow-up, 36 months), we enrolled 272 healthy conventional normotensive youths (aged 6-18 years; 55.8% girls) of whom 39 had masked hypertension at baseline. Development of sustained hypertension (hypertension in both conventional and ambulatory measurement) was recorded. The daytime systolic blood pressure increased from baseline to last available follow-up in boys (3.5 mmHg; P<0.001) but not in girls (0.7 mmHg; P=0.23), leading to significant between-sex difference (P=0.0022). The incidence of sustained hypertension was 7.0/100 subjects/y (n=12) in masked hypertensives and 0.6/100 subjects/y (n=4) in normotensives. Masked hypertensive boys more frequently proceeded to sustained hypertension as compared with masked hypertensive girls (50.0% versus 17.4%; P=0.041). Masked hypertension at baseline (hazard ratio, 15.6; 95 % confidence interval, 4.91-49.7; P<0.0001 ) and male sex (hazard ratio, 3.25; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-9.39; P=0.0295) were independent factors associated with the incidence of sustained hypertension during the follow-up. In youth, masked hypertension is a precursor of sustained hypertension. The risk of developing sustained hypertension is higher in boys than it is for girls. The fact that masked hypertension is not prognostically innocent increases the importance of the diagnosis at an early age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stroke has been recognized as a sex dimorphic disease. But a gender-specific therapy has not been taken into consideration in current therapy management of stroke. For understanding of the sex dimorphism with respect to the pathophysiology of stroke and the endogenous protective mechanism, we reviewed the underlying mechanism in which 17β-estradiol (E2) is involved in the sex dimorphism of brain injury after stroke, especially hemorrhagic stroke. Because the elderly female population continues to increase, the severity of hemorrhagic stroke in postmenopausal women is expected to increase. The neuroprotective property of E2 has been reported to contribute to less injury severity after intracerebral hemorrhage in women. Multiple pathways including ERα and GPR30 may transmit the neuroprotection conferred by E2. Interestingly, ferrous iron accumulation after hemorrhagic stroke induces a high level of autophagic cell death in the caudate nucleus of male rats than that in females. Moreover, suppression of ferrous iron-induced autophagy through an ERα-dependent pathway might participate in the E2-mediated neuroprotection on the ferrous iron-induced brain injury in female rats. In summary, the development of gender-specific therapeutic strategies for counteracting brain functional deficit after hemorrhagic stroke should be investigated. Better understanding of the downstream molecular mechanism of E2, such as ERα, GPR30, and autophagy, may help develop better therapeutic strategies to improve stroke care in both genders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the sexual dimorphism of mandibular and maxillary canines among dental students of the Federal University of Paraiba, Brazil. Methods: This was an observational, blind and cross-sectional study with comparative and statistical-descriptive procedure. Fifty-one pairs of plaster models belonging to undergraduate dental students aged 18-29 years were analyzed. Quantitative data were organized and processed by means of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 15.0. This research has followed the guidelines of 196/96 Brazilian Resolution of the National Health Council, Ministry of Health. Results: All measures were found to show statistically significant differences between sexes (p<0.001) according to Student's t-test. Regarding the difference between the four canines for each sex separately, it was found difference only between mandibular and maxillary canines (p<0.001) according to the F test (ANOVA), but with no significant difference between the right and left sides. Conclusions: Odontometric techniques allowed concluding that canine teeth present statistically significant sexual dimorphism, and that they may be useful in the estimation of sex in complementary methods during body identification. The data obtained in this study were compared with those of other studies to provide information about sexual dimorphism be specific for each population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sex assessment plays an important role in the forensic and bioarchaeological spheres. Teeth are invaluable elements in non-living populations for sex determination, since they commonly resist post-mortem damages and are latent sources of information about dimorphism. Aim: The present study consisted in an odontometric analysis willing to examine sexual dimorphism in Uruguayans. Methods: One hundred and twelve inferior dental stone casts, 56 from males and 56 from females, aged between 21 and 60 years, from one orthodontic clinic of Montevideo, capital of Uruguay, were analyzed. Several measurements and calculations were made, such as mesiodistal diameter and gingivoincisal length of mandibular canines, intercanine distance, mandibular canine index and the area of a virtual triangle. Results: Only mesiodistal diameter and gingivoincisal length of right canine, and the area of the triangle showed statistically significant differences between both sexes. The authors obtained a logistic regression model for sex determination with a reliability rate of 72.3% and a classification and regression tree with an accuracy of 77.7%. Conclusions: The results revealed that this method can be applied in forensic anthropology, as an auxiliary tool in human identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sexual dimorphism of cardiovascular traits, as well as susceptibility to a variety of related diseases, has long been recognized, yet their sex-specific genomic determinants are largely unknown. We systematically assessed the sex-specific heritability and linkage of 539 hemodynamic, metabolic, anthropometric, and humoral traits in 120 French-Canadian families from the Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean region of Quebec, Canada. We performed multipoint linkage analysis using microsatellite markers followed by peak-wide linkage scan based on Affymetrix Human Mapping 50K Array Xba240 single nucleotide polymorphism genotypes in 3 settings, including the entire sample and then separately in men and women. Nearly one half of the traits were age and sex independent, one quarter were both age and sex dependent, and one eighth were exclusively age or sex dependent. Sex-specific phenotypes are most frequent in heart rate and blood pressure categories, whereas sex- and age-independent determinants are predominant among humoral and biochemical parameters. Twenty sex-specific loci passing multiple testing criteria were corroborated by 2-point single nucleotide polymorphism linkage. Several resting systolic blood pressure measurements showed significant genotype-by-sex interaction, eg, male-specific locus at chromosome 12 (male-female logarithm of odds difference: 4.16; interaction P=0.0002), which was undetectable in the entire population, even after adjustment for sex. Detailed interrogation of this locus revealed a 220-kb block overlapping parts of TAO-kinase 3 and SUDS3 genes. In summary, a large number of complex cardiovascular traits display significant sexual dimorphism, for which we have demonstrated genomic determinants at the haplotype level. Many of these would have been missed in a traditional, sex-adjusted setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The frequent modifications in the programme of the Olympic Games are supposed to enable women to prove their equality. However, it stimulates unfavorable rivalry with men. Woman's equality should not consist of „a confrontation" of sexes but rather of the choice of such means of motor education (i. e. exercises, events, disciplines) which develop most efficiently both woman's and man's organisms. What kind of woman's equality is it which makes „hoydens" out of women? It is impossible to cover the latescent femininity of athletes with colourful, yet scarce outfits. It is beyond understanding why creators of Olympic Games' programmes should contribute to the psychophysical degradation of a human being, and recently their target should be a woman? A considerable part of these programmes may be abridged to a saying: „Women for sport". Huge financial means turn Olympic sport into a profitable spectacle for the organizers, actors and people greedy of games, who have very little to do with the Olympic idea of Pierre de Coubertin. His long-time and well functioning idea has been limited to the World Games of non Olympic sport disciplines. The dehumanisation of the contemporary Olympic sport has caused man's health and sometimes even life to become just a commodity. In view of this, questions are raised: 1. Is the current form of the Olympic Games suitable for women? 2. Is the accepted equality of men and women in it the best solution? The issue raised is complex and vast and rarely has it been the subject of discussion and publication, and the more so, of research. I shall try to provide answers to some of the questions, basing on results of a test conducted on approx. 1000 students of both sexes from three PhE Academies in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]